National University of Mongolia Scientific Journals
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Study on spatial and temporal changes in tourism destinations: A case study of Inner Mongolia, China: Аялал жуулчлалын зорих газрын орон зай, цаг хугацааны өөрчлөлтийн шинжилгээ (БНХАУ-ын ӨМӨЗО-ы жишээн дээр)
No full textIn 2000, China initiated a quality assessment program for tourist destinations, classifying them into grades ranging from 1A to 5A. This classification is based on various criteria, including the location, environment, infrastructure development, quality and standards of services offered to tourists, as well as the significance of historical and cultural resources. According to this quality assessment, 3A-level tourist destinations are usually places of local or regional importance with average services and infrastructure. This study examined the spatial distribution and differentiation of 3A level tourist destinations in Inner Mongolia, utilizing a spatial database from 2004 to 2022. The spatial distribution of 3A level tourist destinations in Inner Mongolia shows a significant evolution over time. In 2004, these destinations were relatively few and primarily concentrated in cities such as Hulunbuir, Xilingol province, and Ulanqab. However, as the tourism sector rapidly developed, the number of 3A level destinations gradually increased and expanded into urban areas like Hohhot and Baotou, as well as the surrounding regions. This indicates a trend towards diversified spatial development in tourist destinations. The study confirmed that from 2004 to 2022, the spatial distribution of 3A-level tourist destinations in the Inner Mongolia was primarily influenced by a combination of natural, historical, and cultural tourism resources, as well as transportation networks and development along key economic corridors
Impact of Economic Sanctions on Foreign Direct Investment Flows: Unurmaa.D, Batchimeg.B
No full textGlobal foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have gradually recovered following the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the impact of the international business and investment environment on FDI has been heightened by the crisis in Ukraine. The United States and the European Union (EU) have implemented stringent sanctions in an effort to swiftly halt Russia's military operations. These sanctions, imposed by the international community, are designed to exert pressure on the economies of Russia and its allies in order to bring an end to the conflict.The most impactful sanctions have been those targeting Russia's financial and energy sectors, resulting in immediate negative consequences for the country. In response, Russia has implemented retaliatory sanctions aimed at asserting its independence from the countries imposing sanctions.In this article, we will analyze the changes in Russian FDI, with a particular focus on the effects of financial, energy, and trade sanctions
博物馆外交在软实力构建中的作用 ——以蒙古国“成吉思汗国家博物馆”为例: 那∙查慧娜, 瑟∙乌云苏荣, 阿∙巴图琪琪格
No full textIn recent years, museum diplomacy has emerged as a significant area of interest on the international stage, capturing the attention of scholars, policymakers, and cultural institutions alike. Museums are increasingly recognized for their potential to influence global culture and to enhance a nation's soft power, which refers to the ability to shape the preferences and perceptions of others through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the Genghis Khan National Museum, along with the international exhibition titled "Genghis Khan: How the Mongols Changed the World." Through this examination, we aim to explore the theoretical underpinnings of soft power and the role that museum diplomacy plays in contemporary international relations. Additionally, the article delves into current international cooperation projects that involve museums, highlighting how these initiatives foster cross-cultural dialogue and understanding. Furthermore, we consider the future trajectory of Mongolian museum diplomacy, reflecting on its potential to contribute to global cultural exchanges and to enhance Mongolia's presence on the world stage. By investigating these elements, we seek to provide a comprehensive understanding of how museums can serve as powerful tools for diplomacy and cultural engagement in today's interconnected world
The Sovereignty of Mongolia in Early 20th Century and the Ideological Foundations of the First Constitution (1924)
No full textIn studies concerning the international status of Mongolia in the early 20th century, it is frequently observed that Mongolia was not considered a subject of international law or, in practice, a state under international law. This perspective is based on the fact that the treaties concerning Mongolia concluded during 1912-1915 and 1921-1924. Such conclusions are largely the result of research focusing predominantly on assessing the political and security conditions of that time. However, this approach conflates and oversimplifies the concept of “sovereignty,” failing to distinguish its nuanced meanings within political science and international law. In other words, research in this field has not been developed from the perspective of international law. Therefore, this article seeks, first, to examine Mongolia’s international legal status in the early 20th century within the framework of international law and, subsequently, to interpret the ideological foundations of the First Constitution through the insights derived from this legal analysis.
XX зууны эхэн үеийн Монгол Улсын бүрэн эрхт байдал ба анхдугаар Үндсэн хуулийн үзэл санаа
XX зууны эхэн үеийн Монголын олон улсын статусын талаарх судалгаанд 1912-1915, 1921-1924 онд байгуулсан гэрээнүүдээр Монголын бүрэн эрхийг хүлээн зөвшөөрөөгүй учраас Монголыг олон улсын эрх зүйн субъект биш буюу хэрэг дээрээ олон улсын эрх зүйн дагуу улс биш байсан гэж үзэх нь олонтоо ажиглагддаг. Энэ нь тухайн үеийн нөхцөл байдлыг улс төр, аюулгүй байдлын талаас үнэлэхэд судалгаа шинжилгээний ажил түлхүү хийгдэж ирсэнтэй холбоотой. Ингэхдээ “бүрэн эрхт байдал” гэх нэр томьёоны улс төрийн шинжлэх ухаан болон олон улсын эрх зүйд ялгаатай утга илтгэдгийг үл харгалзсан, шууд хамтатган дүгнэсэн шинжтэй байна. Өөрөөр хэлбэл энэ чиглэлд үнэндээ олон улсын эрх зүйн үүднээс судалгаа хөгжөөгүй. Иймээс өгүүлэлд эхлээд XX зууны эхэн үеийн Монгол Улсын статусыг олон улсын эрх зүйн үүднээс авч үзэх, дараагаар нь энэ суурин дээр Анхдугаар Үндсэн хуулийн үзэл санааг тайлбарлахыг зорив.
Түлхүүр үг: Улс, бүрэн эрхт байдал, тусгаар тогтнол, олон улсын эрх зүй, Үндсэн хууль
The Issue of Increasing the Number of Members in the State Great Khural (Parliament of Mongolia)
No full textMembers of Parliament are elected to represent the citizens and make decisions on their behalf for a period of 4 years. Officially, parliament serves four main functions: representing citizens, approving laws, overseeing and approving the budget, and ensuring the legitimacy of the parliament. However, in recent years, there has been significant debate regarding the parliament’s capacity, the accountability and ethics of its members. This relates to the weakening of supervision and responsibility for the work of parliamentarians, but it should also be considered in terms of the appropriate size of the parliament. The concept of an appropriate size of parliament encompasses factors such as the number of members, their ability to represent citizens effectively, and the workload necessary for them to fulfill their duties during their elected term. In our country, it is crucial to study and calculate the optimal number of members of parliament in order to effectively fulfill their primary functions.
Улсын Их Хурлын гишүүдийн тоог нэмэх эсэх асуудал
УИХ-ын гишүүн бүрэн эрхийнхээ хугацаанд парламентын легитим байдлыг ханган иргэдийг ашиг сонирхолыг төлөөлөх замаар хууль батлах, хяналт тавих улмаар төсөв батлах гэсэн үндсэн чиг үүргийг хэрэгжүүлдэг. Гэтэл сүүлийн жилүүдэд парламентын гишүүдийн иргэдийг төлөөлөх чадамж суларч хариуцлага, ёс зүйн асуудал ихээр хөндөгдөх болсон нь парламентын гишүүн “...төрийн эрх барих дээд байгууллагад сонгогдсон ард түмний элч мөн бөгөөд нийт иргэн, улсын ашиг сонирхлыг эрхэмлэн баримтална...” гэсэн үүргээ биелүүлэхэд сөргөөр нөлөөлөж байгаа асуудлыг судлах хэрэгцээ байгааг илэрхийлж байна. Парламент бүхэлдээ үүрэгт ажлаа бүрэн дүүрэн гүйцэтгэж чадахгүй байгааг судлан шинжилдэг парламентын зохист хэмжээ (optimal size of parliaments) хэмээх ойлголт байдаг. Энэхүү судалгааны зорилго нь манай улсын парламентын гишүүдийн тоо хэд байвал зохист хэмжээтэй болохыг судлахад чиглэгдсэн. Судалгааны үр дүн нь УИХ-ын гишүүдийн зохист тоог өөрсдийн уламжлал, газар зүй, засаг захиргааны хуваарилалт, сонгуулийн тогтолцоо зэргийг харгалзан үзэж 114, 151, 155 гэсэн тоон утгуудаас сонгох боломжтойг судалгааны үр дүнд тооцон гаргасан.
Түлхүүр үг: Парламентын зохист хэмжээ, гишүүдийн тоо, төлөөллийн ардчилал, кубын хууль, куб язгуур
Японы дипломат ёслолын онцлог: Ж.Батжаргал
No full textIn this article the author aimed to give the audience comprehensive understanding about the peculiarities of Japanese diplomatic protocol, uniqueness of culture, historical tradition of diplomatic protocol. Japan is one of the highly developed countries and has rich cultural heritage. The paper explains Japanese unique cultural features including bowing, seat orders in diplomatic ceremony, seating allocations in diplomatic receptions and ethiquettes followed during diplomatic receptions. The first part of the article provides the overview of Japanese diplomatic protocol’s history, exponents in Japanese style dialogue and bowing. The second part of the article discusses seat orders in Japanese diplomatic ceremony and using Japanese national flag during diplomatic meetings. The third part includes Japanese diplomatic ceremonial rules. The conclusion presents the researcher’s recommendation for research gap and practical issues
Diplomatic relations with the Churches of Armenia under the Mongol rule: Chadankhuu.A, Oyunsuren.S, Bayarsaikhan.D
No full textThis study delves into the religious relationships between the Mongols and Armenians in the 13th century, comparing them to the ties between Byzantine, Georgian Christians and Armenian Christians. By focusing on key figures such as the priests of Apostolic Church, Prince Awag of Greater Armenia, King Hetum of Cilicia and Mongolian Nestorian aristocrats, it uncovers how religious diplomacy and political alliances formed. The research also examines how the Mongols’ legal systems, such as the El Tamgha decree and the Yasaq of Chinggis Khan, provided certain freedoms and protections for Armenian Christians. These policies not only safeguarded Armenian religious practices but also encouraged collaboration between Mongolian Nestorian leaders and Armenian clergy. This comparison offers insight into how Mongol-Armenian religious relations were distinct from those with Byzantium, reflecting the Mongols’ pragmatic approach to governance and religion
The Necessity of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Intergovernmental Organizations: An Example of Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Agar-Erdene.G
No full textThis article explores the UN-oriented international legal order as the fundamental reason for justifying the necessity of the dispute settlement mechanism in intergovernmental organizations. In that case, provisions of the Charter of the United Nations are seen as the primary reference for all intergovernmental organizations. Among them, however, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (CSO) partially inherits this practice and a dispute settlement mechanism is not permitted within its structure. Under this circumstance, it will further discuss the unique nature of the settlement of disputes within the SCO
社交网络与网缘政治—以TIKTOK为例: 博士. 啊. 巴图其其各, 苏伟丽斯
No full textWith the development of the Internet, social networks have become an important channel for shaping public opinion and influencing political decisions. As the world's most popular social networking platform, TikTok's influence on international politics and international relations cannot be ignored. The cyberspace created by digital technology is parallel to the real physical space, and geopolitics is extending to the network and moving towards "Cyber Geopolitics"
COMPARING THE CONCEPTS OF MEDIA LITERACY AND DIGITAL LITERACY: AN OVERVIEW
No full textThe rapid evolution of technology has led to increased emphasis on media literacy and digital literacy as essential skills for people to navigate today’s complex information landscape. Even though these literacies share some overlapping competencies, they present different educational objectives. Media literacy emphasizes critical analysis and understanding of media messages, while digital literacy encompasses a broader range of skills, such as technical navigation and online communication. This overview explores the definitions, historical development, core competencies associated with media and digital literacy. We aim to compare these two concepts, and propose nuanced differences in their applications, as well as the convergence of their critical thinking goals. This study attempted to use a systematic review method to explore the differences in digital literacy and media literacy