National University of Mongolia Scientific Journals
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Preventing Due Process Paranola in Arbitration Proceeding
No full textArbitration is a type of alternative dispute resolution process that is not judicial, and while it is required to be fast and efficient, it must also adhere to the principle of due process. Due process aims to provide parties with equal opportunities and ensure they have the ability to fully express their positions. If these rights are not adequately provided, courts may consider an arbitral award as invalid. Internationally, arbitrators are often concerned that an arbitral award may be deemed invalid on the grounds of not adhering to due process, which leads to a delay in arbitration proceedings. This issue is referred to as “Due Process Paranoia”. This issue has not been extensively studied in our country, and this article explores it. This article examines the differences between arbitration and court proceedings, the understanding of due process in arbitration, how it is reflected in both international and domestic legal norms, and analyzes court decisions from Singapore and Japan regarding due process paranoia, based on these, offers specific proposals.
Арбитрын ажиллагаанд зүй ёсны процессын параной үүсэхээс урьдчилан сэргийлэх нь
[Товч утга]Шүүхийн бус журмаар маргаан шийдвэрлэх ажиллагааны нэг төрөл болох арбитрын ажиллагаа нь хурдан, шуурхай байх шаардлагатай боловч зүй ёсны процессын дагуу явагдах шаардлагатай юм. Зүй ёсны процесс нь талуудад тэгш боломж олгох, өөрсдийн байр сууриа бүрэн илэрхийлэх боломжоор хангах зорилготой. Эдгээр нь хангалттай олгогдоогүй нөхцөлд шүүхээс арбитрын шийдвэр хүчин төгөлдөр бус гэж үздэг. Олон улсад арбитрч нар тус үндэслэлээр өөрийн шийдвэрлэсэн арбитрын шийдвэр нь хүчин төгөлдөр бус болохоос эмээн арбитрын ажиллагаа хэт удаашрах асуудал тулгарч байна. Үүнийг олон улсад зүй ёсны процессын параной (Due process paranoia) гэж нэрлэдэг. Манай улсад энэ талаар хараахан судлагдаагүй байгаа учир эрдэм шинжилгээний өгүүлэл бичих нь ач холбогдолтой юм. Энэхүү бэсрэг өгүүллийн хүрээнд арбитр болон шүүхийн ялгаатай тал, арбитрын ажиллагаа дахь зүй ёсны процессын онолын ойлголт, олон улсын болон дотоодын эрх зүйн хэм хэмжээнд зүй ёсны процесс хэрхэн тусгагдсан эсэх, зүй ёсны процессын параной болон үүний талаар авч үзсэн Сингапур болон Япон улсын шүүхийн шийдвэрүүдийг судалсны үндсэн дээр тодорхой санал дэвшүүлсэн болно.
[Түлхүүр үг]Шүүхийн бус журмаар маргаан шийдвэрлэх арга, талуудад тэгш хандах, бүрэн боломж, зүй ёсны процесс, арбитрын шийдвэр
Some Critical Issues Relating to The Conclusion of Free Trade Agreement
No full textFree Trade Agreements (FTAs) are a significant component of modern international trade, encompassing complex legal, economic, and policy dimensions. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), there are currently 374 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in force globally. For Mongolia, the signing of an Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan in 2015 marked its integration as the most recent WTO member at that time to join such an economic integration. Currently, Mongolia is exploring opportunities to establish FTAs with South Korea and the Eurasian Economic Union, accompanied by active domestic discussions. Taking these issues into account, this paper aims to analyze the historical context and policy implications of trade agreements, particularly FTAs. It examines the impacts of FTAs on contracting and non-contracting parties, common reasons and benefits for forming FTAs and the WTO’s legal framework for regulating FTAs (within the GATT, Article XXIV), and identifies the policy and legal challenges Mongolia faces in pursuing such agreements.
Чөлөөт худалдааны хэлэлцээр байгуулахтай холбоотой зарим анхаарах асуудал
[Товч утга]Чөлөөт худалдааны хэлэлцээр (ЧХХ) нь орчин цагийн олон улсын худалдааны томоохон бүрэлдэхүүн хэсэг бөгөөд эрх зүйн, эдийн засгийн, бодлогын нарийн төвөгтэй ойлголтыг илэрхийлдэг. Дэлхийн худалдааны байгууллагын (ДХБ)-ын мэдээллээр, одоогийн байдлаар нийт 374 ЧХХ хүчин төгөлдөр үйлчилж байна. Монгол Улсын хувьд 2015 онд Япон Улстай байгуулсан Эдийн засгийн түншлэлийн хэлэлцээрийг байгуулснаар тухайн үедээ хамгийн сүүлд энэ төрлийн эдийн засгийн интеграцид нэгдсэн ДХБ-ын гишүүн болж байв. Эдүгээ Монгол Улс БНСУ-тай болон Евразийн Эдийн засгийн холбоотой ЧХХ байгуулах боломжийг судалж, дотоодод хэлэлцүүлэг идэвхтэй өрнүүлж байна. Эдгээрийг харгалзан энэ өгүүлэлд худалдааны гэрээ, ялангуяа чөлөөт худалдааны хэлэлцээрийн түүхэн байдал, худалдааны бодлогын хамаарал зэргийг задлан шинжилнэ. Мөн ЧХХ-ийн гэрээний болон гэрээний тал биш этгээдэд үзүүлэх нөлөөлөл, ЧХХ байгуулах нийтлэг шалтгаан ба үр ашиг, ЧХХ-ийг ДХБ-ын эрх зүйгээр зохицуулсан байдал (Тариф худалдааны ерөнхий хэлэлцээрийн XXIV дүгээр зүйлийн хүрээнд) тус тус судалж, Монгол Улсын хувьд ЧХХ байгуулахад гарч буй бодлогын болон эрх зүйн асуудлуудыг тодорхойлохыг зорив.
[Түлхүүр үг]Чөлөөт худалдаа, чөлөөт худалдааны хэлэлцээр, худалдааны бодлого, гэрээний тал, гэрээний тал биш этгээд
An Analysis of the Application of the Principle of Proportionality in the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Mongolia Regarding Fundamental Rights Disputes
No full textThe principle of proportionality requires that any limitation on rights, except for absolute rights enshrined in the Constitution of Mongolia, must meet the criteria of proportionality. In this context, the Constitutional Court of Mongolia, which holds the supreme authority to oversee the enforcement of the Constitution, is tasked with determining whether laws, decisions, or actions of authorized officials in disputes concerning the violation of fundamental rights comply with the principle of proportionality. Accordingly, this study focuses on the concept of the principle of proportionality, its fundamental elements, its application in Mongolia, and the extent to which the Constitutional Court has applied this principle in adjudicating disputes regarding violations of fundamental rights.
Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хуулийн цэцийн үндсэн эрхийн маргаан хянан шийдвэрлэсэн шийдвэрт тохирсон байх /Principle of Proportionality/ зарчмыг хэрэглэсэн байдалд хийсэн дүн шинжилгээ
[Товч утга]Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хуульд заасан туйлын эрхээс бусад эрхийг хязгаарлахад тохирсон байх зарчимд нийцсэн байх шаардлага тавигддаг. Энэ хүрээнд Үндсэн хуулийн биелэлтэд дээд хяналт тавих чиг үүрэг бүхий Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хуулийн цэц үндсэн эрх зөрчигдсөн эсэх маргааныг хянан шийдвэрлэхдээ маргаан бүхий хууль тогтоомж, эрх бүхий албан тушаалтны шийдвэр, үйл ажиллагаа нь тохирсон байх зарчимд нийцсэн эсэхийг тогтоох учиртай. Иймд тохирсон байх зарчмын тухай ойлголт, түүний үндсэн элемент, тус зарчмыг Монгол Улсад хэрхэн хэрэглэж ирсэн болон Үндсэн хуулийн цэц үндсэн эрх зөрчигдсөн эсэх маргааныг хянан шийдвэрлэхдээ тус зарчмыг хэрэглэсэн байдалд дүн шинжилгээ хийхэд энэхүү судалгаа чиглэгдсэн болно.
[Түлхүүр үг]Тохирсон байх зарчим, Пропорциональ зарчим, Үндсэн хуулийн цэц, Үндсэн эрхийн маргаан
Овоот улаан хүдрийн талбайн геологийн тогтоц, структур, хэтийн төлөв
No full textIn the Ovoot Ulaan ore field, exploration and verification works — including geological prospecting and control, geophysical surveys, drilling, and sampling— were conducted on previously identified occurrences such as the epithermal gold showings Khuren Tsav and Mukhar Khar (site 8825f), and the porphyry copper showing Khalzan Uul (site 8830f). Resource assessments were carried out at both the occurrence and ore-field scales. For each showing, supporting documentation and geological-mineral maps were updated at scales of 1:10000 to 1:25000 and hypotheses on the genetic types of the occurrences were proposed. Additionally, comprehensive maps of the ore field — including geological, mineralization, structural, and resource distribution maps — were prepared at scales ranging from 1:50000 to 1:100000
Japanese Language Education in Central Asian Countries - Examples from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia
No full textWhile the Soviet Union was once a powerful influence in the Central Asian region, many countries in this region are now strengthening their ties with third countries such as China and the United States. Among them, the nomadic countries with similar values and deep historical and cultural ties are Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia. Japanese-language education in these three countries began at approximately the same time and has been developing steadily. Japanese language education, which used to be taught in a few specialties in so-called “isolated Japanese language learning environments” (Onishi:2004), is now expanding as Japanese language courses are offered to primary and secondary school students and adults (Bayarmaa:2005), but there are still many problems, such as the employment of students studying at the postgraduate level and the training of teachers (Sugiura:2007). Given the current changing international context and the goals and scope of Japanese language education abroad, we aim to review the importance of Japanese language teaching in Central Asian countries and explore how we can jointly contribute to Japanese language education in the region
Хятан бичгийн дурсгалд гарах нэгэн хятад эшлэл үгийг нарийвчлан шинжлэх нь: A Study of a Chinese Classical Allusion Recorded in Khitan Script
No full textAmong the extant materials in the Khitan scripts, numerous references to Chinese classical texts highlight the historical reality of exchanges, interactions, and integration between the ancient Khitan people and the Han people of the Central Plains. This paper focuses on further exploring a specific Khitan textual reference quoting the phrase “The family that accumulates goodness will surely have an abundance of blessings; the family that accumulates evil will surely have an abundance of calamities” from The Book of Changes (yi易・kungua坤卦・wenyan文言). It conducts a phonetic and semantic interpretation of several related words in Khitan small script, putting forward personal opinions to seek guidance from esteemed academic peers
Хятан бичгийн хөшөөний бичээс дэх арван хоёр жилийн тухай шинжлэл: The twelve zodiac animals in Khitan epigraphy
No full textThe “Twelve Zodiac” culture has a long history. Relevant rock paintings have been discovered in the living areas of northern nomadic peoples, proving that this culture has been inherited and developed among different ethnic groups and in various fields since the Paleolithic Age. The Khitan, an ancient northern nomadic people, established the Liao Dynasty (916-1125) in the early 10th century under the leadership of Yelu Abaoji. In Liao Dynasty Khitan tombs, statues and animals of the Twelve Zodiac are often seen on the murals of the tomb ceilings, the unearthed epitaph covers, and the sloping surfaces around the mourning register covers. Inscriptions in the Khitan large and small scripts confirm that the Khitans used the Twelve Zodiac to represent the earthly branches, which, combined with the five-element heavenly stems, formed a complete cyclic chronological system of the heavenly stems and earthly branches. At present, although there have been phased achievements in the research on the “Twelve Zodiac” in Khitan inscriptions, there are many controversies over the pronunciation and etymology of relevant characters. This paper sorts out the previous research results and puts forward personal opinions on these issues
ХҮНИЙ ХӨГЖЛИЙН ИНДЕКС ДЭХ БОЛОВСРОЛЫН ҮЗҮҮЛЭЛТ, ӨӨРЧЛӨЛТ, ТҮҮНД ХАНДАХ ХАНДЛАГА
No full textAbstract: In the “knowledge society” of our time, education is the main determinant of social status and the key to enjoying many human choices.
Access to and the content of education are nowadays the most powerful instruments that can be used to induce social equality
МОНГОЛЫН НИЙГМИЙН ХАЛАМЖИЙН БОДЛОГО: ӨНӨӨГИЙН НӨХЦӨЛ БАЙДАЛ БА СОРИЛТУУД
No full textAbstract: This article discusses the social welfare system and policy in modern Mongolia. The transition from a socialist social security to market based social security was taken place in that country. The author focuses on program types, coverage, financing and distribution of current social welfare policies. Finally, he highlights some of the most challenges in social welfare policy
БАГА НАСНЫ ХҮҮХДИЙН ЗОХИСТОЙ ХООЛЛОЛТ
No full textAbstract: For all children, healthy development depends on a diet that includes an appropriate number or calories and the right nutrients.
In planning meals for young children, it is important to include a variety of healthy foods,
take advantage of seasonal fruits and vegetables, and keep foods tasty but simple.
Related with the issue that the most population has moved from countryside into villages and cities changed its life style, quality and kind of foods.
Last 20 years has increased the usage of sweet and concentrated beverage 2-3 times and decreased usage of dairy products by 40 percent. It influences to the teeth caries.
When children spend the bulk of their day in an early childhood program, it is important that the meals and snacks they eat at school contribute to their overall nutritional intake