National University of Mongolia Scientific Journals
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Using Artificial Intelligence in Foreign Policy Analysis and Decision-Making: Designing an Expert System
No full textIn the digital era, technology has permeated every sector, including international relations, with artificial intelligence (AI) already being utilized in defense and diplomacy. In the case of Mongolia, AI systems such as Egune and Erdem AI have been successfully developed. However, there has yet to be an attempt to create a specialized AI system for international relations, particularly for foreign policy analysis and decision-making. Meanwhile, the need for such purpose-built AI systems is rapidly increasing. In light of this situation, and considering the necessity to explore the potential for developing and utilizing AI tailored for foreign policy decision-making, a model of an expert system has been developed based on interdisciplinary research findings. The following is a brief overview of the results
Assessing Suitable Sites for Heavy Industry Development Using GIS: A Case Study of the Gobi Region: Хүнд үйлдвэрлэл хөгжүүлэх тохиромжтой байршлыг ГМС-д тулгуурлан зураглах нь (Говийн бүсийн жишээн дээр)
No full textThe heavy industry sector is one of the strategic sectors that form the foundation of a country’s industrial competitiveness and sustainable economic development. Therefore, determining the optimal locations for industrial zones based on scientifically grounded spatial analysis and computational methods is crucial. The main objective of this study was to identify suitable locations for establishing heavy industries in the Gobi region using GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), taking into account natural conditions, resources, socio-economic factors, and other relevant information. A total of 19 evaluation criteria were used in this study, including three criteria related to mineral and natural resources, five infrastructure-related criteria, three market-related criteria, six socio-economic criteria, and four environmental restriction criteria representing areas prohibited for industrial development under Mongolian legislation. The results indicated that 2.1% of the study area is highly suitable, 6.7% is suitable, 15.5% is moderately suitable, 57.2% is unsuitable, and 18.3% is restricted for industrial development. The developed evaluation aligns with planned industrial projects and programs in the Gobi region, as indicated by a Kappa coefficient of 0.69. These findings demonstrate the applicability of scientifically based spatial evaluation methods in planning heavy industry development in the Gobi region. Consequently, the results provide practical recommendations for implementing new industrial projects in optimal locations, as well as for planning infrastructure investments and environmental management
Content analysis of social media marketing by outbound tour operators: Гадаад аяллын тур операторын нийгмийн сүлжээний маркетингийн агуулгын шинжилгээ
No full textThis study examines the social media marketing strategies and their effectiveness among Mongolian outbound tour operators using a content analysis approach. As Mongolia’s outbound travel market continues to grow rapidly, digital marketing has emerged as a crucial channel for building customer relationships, enhancing brand value, and sustaining competitive advantages. The study analyzes the reach, engagement, interaction, and potential purchase impact of 2,110 “Facebook” posts published by 15 outbound tour operators between January and April 2024. The findings reveal that most tour operators rely heavily on high-frequency, repetitive static posters and text-based content, while lacking interactive, storytelling, and user-centered materials capable of stimulating active audience participation. High posting frequency was found to correlate with lower engagement and reduced effectiveness. In contrast, tour operators employing low-frequency but high-impact advertising campaigns or producing high-quality, targeted content demonstrated significantly stronger effectiveness per post. The analysis also shows that follower count is not directly associated with engagement - smaller but active tour operators perform better than larger pages with passive audiences. Overall, the results highlight the need for Mongolian outbound tour operators to prioritize user segmentation, content quality, brand narrative development, and sustained audience relationships in order to improve their social media marketing performance. Further research involving tour operators serving both domestic and international markets is recommended to assess digital marketing effectiveness within the Mongolian tourism industry and to develop a more user-centric strategic model
Spatiotemporal Pattern Dynamics of Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar Using Sentinel 5P Satellite Data
No full textUlaanbaatar is characterized by severe air pollution during the winter season due to meteorological and geographical conditions such as frequent temperature inversions, low wind speeds, and its basin-shaped topography, which favors the accumulation of pollutants. In addition, emissions from household coal combustion, thermal power plants, and increasing vehicle traffic significantly affect the city’s air quality. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of the spatial distribution and temporal variability of major air pollutants is essential for effective air quality management. In this study, Sentinel-5P (TROPOMI) satellite observations from the winter seasons (November–February) of 2018–2024 were used to evaluate the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃), and the Absorbing Aerosol Index in Ulaanbaatar. Daily satellite products were processed using temporal averaging to generate monthly mean raster datasets. The spatial patterns of air pollutants were analyzed through spatial mapping and statistical methods, including boxplot analysis. The results indicate that NO₂, CO, and the Aerosol Index exhibit high concentrations in central urban districts, densely populated ger areas, around thermal power plants, and along major transportation corridors. In contrast, ozone (O₃) concentrations remain relatively low and stable during winter due to reduced photochemical activity. Furthermore, a temporary decrease in pollutant concentrations was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown period, followed by an increasing trend after economic activities resumed. This study demonstrates that satellite-based observations provide valuable information for developing spatial air pollution monitoring systems, identifying pollution hotspots, and supporting evidence-based urban air quality management and policy development in Ulaanbaatar
Identifying Land Suitability for Nomadic Pastoralism using Geospatial Techniques and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): Нүүдлийн бэлчээрийн газрын тохиромжтой байдлыг орон зайн олон шалгуурт шийдвэр гаргалтын шинжилгээ (MCDA)-гээр үнэлэх нь
No full textThis study evaluates the spatial suitability of land for nomadic pastoralism across two distinct seasonal periods: winter–spring and summer–autumn. Nomadic pastoralism is a cornerstone of Mongolia’s rural livelihood system, but its sustainability is increasingly challenged by pasture degradation, climatic variability, and socio-economic pressures. Since pasture quality and accessibility fluctuate significantly between seasons, identifying suitable grazing areas is critical for ensuring both ecological resilience and herder well-being. To capture these dynamics, seven environmental and socio-economic factors were selected for each season and analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS)–based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Factor selection followed the methodological guidelines for pasture suitability assessment issued by the Agency of Land Administration and Management, Geodesy and Cartography (ALAMGaC), while additional determinants reflecting herder mobility and traditional grazing practices were incorporated to refine the evaluation framework. The results reveal distinct seasonal contrasts. During the winter–spring season, 11.26% of the study area was identified as unsuitable for grazing, 18.02% as less suitable, 46.37% as moderately suitable, and 24.35% as highly suitable. In contrast, summer–autumn conditions produced a less favorable distribution, with 23.83% unsuitable, 30.66% less suitable, 30.22% moderately suitable, and only 15.29% highly suitable. These differences emphasize the influence of climatic and ecological seasonality on pasture productivity and herding strategies. The findings suggest that sustainable pasture management requires not only an understanding of spatial heterogeneity but also season-specific planning. Such an approach can provide valuable insights for policymakers, land managers, and local herding communities seeking to maintain the viability of nomadic pastoral systems under changing environmental and socio-economic conditions
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE VISUAL ARTS MARKET AND CONCEPTUAL MAPPING OF THE CREATIVE VALUE CHAIN IN THE VISUAL ARTS SECTOR
No full textIn recent years, developed and rapidly emerging economies have increasingly embraced the principles of a knowledge-based economy and sustainable development, positioning the creative industries as a strategic pathway for long-term growth. Globally, the contribution of the creative sector to socio-economic development continues to rise, with projections indicating that it will account for 10% of global GDP by 2030. Within this context, the visual arts represent a core subsector of the creative industries, comprising approximately 11% of the global Cultural and Creative Industries (CCI) market. In Mongolia, while numerous studies have examined visual arts through the lenses of art history, archaeology, ethnography, and cultural studies, research adopting a market-oriented and marketing perspective remains scarce, and no comprehensive analysis encompassing all market stakeholders has been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to assess the current state of the visual arts market in Mongolia and to develop a conceptual mapping of the creative value chain within the sector
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ANALYTICS ON DECISION-MAKING BASED ON ONLINE COMMERCE CUSTOMER ORDER DATA
No full textThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of business analytics methodologies on the quality of managerial decision-making, based on real online commerce data from Company A for the year 2024. The study utilizes a total of 98,432 order records and includes key variables such as district, sub-district (khoroo), order amount, discounts, promotions, and customer purchase frequency.In Power BI, an interactive dashboard was developed to visualize the organization’s sales performance, discount and promotion policies, regional differences, and seasonal fluctuations. In SPSS, the research hypotheses were tested and validated using correlation, regression, and ANOVA analyses. The results indicate that discount and promotion policies have a statistically significant positive relationship with sales performance
TRADITIONAL VERSUS CYBER WORKPLACE BULLYING: MECHANISMS LEADING TO EMPLOYEE BURNOUT
No full textWorkplace bullying is a common psychosocial stressor in modern organizational settings, significantly undermining employee well-being, job performance, and overall organizational effectiveness. In-person bullying typically involves frequent, negative behaviors from colleagues or supervisors, such as neglect, belittlement, and verbal abuse, whereas cyberbullying occurs through digital communication channels, targeting employees’ reputation, personal space, and social interactions. This study investigates the direct effects of both in-person and cyberbullying on employee disengagement using data from 150 employees in Mongolian business organizations. Results indicate that both forms of bullying increase psychological exhaustion, thereby intensifying disengagement. These findings offer theoretically informed guidance for organizational practice, emphasizing the need to detect and prevent workplace bullying and to implement policies that protect employees’ psychological well-being
Барионы чөлөөт энергийг өнгөний сувгуудаар тооцоолох нь
No full textЭнэхүү ажилд барион системийг латтис КХД-ийн онолоор судалсан судалгааны ажлын эхний үр дүнгүүдийг танилцууллаа. Латтис дээр гурван кваркийг Поляковын гогцоогоор төлөөлүүлэн, тэдгээрийн корреляцийг тооцоолох замаар харилцан үйлчлэлийг нь судлав. Бид их температурт барионы чөлөөт энергийг тооцоолж, бусад судлаачдын үр дүнтэй харьцуулан програмаа баталгаажуулсны дараа чөлөөт энергээ температур ба гурван кваркийг холбож буй утасны уртаас хамааруулан судалсан. Мөн уг чөлөөт энергийг синглет, октет, декаплет гэсэн өнгөний сувгуудаар тооцоолж, тэдгээрийн нийлбэр өнгөөр дундажлагдсан чөлөөт энергийг бодож, өнгөний сувгуудаас хэрхэн хамаарч буйг судлав. Симуляцыг хэмжээтэй латтис дээр, температурын 4, гурван кваркийг холбож буй утасны уртын 16 утганд гүйцэтгэв
Comparative study of urbanization levels in local cities (In the case studies of the cities of Arvaikheer, Bayankhongor, and Tsetserleg): Орон нутгийн хотуудын хотжилтын түвшний харьцуулсан судалгаа (Арвайхээр, Баянхонгор, Цэцэрлэг хотуудын жишээн дээр)
No full textUrbanization has rapidly accelerated worldwide, drawing significant attention in the fields of economics, sociology, and geography. In the case of Mongolia, the urbanization process has intensified since the country’s transition to a market economy in the 1990s, with population concentration increasingly centered around Ulaanbaatar and other major urban centers. However, urbanization is not merely a matter of population aggregation; it is a complex phenomenon that encompasses changes in land use and economic structure. The objective of this study is to examine the interrelationships and mutual influences among demographic, spatial (land-related), and economic aspects of urbanization, and to identify the key factors impacting the level of urban development. The research focuses on three selected case study cities—Tsetserleg (Arkhangai Province), Bayankhongor (Bayankhongor Province), and Arvaikheer (Uvurkhangai Province)—using statistical data, national and international research, and a range of quantitative econometric techniques. These include time series models, cointegration analysis, error correction models, Granger causality tests, and impulse response functions. A total of 19 indicators across the three dimensions (population, land, economy) were selected, and entropy weight method was employed to construct composite indices. A hybrid urban development classification model was then used to assess the interrelations among these urbanization dimensions. The findings reveal that changes in population growth, land use, and economic structure are interdependent and collectively define the level of urbanization. The analysis further highlights that differences in age structure, migration patterns, land density, and economic sector composition across the three cities play a critical role in shaping urban interlinkages. Therefore, the formulation of urban policy should be grounded in a comprehensive framework that integrates demographic, spatial, and economic indicators. Holistic planning and coordinated policy implementation are essential to ensure balanced and sustainable urban development