Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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Labelling deepfakes in terms of EU law: The AI Act and beyond
No full textGenerative artificial intelligence (GenAI) can create various types of content. Some of this content includes so-called deepfakes, which resemble actual content, such as the likeness of famous individuals, but are not genuine. The latest EU regulation – the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) – introduces the requirement to label such content as artificially generated or manipulated. This article discusses these obligations and explains the provisions of the AI Act. It also outlines the practical implications of the new regulations and how to comply with them. However, the AI Act is not the only legal framework mandating the labelling of AI-generated content. The article’s thesis, which was ultimately confirmed, is that the AI Act is not the sole source of such obligations under EU law. Similar requirements also stem from EU competition and consumer protection laws, specifically Directive 2006/114 and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. The article provides a detailed analysis of these directives, which may serve as a basis for requiring market participants to label GenAI-generated content. It also explains how entities using AI can comply with these obligations, offering examples of specific actions. The article was prepared using the legal-dogmatic research method.Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) can create various types of content. Some of this content includes so-called deepfakes, which resemble actual content, such as the likeness of famous individuals, but are not genuine. The latest EU regulation – the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) – introduces the requirement to label such content as artificially generated or manipulated. This article discusses these obligations and explains the provisions of the AI Act. It also outlines the practical implications of the new regulations and how to comply with them. However, the AI Act is not the only legal framework mandating the labelling of AI-generated content. The article’s thesis, which was ultimately confirmed, is that the AI Act is not the sole source of such obligations under EU law. Similar requirements also stem from EU competition and consumer protection laws, specifically Directive 2006/114 and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. The article provides a detailed analysis of these directives, which may serve as a basis for requiring market participants to label GenAI-generated content. It also explains how entities using AI can comply with these obligations, offering examples of specific actions. The article was prepared using the legal-dogmatic research method
Saving as a challenge: The dynamics of changing energy practices in the post-mining city of Konin
No full textThis paper aims to examine how the middle-class residents of Konin responded to the energy price crisis caused by the war in Ukraine. The research material consists of 40 structured qualitative interviews conducted in early spring 2022 in this city, notable for its diverse energy culture and historical dependence on the energy sector (its rapid development was both caused by and intertwined with the growth of the coal mining industry). From the perspective of social practice theory and the sociology of everyday life, I analyse the emotional responses to higher bills, motivations, and measures taken to reduce energy consumption. These include changes in home management, use of space, clothing, perception and adaptation to thermal discomfort, relationships between household members, and plans. I also reconstruct the multi-stage process of changing energy habits, from initiation through confusion and rule enforcement to acceptance, adaptation, and establishing a new normalcy. Furthermore, I identify barriers that discourage or prevent changes in energy habits, including health-related, infrastructural, financial, and socio-cultural constraints. Additionally, I outline a typology of individuals planning to invest in sustainable energy in the context of the energy crisis. In the discussion, I highlight the academic and practical potential of the results. These findings suggest how the energy crisis can accelerate the sustainable energy transition, demonstrate the merits of the approach to energy transition adopted in the paper, and call attention to the need to support individuals and households in adapting to new energy realities.This paper aims to examine how the middle-class residents of Konin responded to the energy price crisis caused by the war in Ukraine. The research material consists of 40 structured qualitative interviews conducted in early spring 2022 in this city, notable for its diverse energy culture and historical dependence on the energy sector (its rapid development was both caused by and intertwined with the growth of the coal mining industry). From the perspective of social practice theory and the sociology of everyday life, I analyse the emotional responses to higher bills, motivations, and measures taken to reduce energy consumption. These include changes in home management, use of space, clothing, perception and adaptation to thermal discomfort, relationships between household members, and plans. I also reconstruct the multi-stage process of changing energy habits, from initiation through confusion and rule enforcement to acceptance, adaptation, and establishing a new normalcy. Furthermore, I identify barriers that discourage or prevent changes in energy habits, including health-related, infrastructural, financial, and socio-cultural constraints. Additionally, I outline a typology of individuals planning to invest in sustainable energy in the context of the energy crisis. In the discussion, I highlight the academic and practical potential of the results. These findings suggest how the energy crisis can accelerate the sustainable energy transition, demonstrate the merits of the approach to energy transition adopted in the paper, and call attention to the need to support individuals and households in adapting to new energy realities
Namowa do samobójstwa w wykonaniu sztucznej inteligencji lub z jej udziałem
No full textArtificial intelligence-based technologies are used in finance, insurance, and medicine, and are also accessible to individuals. However, new risks are emerging with the development of artificial intelligence (AI). Evidence shows that AI systems can, in fact, persuade a potentially suicidal person to attempt to take his or her own life. This is a new threat in the field of cybersuicidology. This article aims to examine the attribution of liability under current law, either for the autonomous action of an AI (inciting or assisting suicide) or for its use for this purpose by a human user. The cases analysed illustrate the possibility of using AI as a tool in the hands of the user, or of its autonomous actions posing a threat to potentially suicidal persons. In the first case, the user may incur liability under the Criminal Code. In the second case, where the danger arises from the autonomous peration of AI, the criminal law proves inadequate and does not take into account the rapid development of the technology and the risks arising from it, making it impossible to identify the entity responsible for the actual operation of AI. At present, in most cases, the responsibility for the autonomous operation of AI should be attributed to the manufacturer, particularly when there is a failure to provide adequate oversight of the system, or when the system is released without adequate safety filters. The AI manufacturer would then be liable under Article 415 of the Polish Civil Code.Sztuczna inteligencja (SI) jest technologią, która rozwija się z zastraszającą prędkością. Technologie oparte na SI funkcjonują w finansach, ubezpieczeniach czy medycynie zostały również udostępnione osobom prywatnym. Jednak wraz z rozwojem SI powstają nowe zagrożenia. Rzeczywistość pokazała, że możliwe jest wystąpienie faktycznej namowy potencjalnego suicydenta do targnięcia się na własne życie z udziałem SI. Jest to nowe zagrożenie z dziedziny cybersuicydologii. Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie możliwości przypisania na gruncie aktualnie obowiązującego prawa odpowiedzialności za autonomiczne działanie SI (namowę lub udzielenie pomocy w samobójstwie) albo za jej wykorzystanie w tym celu przez użytkownika. Przeanalizowane przypadki obrazują możliwość (i) wykorzystania SI jako narzędzia w rękach użytkownika albo (ii) jej autonomicznego działania, co może stanowić zagrożenie dla potencjalnych suicydentów. W pierwszym przypadku użytkownik może ponieść odpowiedzialność na gruncie kodeksu karnego. Natomiast w drugim przypadku, gdy zagrożenie płynie z autonomicznego działania SI, przepisy prawa karnego zawodzą i nie uwzględniają szybkiego rozwoju technologii ani zagrożeń z tego wynikających, uniemożliwiając wskazanie podmiotu odpowiedzialnego za faktyczne działanie SI. Obecnie w większości przypadków za autonomiczne działanie SI odpowiedzialność należy przypisać producentowi, w tym zwłaszcza za brak sprawowania odpowiedniego nadzoru nad systemem i dopuszczenie do użytkowania systemu bez odpowiednich filtrów bezpieczeństwa. Producent SI ponosiłby wówczas odpowiedzialność na podstawie art. 415 Kodeksu cywilnego
Miejsce niesprawczych form przestępnego współdziałania w reżimie odpowiedzialności ekstraneusa za typ znamienny okolicznością osobistą
No full textThe study aims to determine the place of ‘non-perpetrator’ forms of criminal cooperation in the regime of liability of an extraneus for offences characterized by personal elements. First, the author describes the initial assumptions she adopted regarding the legal construction of individual forms of criminal participation. Second, she reconstructs the content of the categories ‘perpetrator-intraneus’ and ‘cooperator-extraneus’ taking into account the content of Article 21 para. 2 of the Penal Code. Finally, the article takes the position that – contrary to the views expressed in the literature – the aforementioned provision does not play any role in assigning criminal liability for instigation, aiding and abetting. The dogmatic-legal method is the dominant research approach employed for the purposes of this study.Celem opracowania jest określenie miejsca niesprawczych form przestępnego współdziałania w reżimie odpowiedzialności ekstraneusa za typ znamienny okolicznością osobistą. W pierwszej kolejności autorka opisuje przyjęte przez siebie założenia wstępne co do konstrukcji prawnej poszczególnych form zjawiskowych. Następnie rekonstruuje zawartość kategorii „sprawca-intraneus” oraz „współdziałający-ekstraneus” przy uwzględnieniu treści art. 21 § 2 Kodeksu karnego. Ostatecznie w artykule zajęto stanowisko, że – wbrew poglądom wyrażanym w literaturze – wymieniony przepis nie pełni żadnej roli w przypisaniu odpowiedzialności karnej za podżeganie i pomocnictwo. W badaniach przeprowadzonych na potrzeby opracowania dominuje metoda dogmatycznoprawna
Nudge in the science and technology policies of China: The experience of Science and Technology Commissioners System in Shenyang
No full textThe Science and Technology Commissioners System (STCS) is an important measure implemented in China to address the bottleneck in rural talent and the underdevelopment of science and technology. This article explores the implementation of the system in rural areas of China, focusing on the behavioural economic perspective of cognitive and behavioural biases in different participants’ decision-making. Shenyang, as a representative base of agricultural production in China, has taken multiple measures to facilitate the implementation of the system. Field interviews revealed that the core challenges in implementing the STCS stem from cognitive biases and from inadequate promotion of behavioural change. These factors contribute to policy rigidity, mismatched service supply and demand, low farmer acceptance, and ineffective supervision and evaluation. Under the framework of nudge theory, this study provides an extensive comparative analysis of international systems, and proposes establishing a ‘Shenyang Science and Technology Commissioners Service Cloud Platform’ and setting up a ‘comprehensive, multi-stakeholder and dynamic’ performance evaluation model.The Science and Technology Commissioners System (STCS) is an important measure implemented in China to address the bottleneck in rural talent and the underdevelopment of science and technology. This article explores the implementation of the system in rural areas of China, focusing on the behavioural economic perspective of cognitive and behavioural biases in different participants’ decision-making. Shenyang, as a representative base of agricultural production in China, has taken multiple measures to facilitate the implementation of the system. Field interviews revealed that the core challenges in implementing the STCS stem from cognitive biases and from inadequate promotion of behavioural change. These factors contribute to policy rigidity, mismatched service supply and demand, low farmer acceptance, and ineffective supervision and evaluation. Under the framework of nudge theory, this study provides an extensive comparative analysis of international systems, and proposes establishing a ‘Shenyang Science and Technology Commissioners Service Cloud Platform’ and setting up a ‘comprehensive, multi-stakeholder and dynamic’ performance evaluation model
The impact of ESG performance on firm value: A comparative study of EU markets from a country and sector perspective
No full textThe study aims to assess the impact of the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) score of the company on its market value. The research focuses on stock companies of financial markets of European Union (EU) Member States for the years 2011–2021. The ESG discourse on the EU regulated markets was examined across nine economic sectors, in line with LSEG terminology. To test the relationship between ESG performance and firm value, the modified Ohlson Valuation Model (OVM) was utilized. Tobin’s Q was considered as the proxy of firm value, RoA as the proxy of the company’s financial performance, and ESG scoring as the proxy of ESG information that is relevant in assessing the market value. Seven control variables for firm characteristics were also included. To account for potential institutional bias, grounded in legitimacy and institutional theories, we employed two dummy variables – COUNTRY and SECTOR. The findings confirmed our research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between ESG score and firm value. In line with stakeholder theory, the results support the notion that companies with high ESG scores achieve higher firm value than those with low ESG scores, thus shedding more light on the growing importance of ESG factors for the performance of European companies. The study offers new insights into relationship between ESG performance and firm market value, examined from both from country and sectoral perspectives.The study aims to assess the impact of the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) score of the company on its market value. The research focuses on stock companies of financial markets of European Union (EU) Member States for the years 2011–2021. The ESG discourse on the EU regulated markets was examined across nine economic sectors, in line with LSEG terminology. To test the relationship between ESG performance and firm value, the modified Ohlson Valuation Model (OVM) was utilized. Tobin’s Q was considered as the proxy of firm value, RoA as the proxy of the company’s financial performance, and ESG scoring as the proxy of ESG information that is relevant in assessing the market value. Seven control variables for firm characteristics were also included. To account for potential institutional bias, grounded in legitimacy and institutional theories, we employed two dummy variables – COUNTRY and SECTOR. The findings confirmed our research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant relationship between ESG score and firm value. In line with stakeholder theory, the results support the notion that companies with high ESG scores achieve higher firm value than those with low ESG scores, thus shedding more light on the growing importance of ESG factors for the performance of European companies. The study offers new insights into relationship between ESG performance and firm market value, examined from both from country and sectoral perspectives
Autorstwo wytworów systemów sztucznej inteligencji – oczekiwane światełko w tunelu czy kolejny fałszywy trop?
No full textThis study addresses the issue of the authorship of artificial intelligence products, which have been appearing en masse in various areas of human creativity over the past few years. Initially, this caused consternation among lawyers and prompted calls for a swift regulation of this issue. Enthusiasts would like to recognize artificial intelligence (AI) as a creator and grant it legal personality. Attempts have been made, unsuccessfully, to register images created by generative AI with the US Copyright Office and to seek patent protection before the European Patent Office. Moreover, the complete lack of copyright protection for these products is unfavourable, especially for system manufacturers. This study presents current proposals for solving the problem, the evolution of the approach, the risks and benefits of specific proposals, and future directions. The study utilizes theoretical and dogmatic legal approaches. The conclusions justify an anthropocentric approach to the discussed issue, while maintaining focus on the fundamental goal of intellectual property protection: stimulating creativity and inventiveness.W opracowaniu podjęto problematykę autorstwa wytworów sztucznej inteligencji, które na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat pojawiają się masowo w różnych obszarach działalności dotychczas ludzkiej kreatywności. Początkowo wywołało to konsternację wśród prawników oraz pojawienie się postulatów szybkiego uregulowania tej kwestii. Entuzjaści chcieliby uznania sztucznej inteligencji za twórcę i przyznania jej podmiotowości. Podjęte zostały próby, zakończone niepowodzeniem, rejestracji obrazów stworzonych przez generatywną sztuczną inteligencję (AI) w amerykańskim Biurze ds. Praw Autorskich czy w rejestrze wynalazków Europejskiego Urzędu Patentowego. Jednak zupełny brak ochrony prawnoautorskiej wskazanych wytworów także nie jest korzystny, zwłaszcza dla producentów systemów. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono dotychczasowe propozycje rozwiązań problemu, ewolucję podejścia, zagrożenia i korzyści wynikające z określonych propozycji oraz postulaty na przyszłość. Wykorzystano metodę teoretycznoprawną i dogmatycznoprawną. We wnioskach uzasadniono podejście antropocentryczne do omawianej kwestii, nie tracąc jednak z pola widzenia podstawowego celu ochrony własności intelektualnej, jakim jest stymulowanie twórczości i wynalazczości
Projektowanie uwzględniające mieszkańca/użytkownika. O (po)pandemicznej szansie na projektowanie mieszkań lepiej dostosowanych do wykonywania w nich pracy
Full text linkThe pandemic served as a field test for the (dys)functionality of inhabited spaces. The sudden lockdowns of 2020 required rapid adaptation to a reality where work and home life merged more completely than at any time since the Industrial Revolution. This experience heightened residents’ awareness of needs, thereby revealing two processes that we analyse as opportunities for improved design. On the one hand, the pandemic fostered enforced reflexivity, which is essential for design that addresses actual needs. On the other hand, it prompted a form of networked (digital) exhibitionism centred around domestic spaces. The study aims to analyse the implications of enforced reflexivity and networked exhibitionism for domestic spaces, particularly regarding working from home and the interaction between designers and users during the residential design process. The analysis focused on selected Polish studies of housing experiences during the pandemic in 2020. As the findings are intended to illustrate the two identified processes, they do not provide an exhaustive or comprehensive account. The study highlights that the pandemic played a key role in popularizing the processes of enforced reflexivity and networked exhibitionism. These processes offer designers a valuable opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of users’ needs and daily practices, which can contribute to the creation of more functional and user-oriented residential designs. However, the findings indicate that this remains only a potential opportunity for improving design, rather than a definitive catalyst for profound changes in design practices.Pandemia stała się w pewnym sensie polowym testem (nie)funkcjonalności zamieszkiwanych przestrzeni. Niespodziewany lockdown(y) 2020 r. wymagał szybkiej adaptacji do nowej sytuacji, w której praca i dom połączyły się najpełniej od czasów sprzed rewolucji przemysłowej. Doświadczenie to wpłynęło na większą świadomość własnych potrzeb mieszkańców/użytkowników, a tym samym ujawniło dwa procesy, które analizujemy jako źródło szans na lepsze projektowanie: jest to z jednej strony wymuszona refleksyjność użytkowników przestrzeni, niezbędna dla projektowania uwzględniającego rzeczywiste potrzeby, z drugiej – ukierunkowany na mieszkanie sieciowy (cyfrowy) ekshibicjonizm. Celem badań było zrozumienie, jakie znaczenie mają dwa procesy – wymuszona refleksyjność użytkowników przestrzeni i cyfrowy ekshibicjonizm – dla przestrzeni domowej, w szczególności w odniesieniu do pracy w domu i relacji projektanta/architekta z użytkownikiem w procesie projektowania mieszkania. Analizie poddano wybrane polskie badania doświadczeń zamieszkiwania podczas pandemii w 2020 r. Dobór badań zastanych nie miał charakteru wyczerpującego ani pełnego, lecz służył zilustrowaniu dwóch kluczowych procesów. Pandemia przyczyniła się do upowszechnienia wymuszonej refleksyjności użytkowników oraz cyfrowego ekshibicjonizmu. Doświadczenie pandemii pozwoliło potwierdzić diagnozowany od dekad, wciąż niezadowalający stan relacji między projektantem/architektem a użytkownikiem mieszkania. Istotnym i ważnym wnioskiem jest to, że łącznie doświadczenia pandemii i procesy urefleksyjniania i sieciowego ekshibicjonizmu stanowią unikalną dla projektantów szansę lepszego poznania potrzeb i codzienności użytkowników, a dzięki temu polepszenia jakości powstających projektów, które mogą trafniej odpowiadać na potrzeby użytkowników/mieszkańców – być bardziej funkcjonalne i bardziej elastyczne. Niestety wciąż jest to (zaledwie) szansa na lepsze projektowanie, a nie bodziec rzeczywistych zmian