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    The originality of the pragmatic lesson among the ancient Arabs through the theory of 'news and creation'

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    يتنّزل هذا البحث في إطار النَّشاط التَّقويمي للدرس البلاغي العربي القديم في ضوء النّظرية التداولية الحديثة تنظيرًا وتطبيقًا، فهمًا وممارسة. إذّاك تصبو رؤيتنا إلى التوقّف عند أهم المحطّات التي تأجّجت فيها النظرية التداولية عند العرب، من خلال عرض مفهوم نظرية "الخبر والإنشاء"، ومقارنتها بما توصّلت إليه النظرية التداولية. وقد قادنا التنقيب في هذا الموضوع إلى إماطة اللثام عن درس تداولي أصيل مكتمل ضاربٌ بجذوره في عمق التراث العربي، مُتَمثّلٌ للحداثة وما يبـرّرها من دينامية وتطور. وانتهى بنا البحث إلى تسجيل جملة من النتائج المذهلة، تتلخّص في كون كل من الخبر والإنشاء لهما نسبة خارجية، أمّا الخبر فنسبته موجودة ابتداءً، وأمّا الإنشاء فمطابقته للخارج لاحقة وتخضع لقصد المتكلم. وبما أنّ لكلا الأسلوبين مطابقة في الخارج، فإن الذي يتحكّم في معيار المطابقة وعدمها هو قصد المتكلم. وعليه فإنّ التمييز بين الخبر والإنشاء من خلال معيار القصدية هو من صميم الدرس التداولي، وهذا ما دفعنا إلى محاولة تقصّي هذه النظرية من خلال الإجابة عن السؤال التالي: - إذا كانت البلاغة العربية ترى أنّ كلّا من الخبر والإنشاء لهما نسبة خارجية، فهل يعدّ الخبر فعلاً كلاميًا؟This research falls within the framework of the evaluation activity of the ancient Arabic rhetorical lesson in the light of modern pragmatic theory in theory and practice, understanding and practice. Therefore, we aim to stop at the most important stations in which the deliberative theory of the Arabs was ignited, by presenting the concept of the theory of 'news and creation', and comparing it with the findings of the pragmatic theory. Research on this subject has led us to reveal an authentic and complete deliberative lesson rooted in the depth of the Arab heritage, represented by modernity and its justified dynamism and development. The research ended up recording a number of amazing results summarized in the fact that both the news and the creation have an external ratio, while the news is its percentage is present initially, and the creation is identical to the outside later and is subject to the intention of the speaker. Since both methods have conformity externally, the criterion of conformity and non-conformity is controlled by the speaker's intention. Therefore, the distinction between news and creation through the criterion of intentionality is at the heart of the deliberative lesson, and this is what prompted us to try to investigate this theory by answering the following question: If Arabic rhetoric believes that both the news and the creation have an external percentage, is the news considered a verbal act

    Preparing girls for housekeeping in the Algerian family - A study on a sample of mothers in the city of Biskra -

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    يعتبر التدبير المنزلي أحد أهم الممارسات التي تشغل حياتنا اليومية في المسكن العائلي، وهو أحد أهم الميادين التي تتمثل وتتقمص فيها البنات دور الأم أو ربة المنزل، حيث يتم إعدادهن على فنون الطهي والحياكة والعناية بالمسكن وغيرها. لكن وتحت طائلة العديد من العوامل والأسباب تغيرت نظرة الأمهات لإعداد البنات على شؤون التدبير المنزلي. في هذا المقال؛ بمدينة بسكرة وبواسطة المنهج الوصفي تم صياغة استمارة استبيان وُزِعت على عينة مقدرة بـ 120 امرأة من الأمهات عن كيفية إعداد البنات على شؤون التدبير المنزلي.Housekeeping is considered one of the most important practices that occupy our daily lives in the family home, and it is one of the most important fields in which girls assume the role of mother or housewife, as they are prepared in the arts of cooking, sewing, home care, and others. However, due to many factors and reasons, mothers’ views on preparing their daughters for housekeeping changed. In this article, in the city of Biskra, and using the descriptive approach, a questionnaire was formulated and distributed to a sample of 120 women mothers on how to prepare their daughters for housekeeping

    Documentation connotations of marginal texts on manuscripts - Texts of lending books as a model of study-

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    تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى التعريف بالنصوص الهامشية التي دونت على المخطوطات، من قيود إجازة وسماع وقراءة، إضافة إلى قيود التملك، والنسخ والمقابلة والتصحيح، وغيرها من أنواع القيود الأخرى التي غالبا ما تكون مثبتة في صفحة العنوان أو في آخرها، أو ضمن صفحاتها. ومن منطلق الأهمية المكتبية للنصوص الهامشية على المخطوطات العربية، وأثرها في توثيق عنوان المخطوط، ونسبته إلى مؤلفه تم التركيز على تقيدات الإعارة في محاولة لإبراز أنواعها ووصف وتحليل السمات الأساسية والخصائص الموضوعية لها، لما لها من دلالة علمية وتاريخية للمؤرخين والباحثين في المجالات العلمية والثقافية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية. وقد اقتصرت الدراسة على نماذج من قيود إعارة الكتب المسجلة على بعض مخطوطات خزائن منطقة أدرار، دون تحديد لفترة زمنية معينة لدراستها.This study aims to introduce the marginal notes recorded on manuscripts, including permissions, hearing, and reading notes, in addition to ownership, copying, comparison, correction, and other types of notes that are often recorded on the title page, at the end, or within its pages. Based on the bibliographic importance of marginal notes on Arabic manuscripts and their impact on documenting the manuscript's title and attributing it to its author, the focus was placed on the record of borrowing, in an attempt to highlight its types, describe and analyze its essential features and objective characteristics. This is due to its scientific and historical significance for historians and researchers in the fields of science, culture, economy, and society. The study focused on models of book loan records registered on some manuscripts from the libraries of the Adrar region, without specifying a certain time period for thei

    Issues and Challenges Relating to the Library and Information Services Contribution of Sustainable Development

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    تعتبر المكتبات محورًا أساسيًا للتنمية وضرورية لتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة، فهي تمثل المصدر الرئيسي لمعالجة المعلومات اللازمة لإحداث تقدم ملموس. ولأن المعرفة تُعد القوة الدافعة للنمو والعنصر الفاصل بين الاقتصاديات المتقدمة والنامية على المستوى العالمي، فإن دور المكتبات في توفير هذه المعرفة يصبح أكثر أهمية لتحقيق التنمية الشاملة. ولقد تم الاعتراف بالمعلومات كعنصر خامس من عناصر الإنتاج نظرًا لتأثيرها الكبير على كيفية تخصيص الأفراد واستخدامهم للعوامل الأربعة التقليدية للإنتاج. كما أن توفر المعلومات واستخدامها في التنبؤات الاقتصادية يُعد من العوامل الرئيسية وراء الفجوة بين الدول المتقدمة والدول النامية. وقد تم ربط العديد من التوقعات التنموية العالمية الفاشلة بنقص البيانات اللازمة لتحقيق النتائج المرجوة. من هذا المنطلق، تم استعراض التحديات التي تواجه المكتبات وأمناء المكتبات بالإضافة إلى دور المكتبات كمراكز معلوماتية حيوية تساهم بشكل فعال في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة.Libraries are the center of development and are essential to accomplishing sustainable development goals because they serve as the main source of information processing needed to produce meaningful progress. In essence, knowledge is the engine of growth and the factor that sets developed economies apart from developing ones globally. Information has been identified as the fifth component of production because it has a substantial impact on how individuals decide to allocate and use the four conventional factors of production. The availability and application of information for forecast purposes is a major factor in the economic gap between the developed and developing countries. A lot of unsuccessful global development predictions can be ascribed to the volume of data needed to meet the desired outcomes. As a result, the challenges faced by libraries and librarians were examined, along with the library's role as a crucial information hub capable of achieving sustainable development objectives. As a result, the challenges faced by libraries and librarians were examined in this article, along with the library's role as a crucial information hub capable of achieving sustainable development objectives

    Objectives of the State Financial System in Islam

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    تهدف هذه الدراسة بيان الدور الوظيفي للنظام المالي للدولة في الإسلام، وذلك ببيان عدم حياديته واكتفائه فقط بأداء الدور المالي المتمثل في تحصيل الأموال لبيت المال من جهة وصرفها من جهة أخرى. وبالفعل ينطوي النظام المالي للدولة في الإسلام تحقيق عديد الأهداف المختلفة الدينية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية، وهي الأهداف التي تعكس المقاصد الخمسة التي أتت الشريعة الإسلامية بحفظها. كما تحاول الدراسة أيضا إبراز تفوق النظام المالي الإسلامي من حيث شمولية الأهداف ودقة معالجتها على النظم المالية الوضعية.This study aims to demonstrate the functional role of the state's financial system in Islam, by demonstrating its lack of neutrality and its sufficiency in only performing the financial role represented in collecting money for the treasury on the one hand and spending it on the other hand. Indeed, the state's financial system in Islam involves achieving many different religious, social and economic goals, which are goals that reflect the five objectives that Islamic law came to preserve. The study also attempts to highlight the superiority of the Islamic financial system in terms of the comprehensiveness of goals and the accuracy of their treatment over positive financial systems.&nbsp

    Between Literature and Philosophy: An Existential Relationship When Boundaries Dissolve

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    تمثل هذه الورقة البحثية، مساءلة في أفق العنوان (بين الأدب والفلسفة: علاقة وجود عندما تذوب الحدود) لكشف أسرار العلاقة بينها، حيث يتم عرض نسقيتين مختلفتين، تمثل النسقية الأولى قراءة بمرجعية الأدب؛ والثانية قراءة بمعيّة الفلسفة، فالقراءة الأولى والتي تتموقع في الطرف الأول من العنوان، تنظر إلى العلاقة بين الأدب والفلسفة بتأثير الخيال وإثارة الوجدان وأشكال السرد والرومانسية، بينما القراءة الفلسفية منتشية بخطاب المعقولية، تنظر في العلاقة نظرة مساءلة عقلانية وبرهانية. بين هذا وذاك، نحاول أن نرتحل في تاريخ المعرفة، نترصد التحولات في الخطابات الفلسفية، وعلاقتها بالأشكال التعبيرية الأدبية، عندها تذوب الحدود بين الأدب والفلسفة، وتنكشف لنا أسرار العلاقة بينهما، إنها علاقة وجودية.This research paper represents an inquiry within the scope of the title (Between Literature and Philosophy: An Existential Relationship When Boundaries , aiming to unveil the secrets of the relationship between them. It presents two distinct perspectives: the first constitutes a reading grounded in literature, while the second is a reading guided by philosophy. The first reading views the relationship between literature and philosophy through the influence of imagination, narrative forms, and romanticism, whereas the philosophical reading examines the relationship through the lens of rational and argumentative inquiry. Positioned between these two, we attempt, to journey through the history of knowledge, tracking the transformations in philosophical discourses and their relationship with literary expressive forms. This is done with the aim of dissolving the boundaries between literature and philosophy, thereby revealing the secrets of their relationship – which is ultimately identified as an existential one

    The effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling in improving the level of positive resilience among secondary school students.

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    هدفت الدراسة إلى الكشف عن أثر برنامج إرشادي معرفي سلوكي في تحسين مستوى المرونة الإيجابية لدى عينة من تلاميذ السنة الأولى ثانوي جذع مشترك علوم وتكنولوجيا بإحدى ثانويات ولاية الوادي(الجزائر). من خلال دراسة ميدانية على عينة قوامها (20) تلميذا وتلميذة من السنة الأولى ثانوي جذع مشترك علوم وتكنولوجيا، تم تقسيمهم مناصفة بين المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية. وذلك بإتباع خطوات المنهج التجريبي وباستخدام مقياس المرونة الايجابية لمروان نعمات ابراهيم وافي (2016). وبعد تحليل البيانات باستخدام الاختبار "ت" لمتوسطين مرتبطين، واختبار "ت" لعينتين متساويتين ومتوسطين غير مرتبطين لدراسة دلالة الفروق بين المتوسطات، أظهرت نتائج الدراسة: وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي درجات المرونة الايجابية للقياسين القبلي والبعدي لدى أفراد المجموعة التجريبية ولصالح القياس البعدي. وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي درجات المرونة الايجابية لدى أفراد المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في القياس البعدي ولصالح أفراد المجموعة التجريبية.This study aimed to reveal the effect of a cognitive-behavioral counseling program inimproving the level of positive resilience among a sample of first-year secondary school students in a commonscience and technology stream at a high school in the state of El Oued (Algeria). Through a field study on asample of (20) male and female students from the first year of secondary school in the common science andtechnology section, they were divided equally between the control and experimental groups. This is done byfollowing the steps of the experimental method and using the positive resilience scale prepared by MarwanNemat Ibrahim Wafi (2016). After analyzing the data using the “t” test for two related means, and the “t” test fortwo equal samples and two unrelated means to study the significance of the differences between the means, theresults of the study showed the following:There are statistically significant differences between the averagescores of positive resilience for the pre- and post-measurements among members of the experimental group, infavor of the post-measurement. There are statistically significant differences between the average scores ofpositive resilience among members of the experimental and control groups in the post-measurement, in favor ofthe members of the experimental grou

    Assessing The Evolution Of Slum’s Urban Form In Chouf Lekdad, Setif From 2003 To 2023

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           Housing represents a significant problem in Algeria, characterized by enormous challenges. The phenomenon of informal housing has merged and rapidly worsened for many reasons. As a result, slums have become a prevalent form of informal housing, offering a living space for families with limited resources on the city's outskirts. However, these informal settlements have grown over time, indicating an evolving informal urbanism and the emergence of a different urban form through the self-build and organisation of numerous houses. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of informal housing in Setif, Algeria. Additionally, it seeks to analyse the evolution of the slum area to comprehend the urban form characteristics of this informal housing. It also assesses the factors and causes that influenced the development of this particular form. A combination of methodologies was used to attain the purpose of this study. It included in-situ observations and remote sensing to analyse the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of these informal settlements from 2003 to 2023 using Google Earth and GIS to map and visualise the changes, helping to identify their emerging form. This study investigated the Chouf Lekdad slum area in Setif, Algeria. This investigation determined that this slum’s area is entirely residential because it is based on individual needs. The spatial distribution was initially characterised by sparsely built-up areas, which gradually became denser in a particular part. Buildings and vacant space have similarities in shape and scale, harmoniously integrating into the overall form of the site. This organisation can allow other occupants to construct or enlarge their buildings. Therefore, it is challenging to accurately predict the amount and arrangement of potential empty space.            &nbsp

    Concept Of Non-institutional Housing

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           Abstract: The major characteristic of the contemporary urbanized world is informality, particularly urban informality, which is a crucial notion to describe an act or spatial reality that operates outside the institutional laws of a country. The development of housing complexes in urban areas, outside the framework of construction laws, is a global phenomenon, especially prevalent in most countries. These are individual initiatives that grow to form entire neighborhoods, making this phenomenon a global trend. These developments, composed of housing, outdoor spaces, and commercial areas, do not follow institutional rules or top-down funding. They respond to personal needs and desires related to the life of the inhabitant, their family, their integration, and their settlement, often built without construction permits. The terms used to describe these areas in different languages are numerous and can refer to very different realities depending on local urban situations. This phenomenon exists under different names in various countries. The U.N. provides a list that includes: favela (Brazil), morro / cortiço / comunidade (Portugal), villas misérias (Argentina), chabolas (Spain), slum or squatter settlements (English literature), precarious or spontaneous housing, irregular or informal neighborhoods (French literature), bidonvilles of Rabat (Morocco), encampment (Haiti), gecekondu (Turkey), kampung (Indonesia), and the list goes on. This list is not exhaustive, as other names are attributed to these non-institutional sites: self-built housing, insalubrious, non-regulated, popular, dilapidated, illegal, marginalized spaces, gourbivilles, musseque (slums of Luanda – Angola), hámichi (marginal) or ghayr rasmi (unofficial) (Egypt), and the term almanatiq al ghyer mukattata (unplanned zones) used by the General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP), the body responsible for urban planning. These densely populated clusters of shacks, installed for years with assemblages of tarps, sheets, and poorly consolidated cement walls, are set up in the smallest vacant spaces: wastelands, flood-prone areas, ravines. This category represents informal slums. There are also non-institutional zones built similarly to institutional zones with plots and the use of reinforced concrete structures and construction materials: concrete blocks, hollow bricks, bricks. This category represents permanent informal housing. In each location of non-constitutional housing, the terminology provides insights into living conditions, a relationship to the site, culture, and history.            &nbsp

    Guenzet Pour Un Renouveau Touristique Durable

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           Guenzet is situated in a mountainous region with significant heritage potential. It embodies an exceptional harmony between the vernacular built environment and its natural surroundings. Despite the importance of its environmental, economic, social, and cultural potentials, its population continues to decline. This article focuses on the remarkable tangible and intangible heritage of this locality, which seemingly extends to the entire mountainous part of Algeria, referred to as "Little Kabylie": oral culture, clothing, culinary art, artisanal practices and skills, vernacular architecture, etc. This heritage reflects an ancestral culture dating back to the establishment of the Béni-Yaala. It is noteworthy that today, this heritage is recognized by all segments of the population. As evidence, we cite the festivals of the two traditional dishes "Tikorbabine" and "Chlita," which are found only in the Guenzet region, organized by the resilient women's association every last week of August. Moreover, data collected through a survey based on direct observation and non-directive interviews conducted on a random sample consisting of local elected officials and ordinary citizens demonstrate the resilience of the Guenzetis and their readiness to undertake projects likely to stimulate the local economy and consequently encourage inhabitants to return to their lands. لإhe objective of this study is to highlight this abundant yet endangered heritage, in favor of a sustainable tourism project in the broadest sense: environmentally respectful, equitable, and stimulating the economic development of Guenzet      Guenzet est située dans une région montagneuse à fort potentiel patrimonial. Elle incarne une harmonie exceptionnelle entre le cadre bâti vernaculaire et son environnement naturel. Malgré l’importance de ses potentiels : environnemental, économique social et culturel, sa population ne cesse à diminuer. Le présent article se penche sur le patrimoine matériel et immatériel remarquable de cette localité qui s’étend vraisemblablement à toute la partie montagneuse de l’Algérie, désignée par « La Petite Kabylie »: Culture orale, habillement, art culinaire, pratiques et savoir-faire artisanaux, architecture vernaculaire, etc. Un patrimoine qui reflète une culture ancestrale, remontant à l’établissement des Béni-Yaala. Faut-il noter que ce patrimoine est aujourd’hui conscientisé par toutes les catégories de la population. Nous citons pour preuve les festivals des deux plats traditionnel « Tikourbabine » et « Chlita », que l’on trouve uniquement dans la région de Guenzet, organisés par l’association féminine résiliente chaque dernière semaine du mois d’août. Par ailleurs, les données collectées par le biais d’une enquête basée d’une part sur l’observation directe et d’autre part sur des entretiens non-directifs réalisés sur un échantillon aléatoire composé d’élus locaux et de simples citoyens. prouvent la résilience des guenzetis et leur prédisposition à porter des projets susceptibles de stimuler l'économie locale et encourager par conséquent, les habitants à revenir sur leurs terres. L’objectif de cette étude serait de mettre en valeur ce patrimoine foisonnant en péril, au profit d’un projet de tourisme durable au sens global du terme : respectueux de l’environnement, équitable et stimulant le développement économique de Guenzet.     &nbsp

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