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Jurisprudence judiciaire française intéressant le droit de l'UE – Réquisitions de données de trafic et de localisation pendant l'enquête pénale. Précision du régime
No full textInternational audience(Crim., 16 janv. 2024, no 23-80.268 ; Crim., 27 févr. 2024, no 23-81.061, D. 2024. 1410, note M. Lassalle ; ibid. 1435, obs. J.-B. Perrier ; AJ pénal 2024. 208, note E. Vergès ; Dalloz IP/IT 2024. 122, obs. S. Prévost-Boyard ; ibid. 600, obs. E. Daoud, Rohanne Fyaz et C. Godet ; RSC 2024. 412, obs. A. Chauvelot ; Crim., 28 mai 2024, no 23-85.848, D. 2024. 1021 ; Légipresse 2025. 249, obs. N. Mallet-Poujol ; AJ pénal 2024. 524, spéc. pt 12 et la jurisprudence citée ; Crim., 22 oct. 2024, no 24-81.322, D. 2024. 1865 ; AJ pénal 2024. 631, obs. É. Sibelle ; ibid. 587 et les obs.
Endophytic and ectomycorrhizal, an overlooked dual ecological niche? Insights from natural environments and<i>Russula</i>species
No full textEctomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play key roles in ecosystem functioning, in particular temperate ones. Recent findings suggest that they can endophytically colonize the roots of non-EcM plants. Here we aim at (i) providing new evidence of colonization of non-EcM hosts by EcM fungi, (ii) exploring factors driving such colonization (plant identity, site, root filter), and (iii) providing direct microscopical evidence for endophytism.• Using amplicon sequencing (ITS2), we described the root fungal communities of 42 plant species collected at nine locations in France. In two of those sites, we also compared rhizosphere and root fungal communities to identify a potential root filter.Finally, we investigated endophytism in Russula spp. at two Russula-rich sites using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) paired with confocal microscopy.• We find a large but variable share of EcM sequences in roots of non-EcM plant species, in particular nearby EcM hosts, suggesting that endophytism is a secondary ecological niche. Though EcM fungi were more abundant in the rhizosphere compared to roots, their composition was similar to that of roots, suggesting a poor root filter.We observed metabolically active hyphae of Russula spp. endophytically colonizing the apoplast of two non-EcM plant species.</div
"La complexité de l'architecture institutionnelle internationale de protection des forêts"
No full textInternational audienceSi de nombreuses institutions s'intéressent à la forêt, elles sont de nature très variée et adoptent des perspectives diverses, plus ou moins directement centrées sur la forêt. Par ailleurs, d'un point de vue institutionnel, aucune ne surplombe formellement les autres, ni ne les regroupe au sein d'une organisation faîtière. Dès lors, comment appréhender juridiquement le réseau des institutions impliquées dans la gouvernance globale des forêts
The phylogeny and systematics of the Costellariidae (Caenogastropoda: Turbinelloidea) revisited
No full textInternational audienceThe marine neogastropod family Costellariidae constitutes a large radiation encompassing 647 living species, widely distributed in tropical seas, with their highest diversity in the Central Indo-Pacific. The systematics of the family has undergone profound changes in the mid-2010s, when relationships within Costellariidae were critically revised based on molecular (multilocus) data from 80 species. Whereas four new genera were described, and two more transferred to Costellariidae from Ptychatractidae, relationships of some key lineages could not be resolved due to the incomplete taxonomic and geographic coverage. In the present study we combine an analysis of an extensive DNA-barcoding dataset with phylogenomics to propose a robust new phylogenetic hypothesis and revise the genus-level systematics of the family. Species delimitation was performed for a Cox1 dataset of 1475 specimens, which revealed 221 secondary species hypotheses (SSHs). The phylogeny was reconstructed from a 1003 loci dataset for 70 species representing all but two of the revealed major costellariid lineages. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) arrived at nearly identical topologies with full support for all backbone nodes but one, providing a robust framework for a new classification. We treat Turricostellaria as a synonym of Tosapusia. Further, based on a re-evaluation of the identity of the type species of Pusia, we conclude that the name should be applied to a Caribbean lineage, previously treated as a part of Vexillum. Consequently, the Indo-Pacific species of Pusia (Pusia) are here reassigned to a new genus Eupusia, and two other subgenera, Ebenomitra and Vexillena, are raised to full genera. Eight further new genera are described based on phylogenomics: Bathythala, Canaripusia and Caribbonus from the Caribbean in deep water, Pilgrivexillum, Pacifilux, Ponderiola and Cernohorskyola from the Central and southern Indo-Pacific, and Kilburniola from the south-western Indian Ocean. From a total of 25 SSHs corresponding to undescribed species, 23 are described herein in the genera Austromitra (1), Bathythala (1), Canaripusia (1), Caribbonus (3), Costapex (4), Eupusia (1), Kilburniola (1), Pilgrivexillum (1), Pusia (2), Thala (1), Tosapusia (1) and Vexillum (6)
Science at Risk: The Urgent Need for Institutional Support of Long-Term Ecological and Evolutionary Research in an Era of Data Manipulation and Disinformation
No full textPlanet Earth and the biodiversity it supports are in crisis. Human impact on terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems and the hundreds of thousands of organisms that inhabit them is global. To what extent can we push ecosystems before they collapse? Will species adapt to these changes and at what rate? What are the consequences, for the environment and humankind? These are some of the most pressing issues to date. Clear answers can only be addressed through long-term research programs that are extremely complex in their deployment, and by the analyses of the unique data they produce on species and ecosystem responses to change. Yet, too little institutional support and consideration have been given to long-term ecological and evolutionary research.We describe the action recently taken by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) to recognize and support long-term ecological and evolutionary research. We provide some salient examples of critical knowledge attainable only through long-term studies in ecology and evolution, before highlighting how global institutional schemes can not only support long-term research, but lead to informed conservation efforts and societal change. Now more than ever, as populism grows and fuels mis-and dis-informed politics, governmental programs are urgently needed to support data collection, establish data-grounded facts, inform political spheres, and refuel trust with society at large.</div
Phylogeny, character evolution and biogeography of Adonis (Ranunculaceae), with special emphasis on the out of Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The genus Adonis (Ranunculaceae) contains about 30 species and is widespread in Eurasia. This genus contains some species of pharmaceutical and ornamental interest, yet a phylogenetic framework for understanding its evolution is still lacking. It has been hypothesized that Adonis originated in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) and migrated out of the QTP through three dispersal routes. This biogeographical hypothesis has never been tested using molecular data. Using nine plastid and nuclear DNA regions, we first reconstructed a robust phylogenetic framework for Adonis with its currently recognized 31 species. We then inferred evolutionary patterns of morphological characters, estimated divergence times, and reconstructed ancestral ranges. Our results show that Adonis and its two subgenera A. subg. Adonis and subg. Adonanthe are monophyletic with strong support. Among the four non‐monotypic sections, only A. sect. Adonanthe is recognized as monophyletic. Habit, basal leaf, pollen, and carpel carry a strong phylogenetic signal in Adonis , while achene, beak shape, and beak length exhibit relatively higher levels of evolutionary flexibility. Adonis originated in the QTP in the Oligocene (ca. 30 Ma) and subsequently dispersed into the Irano‐Turanian region in the early Miocene (ca. 20 Ma). In Adonis , four out‐of‐QTP dispersal routes were recognized from the late Miocene to the Pliocene. This study provides the first comprehensive phylogeny for Adonis and highlights the indispensable role of the QTP uplift and associated climatic events in shaping the current distribution and endemism of Adonis , hence contributing to the knowledge on the historical biogeography of plants in Eurasia
Incorporating Neglected Insect Larvae in Species Inventories: DNA Barcoding as an Effective Tool for All‐Stage Invertebrate Identification in Tree Holes
No full textAnalytical script and processed data can be found at the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/Lucasire/CANOPE_larvae.git.Article de 11 p.Analytical script and processed data can be found at the following GitHub repository: https:// github.com/Lucasire/CANOPE_ larvae.gitInternational audienceInvertebrates, especially insects, are an integral part of biodiversity. Many species live in forest ecosystems where they play a key role in decomposing wood and maintaining ecosystem functions. Nevertheless, global changes, like fires, storms, and pest outbreaks, are impacting insect diversity, reinforcing the need for long-term biomonitoring to understand and tackle these issues. Forests are heterogeneous ecosystems with tree-related microhabitats (TReMs) such as tree holes, which are important for ecosystem diversity. Conventional identification approaches for species inventories are frequently hampered by the extensive and hidden diversity of insect larval stages. Thus, there is a crucial need to develop tools that facilitate inventories of these ecological niches and allow the incorporation of such hidden diversity into long-term monitoring studies. To that end, we explored the biodiversity found in tree holes within French state forests using DNA barcoding and addressed challenges associated with traditional morphological identification methods. Results demonstrate the successful application of DNA barcoding in identifying nearly 62% of all invertebrates sampled from tree holes to the species level. Sampled invertebrates comprised 44% of larvae (566 individuals), of which nearly 50% could be assigned a species name. In total, 108 species and 173 barcode index numbers (BINs, used as species proxy) were molecularly inventoried, and 39% of these identified species were solely represented by larvae in our sampling. Our study highlights the usefulness of DNA-based identification methods and the significance of including larvae in biodiversity assessments to gain insights into species abundance and functional diversity. It also underscores the necessity of ongoing and parallel developments of DNA reference libraries to improve species molecular identification rates and accuracy, and the need to investigate potential non-destructive alternatives for biomonitoring. These efforts aim to ensure thorough and precise monitoring of invertebrate communities in tree holes and similar microhabitats
Quand l’IA se trompe, on apprend : une approche interculturelle et critique de l’IA en télécollaboration
No full textInternational audienc
Reverse chemical ecology to study the defense of the plant host Sextonia rubra and the chemical mediators of its endophyte Fusarium falciforme against phytopathogen Trametes versicolor
No full textInternational audienceSextonia rubra is a tropical tree endemic to the Guiana Shield and the Brazilian Amazon. Despite its renowned wood durability, it remains susceptible to degradation by white-rot fungi such as Trametes versicolor. To mitigate biotic stresses, plants can rely on their associated microbial communities, including endophytes, which play a crucial role in their defense mechanisms. In this study, we explored the cultivable microbiota of S. rubra, considering it a holobiont.Endophytic strains were isolated from the bark, sapwood and heartwood of S. rubra, and metabolome were extracted. We used a reverse chemical ecology approach to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these extracts' fungicidal activity. In this context, glutathione-S-transferases (GST), key detoxification enzymes of the lignivorous fungus T. versicolor, were chosen as targets. GST tests confirmed the presence of antifungal compounds in extracts from 13 of the 152 endophytes. Two isolates of Fusarium falciforme and one isolate of Fusarium graminearum were selected for co-culture experiments with T. versicolor.A comprehensive metabolic analysis of the confrontation zones using RPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS/MS and molecular networking revealed that the antifungal activity against T. versicolor was primarily mediated by cyclopeptides, and the observed contact inhibition was attributed to fusarins. These findings shed new light on the role of endophytic fungi in the chemical defense strategies of S. rubra, highlighting their potential as a source of bioactive compounds with antifungal properties
