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    Le statut en iode des femmes enceintes en Guyane française

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    Objective: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and fetal neurodevelopment during pregnancy. An initial study showed a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant women in French Guiana. The aim of our study was to assess the iodine status of pregnant women in French Guiana, to analyze possible sociodemographic and dietary risk factors and TSH variations associated with iodine deficiency. Method: Our study included 242 pregnant women recruited from May 29, 2018 to March 29, 2019 from the Cayenne Hospital in the French Amazon. Participants completed a dietary and socio-demographic questionnaire in parallel with blood and urine sampling. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The threshold for iodine deficiency 150 µg/L UIC. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration was 104 (56.0-223.0) µg/L. 64,9% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration below 150 µg/L. There were significant regional disparities, with women from the central coastal region being 5 times more likely to be deficient than those from western (OR = 0.21 [0.05 - 0.79]; p = 0.023) or eastern (OR = 0.19 [0.06 - 0.57]; p = 0.003) Guiana. None of the women in our study was taking iodine supplementation. There was a significant difference in median TSH levels between deficient (2.1 (1.3-3.0) mIU/L) and non-deficient (1.9 (1.3-2.5) mIU/L) women (p = 0.014). Conclusion: Pregnant women in French Amazonia are mildly to moderately deficient in iodine. A primary prevention campaign is needed to reduce nutritional deficiencies, particularly in iodine, given the major repercussions they can have on fetal neurocognitive development. In addition, an assessment of the iodine status of the general population in the French Amazon appears necessary and important to organize a general awareness campaign adapted to the territory.Objectif : L’iode est indispensable à la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes et est essentiel pour le neurodéveloppement du fœtus lors de la grossesse. Une première étude a montré une prévalence élevée de carences en micronutriments chez les femmes enceintes en Guyane Française. L’objectif de notre étude était d’évaluer le statut en iode des femmes enceintes en Guyane Française, d’analyser des éventuels facteurs de risque sociodémographiques et alimentaires ainsi que les variations de la TSH associées à la carence iodée. Méthode : Notre étude a inclus 242 femmes enceintes recrutées du 29 mai 2018 au 29 mars 2019 depuis le Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne en Amazonie française. Les participantes ont répondu à un questionnaire alimentaire et socio-démographique en parallèle des prélèvements sanguins et urinaires. La concentration d’iode d’urinaire (CIU) a été mesurée par spectrométrie de masse. Le seuil déterminant une insuffisance d’apport en iode est une CIU inférieure à 150 µg/L. Résultats : La CIU médiane est de 104 (56,0-223,0) µg/L. On retrouve une concentration d’iode urinaire inférieure à 150 µg/L chez 67% des femmes enceintes. On note d’importantes disparités régionales, les femmes venant du Centre littoral ont un risque 5 fois plus important d’être carencées que celles venant de l’Ouest (OR = 0,21 [0,05 – 0,79] ; p = 0,023) ou de l’Est (OR = 0,19 [0,06 – 0,57] ; p = 0,003) de la Guyane. Aucune femme de notre étude ne prenait de supplémentation en iode pendant la grossesse. Il existait une différence significative du taux médian de TSH entre les femmes carencées (2,1 (1,3-3,0) mUI/L) et les femmes non carencées (1,9 (1,3-2,5) mUI/L) (p = 0,014). Conclusion : Les femmes enceintes en Guyane Française ont une carence légère à modérée en iode. Une campagne de prévention primaire doit être menée afin de diminuer les carences nutritionnelles en particulier en iode, compte tenu des répercussions majeures sur le développement neuro cognitif du fœtus. Par ailleurs, une évaluation du statut en iode de la population générale en Amazonie française apparait nécessaire et importante pour organiser une campagne de sensibilisation générale adaptée au territoire

    Pain Intensity after Robotic-assisted Urological Surgery: the PAIROU study An International Prospective Cohort Study

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    International audienceObjective: Despite improvements in perioperative pain management protocols, severe postoperative pain is still a burden for many patients. To improve the prevention and treatment of postoperative pain, it must be accurately assessed for each procedure type. However, there is little data available assessing the pain levels after robot-assisted urological surgeries. This cohort study aimed to estimate the pain scores that can be expected after various types of robotic-assisted urologic procedures.Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, observational trial in 44 centers in Europe that included patients scheduled for robotic-assisted urological surgery. The primary outcome was pain scores on the first day after surgery assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes included pain score on the second day after surgery, morphine equivalent consumption in mg 48 hours after the surgery, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and surgical complications.Results: A total of 965 patients were recruited between November 2022 and June 2023. Median pain score on postoperative day 1 was 2 at rest (IQR, 0-4) (n = 963) and 3 with movement (IQR, 1-5) (n = 921). Morphine equivalent consumption 48 hours after the surgery was 4 mg (IQR 0-20 mg). PONV was experienced by 16 % of the patients (153/963).Conclusion: This large cohort study demonstrates that patients experience low pain scores and require low opioids after robotic-assisted urological surgery when commonly used multimodal analgesia protocols are administered.Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov No. NCT05575284

    Les outre-mer dans la politique étrangère de la France

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    International audienceFrance's overseas territories are becoming increasingly implicated in their strategic and diplomatic environments. This trend is now accounted for in French foreign policy. These territories are thus able to assert their specific interests, with France making the most of its extensive geographical presence. However, faced with the strategies of other regional players, Paris must translate its strategic rhetoric into actual wherewithal.Les Outre-mer français s'insèrent de plus en plus nettement dans leurs environnements stratégiques et diplomatiques. Ce mouvement est désormais pris en compte par la politique étrangère française. Les territoires d'outremer parviennent ainsi à faire valoir leurs intérêts spécifiques, et la France à valoriser une présence géographiquement étendue. Il reste que, face aux stratégies d'autres acteurs régionaux, Paris doit concrétiser ses discours stratégiques en moyens concrets

    Meta-analyse des toxines de néogastéropodes : leurs venins sont-ils à l'origine de leur succès évolutif ?

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    Neogastropods, and more particularly the Conidae, constitute one of the most studied groups of venomous organisms in the world. Since the 1980s, research has revealed in these mollusks a diversity of toxins, allowing them to capture their prey, that is greater than in any other known group of venomous organisms. These toxins represent both promising opportunities for therapeutic applications and essential sources of information for understanding the evolutionary history of this group. In this context, this thesis exploits recent advances related to next-generation sequencing to produce numerous transcriptomes from neogastropod lineages that are still poorly studied. The objective is twofold: (1) establish the most complete mapping possible of neogastropod toxin diversity, then (2) test the hypothesis that their evolutionary success, in terms of both habitats conquered and number of species (more than 15,000 described species), could be directly linked to their ability to produce toxins. To answer these questions, this thesis, which falls within the framework of the ERC-2019-COG 865101 HYPERDIVERSE project, is structured around three complementary axes. The first part describes the development of a new RNAseq data analysis pipeline integrating all the steps and tools necessary for toxin identification within transcriptomes of venomous organisms by adopting two approaches, one by sequence similarity and the other with the detection of structures known in toxins. This innovative tool has been validated on already published data and is the subject of a first article. The second part applies this new pipeline to a comparative analysis of toxin gene expression levels between different tissues, in two phylogenetically distant predatory gastropod species: Stramonita haemastoma and Monoplex corrugatus. Thanks to intra-specific replicates, proteomes as well as genomes produced by the team, this approach allows comparison of relative expression levels of toxins between different tissues and determination of the tissues responsible for their production in species outside the emblematic Conidae group. Finally, the third part presents a meta-analysis of toxins applied to 53 predatory gastropod species, including a wide range of neogastropods representative of the behavioral, ecological and morphological diversity of the group. This analysis made it possible to identify functional differences between lineages and to evaluate toxin diversity and characterize it. All factors potentially explaining the surprising heterogeneity of specific diversity observed between lineages.Les néogastéropodes, et plus particulièrement les Conidae, constituent l'un des groupes d'organismes venimeux les plus étudiés au monde. Depuis les années 1980, les recherches ont révélé chez ces mollusques une diversité de toxines, leur permettant de capturer leurs proies, plus importante que chez tout autre groupe d'organismes venimeux connu. Ces toxines représentent à la fois des opportunités prometteuses pour des applications thérapeutiques et des sources d'informations essentielles à la compréhension de l'histoire évolutive de ce groupe. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse exploite les récents progrès liés au séquençage nouvelle génération pour produire de nombreux transcriptomes issus de lignées de néogastéropodes encore peu étudiées. L'objectif est double : (1) établir une cartographie la plus complète possible de la diversité des toxines de néogastéropodes, puis (2) tester l'hypothèse que leur succès évolutif, en termes d'habitats conquis comme de nombre d'espèces (plus de 15 000 espèces décrites), pourrait être directement lié à leur capacité à produire des toxines. Pour répondre à ces questions, cette thèse qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet ERC-2019-COG 865101 HYPERDIVERSE, s'articule autour de trois axes complémentaires. La première partie décrit le développement d'un nouveau pipeline d'analyse de données RNAseq intégrant l'ensemble des étapes et outils nécessaires à l'identification de toxines au sein des transcriptomes d'organismes venimeux en adoptant deux approches, l'une par similarité de séquence et l'autre avec la détection de structure connus chez les toxines. Cet outil innovant a été validé sur des données déjà publiées et fais l'objet d'un premier article. La deuxième partie applique ce nouveau pipeline à une analyse comparative des niveaux d'expression des gènes de toxines entre différents tissus, chez deux espèces de gastéropodes prédateurs phylogénétiquement éloignées : Stramonita haemastoma et Monoplex corrugatus. Grâce aux réplicats intra-spécifiques, aux protéomes ainsi qu'aux génomes produits par l'équipe, cette approche permet de comparer les niveaux d'expression relatives des toxines entre différents tissus et de déterminer les tissus responsables de leur production chez les espèces extérieures au groupe emblématique des Conidae. Enfin, la troisième partie présente une méta-analyse des toxines appliquée à 53 espèces de gastéropodes prédateurs, incluant un large éventail de néogastéropodes représentatifs de la diversité comportementale, écologique et morphologique du groupe. Cette analyse a permis d'identifier les différences fonctionnelles entre lignées ainsi que d'évaluer la diversité des toxines. Autant de facteurs potentiellement explicatifs de l'hétérogénéité surprenante de la diversité spécifique observée entre lignées

    Épidémiologie et antibiorésistance des infections ostéo-articulaires en Guadeloupe : une étude rétrospective monocentrique

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    Background. Bone and joint infections (BJIs) are increasingly reported worldwide, but data on their epidemiology remain limited in tropical settings. The aim of our study was to characterize the causative agents of BJIs and their resistance patterns to inform empirical antibiotic management in such environments. Methods. This 5-year retrospective study included all adults with a first microbiologically confirmed episode of BJI between January 2019 and December 2024 at the Guadeloupe University Hospital, a tertiary care center in the Caribbean. Results. A total of 312 BJI patients were included. Among the 449 isolates recovered, Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) were predominant (41%), including third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (13%, 59/449) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9%, 39/449). Only 2% of pathogens were ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (8/449). At least one GNB was identified in 31% of native septic arthritis (27/88), 33% of spondylodiscitis (9/27), 38% of prosthetic joint infections (27/71), 47% of osteosynthesis-associated infections (48/103), and 52% of osteomyelitis (12/23). Bite/scratch wound, contact with soil/vegetation and lower limb localization were factors independently associated with GNB identification. In native septic arthritis, the estimated activity of cefazolin (74%) was lower than that of cefepime (92%) or piperacillin-tazobactam (92%). Prosthetic joint and osteosynthesis-associated infections showed lower susceptibility to cefazolin and third-generation cephalosporins (68–70% and 48–49%, respectively) than to cefepime and piperacillin–tazobactam (80–86% and 79–83%). All combinations of cefepime or piperacillin-tazobactam with a glycopeptide showed susceptibility rates ≥90%. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the emergence of Gram-negative bacilli in BJI in tropical settings, emphasizing the need for local surveillance to guide empirical management.Contexte. Les infections ostéoarticulaires sont de plus en plus rapportées à travers le monde, mais les données épidémiologiques restent limitées en contexte tropical. L’objectif de notre étude était de décrire les micro-organismes responsables des infections ostéoarticulaires et leurs profils de résistance, afin d’orienter la prise en charge antibiotique probabiliste dans ce type d’environnement. Méthodes. Cette étude rétrospective sur cinq ans a inclus tous les patients adultes présentant un premier épisode d’infection ostéoarticulaire confirmé microbiologiquement entre janvier 2019 et décembre 2024 au Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de la Guadeloupe, un établissement de soins tertiaires situé dans les Caraïbes. Résultats. Au total, 312 patients atteints d’infections ostéoarticulaires ont été inclus. Parmi les 449 microorganismes isolés, les bacilles à Gram négatif étaient prédominants (41 %), incluant des entérobactéries résistantes aux céphalosporines de troisième génération (13 %, 59/449) et Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9 %, 39/449). Seuls 2 % des pathogènes isolés étaient des entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu (BLSE) (8/449). Au moins un bacille à Gram négatif a été identifié dans 31 % des arthrites septiques sur articulation native (27/88), 33 % des spondylodiscites (9/27), 38 % des infections sur prothèse articulaire (27/71), 47 % des infections sur matériel d’ostéosynthèse (48/103) et 52 % des ostéomyélites (12/23). Les morsures ou griffures, le contact avec le sol ou les végétaux, ainsi qu’une localisation au membre inférieur étaient des facteurs indépendamment associés à l’identification d’un bacille à Gram négatif. Dans les arthrites septiques, l’activité estimée de la céfazoline (74 %) était inférieure à celle du céfépime (92 %) ou de la pipéracilline–tazobactam (92 %). Les infections sur prothèse et sur matériel d’ostéosynthèse présentaient une sensibilité plus faible à la céfazoline et aux céphalosporines de troisième génération (68–70 % et 48–49 %, respectivement), comparativement au céfépime et à la pipéracilline–tazobactam (80–86 % et 79–83 %). Toutes les combinaisons de céfépime ou pipéracilline–tazobactam avec un glycopeptide montraient des taux de sensibilité ≥ 90 %. Conclusions. Nos résultats mettent en évidence l’émergence des bacilles à Gram négatif dans les infections ostéoarticulaires en contexte tropical, soulignant la nécessité d’une surveillance locale pour orienter la prise en charge antibiotique probabiliste

    Spatial distribution of permeability in carbonate fault damage zones

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    International audienceUnderstanding fault damage zone (DZ) structure and permeability is fundamental for predicting the distribution and rates of fluid flow in the earth’s crust. Fault conduits in the crust often show evidence for fluid flow localisation at specific structural sites related to fault segment growth and linkage, hence we study here a segmented fault zone with strike-slip kinematics and pluri-decametric displacement, affecting carbonate rocks (Pag island, Croatia). This fault zone has multiple core zones surrounded by a DZ, composed of different types of structure, including wall and link damages. To build discrete fracture networks of these structures (DFNs), we conducted high-resolution fractures mapping and measurements of apertures in five circular areas from the DZ to the background. We also analyzed rock samples from each damage structure using the same method. Fluid flow simulations were performed through all these DFNs, to quantify the permeability and its anisotropy. We show that link damage is about 102 more permeable than the background, and 2 to 5 times more permeable than the wall damage. At the decametric-scale, damage zone permeability can be approximated by a permeability tensor, while at the centimetric scale, this is not the case due to the strong permeability heterogeneity. In the DZ, decametric-scale fracture patterns are 10 to 65 times more permeable than the centimetric-scale fractures, providing conduits for fluid flow. Finally, the maximum permeability strongly correlates with the product of mean aperture and connectivity, suggesting that these parameters could be used as proxy of the permeability in fault DZ. These results provide knowledge to better estimate fault zone permeability, providing constraints for numerical flow modelling in various applications in the energy transition such as, CO2 geological storage, geothermal exploration and the prevention of unwanted leaks to the biosphere

    In silico biophysics and rheology of blood and red blood cells in Gaucher Disease

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    International audienceGaucher Disease (GD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, leading to the accumulation of glucosylceramide in various cells, including red blood cells (RBCs). This accumulation results in altered biomechanical properties and rheological behavior of RBCs, which may play an important role in blood rheology and the development of bone infarcts, avascular necrosis (AVN) and other bone diseases associated with GD. In this study, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are employed to investigate the biomechanics and rheology of blood and RBCs in GD under various flow conditions. The model incorporates the unique characteristics of GD RBCs, such as decreased deformability and increased aggregation properties, and aims to capture the resulting changes in RBC biophysics and blood viscosity. This study is the first to explore the Young's modulus and aggregation parameters of GD RBCs by validating simulations with confocal imaging and experimental RBC disaggregation thresholds. Through in silico simulations, we examine the impact of hematocrit, RBC disaggregation threshold, and cell stiffness on blood viscosity in GD. The results reveal three distinct domains of GD blood viscosity based on shear rate: the aggregation domain, where the RBC disaggregation threshold predominantly influences blood viscosity; the transition area, where both RBC aggregation and stiffness impact on blood viscosity; and the stiffness domain, where the stiffness of RBCs emerges as the primary determinant of blood viscosity. By analyzing RBC mechanical properties and blood viscosity in relation to bone disease, we find that the RBC aggregation properties, deformability, and blood viscosity, may contribute to its onset. These findings enhance our understanding of how changes in RBC properties impact on blood viscosity and may affect bone health, offering a partial explanation for the bone complications observed in GD patients

    The role of algae in structuring reef communities: innovative monitoring and ecological insights within a Mediterranean conservation priority area

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    International audienceThe Mediterranean Sea is a “sea under siege”, facing numerous anthropogenic pressures leading to the spread of invasive species and the degradation of reefs, particularly the reduction of habitat-forming macroalgae to turf algae or sea urchin barrens. The coastal waters of Corsica, often considered as a “reference state” due to their lower human impact, have not been thoroughly studied with regard to infralittoral reef communities. This study aimed to characterize these communities and identify their biotic and abiotic drivers through an innovative monitoring protocol (VIT-Reef). From 2019 to 2021, we monitored infralittoral reef communities at 59 sites between 15 and 35 m depth within and adjacent to three MPAs, using innovative rapid assessment dive surveys for 74 benthic taxa. Our results highlighted vertical zonation in reef communities, in particular the depth extent of photophilic algae and the emergence of pre-coralligenous communities. Important ecological implications of taxa covariation were discussed, such as the negative relationship between canopy-forming macroalgae and the invasive algae, Caulerpa cylindracea . Notably, geographical contrasts were observed along northern, southern and western MPAs, primarily influenced by algal community changes. Cystoseira (sensu lato) forests were identified as the climax state on western reefs, while northern and southern reefs showed significant cover of Dictyota spp. and crustose corallines respectively, with concerning levels of Caulerpa cylindracea in deeper southern reefs. Our results underscored the structuring role of Cystoseira spp. forests and the effects of light, nutrients and Posidonia oceanica meadows extending into the reefs. This study highlighted the role of algae in structuring reef communities and will contribute to establish a baseline for conservation planning and predicting future changes in these high priority infralittoral communities

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