National University of Mongolia Scientific Journals
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Монгол ба Төв Азийн улсуудын харилцаа, хамтын ажиллагаа: өнөөгийн байдал, хэтийн төлөв
No full textThis article examines the current state of relations and cooperation between Mongolia and the countries of Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan—focusing on the geopolitical, economic, and socio-cultural factors that shape these interactions. The study finds that emerging trends in regional integration, expanding transport and logistics connectivity, and cooperation in energy and green development are likely to intensify in the coming years. Mongolia’s multi-pillared, balanced foreign policy, along with the deepening intra-regional integration of Central Asian states, forms a key foundation for advancing bilateral and regional cooperation. Looking ahead, collaboration between Mongolia and the Central Asian countries is expected to expand on the basis of economic complementarity, strategic geographic positioning, innovative transport-logistics solutions, regional security considerations, and the goals of sustainable development. In particular, Mongolia’s “Third Neighbor” policy and the new phase of Central Asian integration could help increase trade and investment flows while enhancing regional infrastructure connectivity. Overall, relations between Mongolia and the Central Asian states are steadily expanding, with clear prospects for evolving into more substantive, long-term cooperation grounded in strategic partnership and economic integration
БНХАУ-ын зөөлөн хүчний бодлогын судалгаа: Хятадын дэг сургуулийн үзэл хандлага ба онцлог
No full textIn the 21st century, the strategic importance of soft power, a country's ability to attract and influence others through its culture, values, and foreign policy, has grown alongside traditional hard power (military and economic strength) in international relations. This concept was first introduced by Joseph Nye, who defined soft power as “the ability to influence others to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion”.Over the past decade, the People’s Republic of China has vigorously pursued soft power as a key component of its national development strategy and foreign policy agenda. China aims to enhance its global influence through a wide range of channels, including traditional culture, philosophy, arts, media, digital platforms, and educational cooperation. The concepts of “enhancing national cultural soft power” (提高国家文化软实力) and the “Chinese Dream” (中国梦) have taken a central role in state policy, reflecting an effort to construct a unified political and cultural narrative.This article seeks to examine the theoretical foundations of China’s soft power strategy and assess its current development trajectory and future directions
Украйны дайн ба Казахстаны гадаад, дотоод орчин
No full textThe war in Ukraine has accelerated the emergence of a new “Great Game” in Central Asia. Positioned within a unique geopolitical environment between major powers, Kazakhstan is seeking to navigate mounting geopolitical pressures while safeguarding its national interests. Although the war in Ukraine brings a range of political, social, and economic challenges for Kazakhstan, it also generates new opportunities. Through its multi-vector foreign policy, Kazakhstan aims to strengthen its position on the international stage, while domestically striving to enhance its resources and overall state capacity
Хүн худалдаалахтай тэмцэх олон улсын эрх зүйн зохицуулалт
No full textThis article examines the evolution of international legal regulation aimed at combating human trafficking from the early abolitionist movements to the contemporary global legal framework. It traces historical developments beginning with the 1807 British Abolition Act and early bilateral treaties to suppress the transatlantic slave trade, followed by the first multilateral instruments addressing the “white slave trade” in the early 20th century. The study highlights the major conventions adopted under the League of Nations, including the 1921 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children and the 1926 Slavery Convention, which broadened the legal scope by defining slavery and prohibiting related practices. It further analyzes United Nations–era advances, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1949 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons, subsequent conventions addressing forced labour and modern slavery-like practices, and specialized treaties protecting women and children. Particular emphasis is placed on the 2000 Palermo Protocol, which established the first comprehensive international definition of human trafficking and introduced a three-pillar approach: prevention, victim protection, and prosecution. The article also reviews policy trends, notable international initiatives, and good practices, as well as mechanisms for cooperation among states and non-state actors. Overall, the study underscores the progressive expansion and consolidation of international legal norms against human trafficking and the growing recognition of shared responsibility in addressing this transnational crime
Determination of Annual Ablation of the Doloonnuur Glacier on Munkhkhairkhan Mountain, Mongolian Altai, Using a Degree-Day Model: Монгол Алтайн Мөнххайрхан уулын Долооннуурын мөсөн голын жилийн алдралыг Хэм-өдрийн (температур-индекс) загвар ашиглан тодорхойлох нь
No full textMongolia is among the ten countries most vulnerable to global warming and climate change. Mid-term observations from western Mongolia indicate that the mean annual air temperature increased by 2.08 °C between 1940 and 2017, exerting a strong influence on glacier melt and area shrinkage in high mountain regions. This study estimates the annual melt of the Doloon Nuur Glacier, located on Munkhkhairkhan Mountain in the Mongolian Altai, using a degree-day model (DDM) and evaluates the results against in situ stake measurements. Air temperature data recorded by an automatic weather station between 15 June 2023 and 15 June 2024, together with ablation stake measurements installed on 15 June 2023, were used in the analysis. The cumulative positive degree days (PDD) amounted to 844.8 °C·day over the study period. Applying a degree-day factor of 6.0 mm w.e. °C⁻¹ day⁻¹, the calculated annual melt reached 5.06 m in the lower glacier zone, 4.2 m in the middle zone, and 3.1 m in the upper zone, yielding a glacier-wide mean melt of 4.1 m. The modeled melt shows good agreement with the observed mean stake ablation of 3.6 m, with a difference of 0.5 m, supporting the reliability of the degree-day approach in this region. Between 2023 and 2024, the glacier ablation area decreased by 5.3 ha (≈5%), corresponding to an estimated ice volume loss of 2.18 × 10⁵ m³ water equivalent (converted using a mean ice density of 900 kg m⁻³). These results demonstrate that temperature-based modeling provides a robust framework for assessing glacier mass loss in Mongolia and offers a valuable data foundation for long-term glacier mass-balance monitoring and climate-change impact assessments in data-scarce mountain regions
China's Economic Diplomacy Toward Mongolia: Belt and Road, Currency Swaps, and the Politics of Vulnerability
No full textThis study examines China’s contemporary economic diplomacy and its implications for Mongolia, with a particular focus on renminbi currency swap agreements, development financing, and the China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Drawing on historical and contemporary developments, the paper argues that although Chinese financial instruments—especially the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) swap line—have provided Mongolia with short-term liquidity support, exchange-rate stability, and crisis-management capacity, they have simultaneously contributed to Mongolia’s mounting foreign-currency liabilities and structural vulnerabilities. Mongolia’s persistent dependence on mineral exports, heavy import reliance, high external debt, and fragile financial sector place it in the “high vulnerability” category according to international assessment frameworks. The analysis demonstrates that the swap agreement is less an instrument of “debt-trap diplomacy” and more an extension of China’s broader strategy to internationalize the renminbi and expand regional financial influence. For Mongolia, the swap serves as a temporary stabilizing tool rather than a sustainable solution. Long-term economic security requires deeper structural reforms, improved debt management, diversification beyond mining, and a balanced, transparent approach in cooperation with China
Mongolian Democracy Compared to Central Asia Post-Independence
No full textMongolia stands out in Inner Asia as being the only country to be classified as a democracy, surrounded by the authoritarian regimes of China and Russia. It is also unique in being the sole Asian country to have emerged out of the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a democracy, despite being integrated into the Soviet economy as much as other former Soviet republics. The experiences of newly formed Central Asian and Caucasian states (with the exception of Georgia) have been that they have either failed to democratize such as with Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, or backslid from democracy such is the case with Kyrgyzstan. This anomalous democratization is a culmination of Mongolia’s unique historical experiences and economic conditions which influenced how it handled global processes affecting all former Soviet states at the same time, setting it apart from other Central Asian states, despite the surface-level similarities. Mongolia’s pre-existing national identity, experience with statehood, and anti- Chinese sentiments interacted with the economic conditions at the time of the collapse, forcing Mongolia to adopt economic reforms and seek international aid. Democratic norms were then built and strengthened in the country through both the need to reform and nationalistic sentiments among the political elites.This stands in contrast to Central Asian states, which historically did not have experience with statehood, and therefore, were suddenly tasked with state and nation-building when the Soviet Union collapsed. While they too took on nationalist rhetoric to gain legitimacy, this worked to sediment the pre-existing authoritarian rule rather than democratize institutions. Their economic conditions enabled this authoritarian rule, allowing for the elites to delay economic reform which could potentially work to undermine their rule. But as more time has passed since their independence, different states have undertaken different paths to reform and democratization, differentiating their experiences as will be noted later
A Review Study on the Assessment of Transport Networks : Тээврийн сүлжээг үнэлэх судалгааны судлагдсан байдлын тойм
No full textRegional cooperation, global trade, and the growing demand for transportation necessitate the development of efficient transport networks. This study aims to establish a comprehensive knowledge base on the evolution of transport networks, assess major axes and corridors, identify emerging trends, and highlight existing research gaps. To achieve this, a thematic taxonomy was developed based on objectives, topics, scope, keywords, methodologies, and similarities. Using the Web of Science (WoS) database, 937 publications related to transport networks and corridors were initially retrieved. Of these, 198 articles were selected and analyzed through three stages: assessing the accessibility of the papers, checking for overlap, and conducting content analysis. Recent studies on transport network and corridor assessments indicate that since 2021, the keywords 'Bayesian network', 'transport corridor', 'resilience assessment', and 'quality' have gained increasing prominence. The articles assessing transport networks and corridors can be categorized into five clusters according to the thematic taxonomy: (1) investment and benefit analysis, (2) performance assessment, (3) environmental, social, and economic impact analysis, (4) resilience and risk analysis, and (5) comparative assessment of alternatives. The methods most commonly employed in these assessments include multi-criteria analysis, data envelopment analysis, and time–cost–distance methods. While studies evaluating transportation alternatives have increasingly focused on efficiency, they have largely overlooked the issue of optimal spatial location. A comprehensive assessment that simultaneously addresses both efficiency and optimal spatial location could provide significant advantages
Application of Geographic Information Systems in Cartography: A Case Study of Population Density Mapping: Зурагзүйн салбарт газарзүйн мэдээллийн системийн хэрэглээ: Хүн амын нягтшилын газрын зургийг зохиох жишээн дээр
No full textGeographic Information Systems (GIS) represent a modern technological framework that is widely applied across numerous sectors of national industry. Since the mid-twentieth century, GIS technologies have been extensively utilized in developed countries, and since 2005 Mongolia has increasingly adopted them in a broad range of fields, including military and defense, communications, civil and engineering infrastructure, geology, mining, education, healthcare, geography, land management and utilization, cadastral surveying, geodesy, cartography, environmental studies, and public services. In parallel, governmental agencies as well as research and investigation institutions have actively developed map-based spatial databases tailored to their specific operational and analytical needs. At present, GIS plays a central role in thematic cartography at various spatial scales and for diverse purposes, as it enables efficient and accurate collection, storage, processing, analysis, registration, and management of large volumes of spatial and non-spatial data. The integration of GIS significantly enhances the efficiency of cartographic workflows and the handling of complex map products. Furthermore, the systematic development and continuous improvement of GIS-based cartographic databases are key factors in shaping both current and future directions of map industry development. Accordingly, this paper examines the principal aspects of GIS application in cartography and presents the workflow organization and methodological framework for producing thematic geoinformation maps. The study specifically demonstrates the process through the creation of a small-scale population density map using ArcGIS 10.8
Бага чадлын, хайлмал давсан хөргүүртэй реакторын голомтын дизайны нейтроник анализ
No full textЭнэхүү ажлаар 100 МВт дулааны чадалтай, хоёр урсгалтай Хайлмал Давсан Хөргүүртэй Үржүүлэгч Реактор (MSBR)-ын голомтын дизайныг хийж, Serpent кодоор нейтроник анализыг гүйцэтгэв. Тооцооллын үр дүнгээс харахад реактор нь бал чулуун удаашруулагчийн нөлөөгөөр дулааны нейтроны спектрээр ажиллаж, 232Th-ийн резонансын шингээлтийг ашиглан түлш үржүүлэх боломжтойг харуулж байна. Реактор ажиллаж эхлэх үед кэфф,0= 1.28 Δk/k байсан хэдий ч, түлш сэлгэлтгүй (batch) горимд ажиллахад 233Pa- изотопын хагас задралын хугацаа, голомтод үүсэж буй хуваагдлын бүтээгдэхүүний нөлөөллөөс хамаарч 50 хоногийн дараа критикээс доогуур төлөвт орж байна. Гэвч хувиргалтын харьцаа (Conversion Ratio) хугацаа өнгөрөх тусам нэмэгдэж 1.0-ээс их байгаа нь уг реактор онолын хувьд түлш үржүүлэн шатаах боломжтой нь харагдаж байна.