PTE Journals (University of Pécs)
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Questions of Attribution in the Conflict of Eastern Congo
Full text linkIn recent months, the conflict in eastern Congo has intensified once again after following significant military gains by the armed group known as M23 in the territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In early 2025, the group captured several strategically important towns, from which numerous reports of serious violations of international law subsequently emerged. A longstanding question surrounding M23’as operations concerns the extent of support provided by neighbouring Rwanda.
This study focuses primarily on Rwanda’s role in the conflict. After a brief historical overview, it examines whether the wrongful acts committed by M23 units may be attributed to Rwanda. Establishing attribution is essential to determining whether Rwanda’s international responsibility may arise. The analysis first considers whether M23 could be seen as a de facto state organ under Article 4 of the ARSIWA. The study then turns to Article 8 of the ARSIWA. It outlines the “effective control” and “overall control” tests, developed by various international tribunals.
The conflict also highlights the widespread presence of non-state armed groups on modern battlefields and the close forms of cooperation they may develop with states. Given the divergent evidentiary standards applied by different international bodies, attribution remains a complex endeavour. The author’s view is that a more coherent and harmonised evaluative framework would enhance legal clarity and predictability in the field of international responsibility
THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF INTEGRATED NONVERBAL, BODY AWARENESS METHODS TO IMPROVE SOCIAL EMOTIONAL LEARNING SKILLS IN TEACHER EDUCATION
No full textThis paper explores the theoretical framework of integrating nonverbal, body-awareness based methods — specifically Dance and Movement Therapy (DMT) — into teacher education programs to improve Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) skills. Responding to increasing social and educational demands for socio-emotional skill development, the study connects insights from emotional intelligence theory, embodiment theory, positive psychology, and psychological capital. It proposes that body-based, experiential approaches can strengthen teachers’ empathy, emotion regulation, self-awareness, and relational competence, thereby improving their psychological well-being and pedagogical effectiveness. Integrating DMT into higher education may thus foster resilience and reflective capacity in future educators, enabling them to create supportive, emotionally attuned classroom environments conducive to both academic and socio-emotional growth. The study contributes to the evolving discourse on holistic, well-being-oriented teacher education through embodied and arts-based pedagogical innovation.A tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy milyen elméleti keretek között lehet a nem verbális, testtudat-alapú módszereket – különösen a Tánc- és Mozgásterápiát (DMT) – a tanárképzésbe integrálni a szociális és érzelmi tanulás (SEL) kompetenciáinak fejlesztése érdekében. A kutatás az egyre növekvő társadalmi és oktatáspolitikai igényekre reagál, amelyek a tanárok szociális és érzelmi készségeinek fejlesztését hangsúlyozzák. A tanulmány az érzelmi intelligencia, a testtudat-elmélet, a pozitív pszichológia és a pszichológiai tőke megközelítéseit kapcsolja össze, és amellett érvel, hogy a testalapú, tapasztalati módszerek hatékonyan erősíthetik a tanárok empátiáját, érzelemszabályozását, önismeretét és kapcsolati kompetenciáját. A DMT elveinek beépítése a tanárképzésbe hozzájárulhat a leendő pedagógusok rezilienciájának és reflektív képességének fejlődéséhez, valamint az érzelmileg biztonságos, támogató tanulási környezet megteremtéséhez. A kutatás így az egészség- és jóllétközpontú, holisztikus tanárképzés megújításához kíván hozzájárulni a testorientált, művészetalapú pedagógiai innovációkon keresztül
Smart Cities and quality of life in Budapest: Implications for city management
No full textAIMS OF THE PAPERThe aim of this study is to examine the association between smart city development and residents’ qualityof life in Budapest. This includes evaluating urban consumers’ perceptions and attitudes towards existingsmart solutions in the city across various aspects of their life.
METHODOLOGYThe research employed a trilingual questionnaire (English, Hungarian and Mandarin Chinese) to accommodateBudapest’s diverse population of resident consumers. The data collection yielded 453 valid responses.Distribution occurred through both electronic platforms (web-based interfaces, QR codes, DistrictForums, expatriate networks) and paper-based instruments, which were completed by interviewers in variousdistricts of the city.
MOST IMPORTANT RESULTSRespondents generally have a positive image of Budapest, and they find the city relatively safe. Budapest’surban environment is rated quite positively, especially the city’s atmosphere. Consumers find public transportefficient, easy to use and easy to navigate. Smart transportation-related services (mobile apps, ticketing,electronic information boards) were rated highly. However, respondents are not so happy with theparking situation and overall traffic management. They are least happy with the quality and cost of housing,followed by healthcare and low salaries compared to the cost of living. Also, they do not see Budapest asa very clean or sustainable city.
RECOMMENDATIONSIt is important to build on the city’s strengths (e.g., efficient transport system, cultural attractions, goodatmosphere) and to address apparent weaknesses (e.g., cleanliness, lack of parking). The city should bemade safer for certain groups of residents (e.g., women) and the number of local green spaces should beincreased for older residents who might find it harder to access central locations. Sustainability needs tobe communicated more prominently, and residents, especially those less confident (e.g., older residents),should be encouraged to use smart tools.AIMS OF THE PAPERThe aim of this study is to examine the association between smart city development and residents’ qualityof life in Budapest. This includes evaluating urban consumers’ perceptions and attitudes towards existingsmart solutions in the city across various aspects of their life.
METHODOLOGYThe research employed a trilingual questionnaire (English, Hungarian and Mandarin Chinese) to accommodateBudapest’s diverse population of resident consumers. The data collection yielded 453 valid responses.Distribution occurred through both electronic platforms (web-based interfaces, QR codes, DistrictForums, expatriate networks) and paper-based instruments, which were completed by interviewers in variousdistricts of the city.
MOST IMPORTANT RESULTSRespondents generally have a positive image of Budapest, and they find the city relatively safe. Budapest’surban environment is rated quite positively, especially the city’s atmosphere. Consumers find public transportefficient, easy to use and easy to navigate. Smart transportation-related services (mobile apps, ticketing,electronic information boards) were rated highly. However, respondents are not so happy with theparking situation and overall traffic management. They are least happy with the quality and cost of housing,followed by healthcare and low salaries compared to the cost of living. Also, they do not see Budapest asa very clean or sustainable city.
RECOMMENDATIONSIt is important to build on the city’s strengths (e.g., efficient transport system, cultural attractions, goodatmosphere) and to address apparent weaknesses (e.g., cleanliness, lack of parking). The city should bemade safer for certain groups of residents (e.g., women) and the number of local green spaces should beincreased for older residents who might find it harder to access central locations. Sustainability needs tobe communicated more prominently, and residents, especially those less confident (e.g., older residents),should be encouraged to use smart tools
Virtual influencers in Tourism Marketing: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Considerations
Full text linkAIMS OF THE PAPERAristotle’s Rhetorical Theory has been widely applied in the fields of communication, marketing, and advertisingas a model to explore persuasion. Grounded on the three main principles of this theory -êthos,pathos, logos the current study seeks to explore the effectiveness of virtual influencers in promoting touristdestinations.
METHODOLOGYThe Instagram accounts of three virtual influencers created to promote tourism in Italy, Germany, andBrittany (France) were analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Instagram analytics wereemployed to determine the performance and audience profile, whereas the comments extracted from theInstagram posts were examined through an interpretivist thematic analysis.
MOST IMPORTANT RESULTSThe analysed virtual travel influencers face several challenges in generating ethos, pathos, and logos.Regarding êthos, the greatest challenge is the lack of a bodily dimension and, consequently, the absenceof practical intelligence. In terms of pathos, while their visual appeal can contribute to evoking positiveemotions, their lack of expressiveness prevents a deeper connection between the influencers and their audience.Regarding logos, posts were found to contain AI-generated locations or misleading information aboutdestinations, weakening arguments and rational appeal which is essential to effective persuasion.
RECOMMENDATIONSTo enhance the persuasive potential of virtual travel influencers tourism promoters should make them morerelatable by showcasing realistic scenarios and authentic locations. Additionally, increasing their expressivenessand ensuring transparency about their management and objectives can foster stronger emotionalengagement. Finally, each post should be accompanied by well-curated informative content to providelogical reasons for visiting a destination
Valaki figyel – Beszámoló a „Munkahelyi adatvédelem” címen, 2012. április 2-3-án, Pécsett megrendezett nemzetközi konferenciáról
No full textWHAT MOTIVATES ACADEMICIANS TO BE LIFELONG LEARNERS? A STUDY ON FACULTY MEMBERS WORKING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN BANGLADESH
No full textThis paper investigates the motivational factors that drive academicians in Bangladesh to engage in lifelong learning and continuous professional development. Drawing upon Self Determination Theory (SDT), the study identifies intrinsic and extrinsic motivators influencing faculty members’ commitment to learning. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 105 academicians across higher education institutions through an anonymous online survey. Results indicate that intrinsic rewards and self-efficacy positively influence intrinsic and identified motivation, whereas extrinsic rewards play a significant but context-dependent role. The study highlights that in collectivist societies such as Bangladesh, extrinsic motivators, when aligned with individual values. can reinforce intrinsic motivation. Implications for institutional leadership and policy formulation to enhance academic professional development are discussed.Jelen tanulmány azokat a motivációs tényezőket vizsgálja, amelyek a bangladesi akadémikusokat az egész életen át tartó tanulás és a folyamatos szakmai fejlődés felé ösztönzik. Az önmeghatározás elméletére (SDT) támaszkodva a tanulmány azonosítja azokat a belső és külső motivációs tényezőket, amelyek befolyásolják a oktatók tanulás iránti elkötelezettségét. Kvantitatív megközelítés alkalmazásával, névtelen online felmérés keretében 105 akadémikus adatait gyűjtötték össze felsőoktatási intézményekből. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a belső jutalmak és az önhatékonyság pozitívan befolyásolják a belső és az azonosított motivációt, míg a külső jutalmak jelentős, de a kontextustól függő szerepet játszanak. A tanulmány rávilágít arra, hogy a kollektivista társadalmakban, mint például Bangladesben, a külső motiváló tényezők, ha összhangban vannak az egyéni értékekkel, erősíthetik a belső motivációt. Megvitatják az intézményi vezetés és a szakpolitika kialakításának következményeit az akadémiai szakmai fejlődés elősegítése érdekében
Zoltan Paul Dienes: A legacy of educational philosophy and playful learning
Full text linkZoltan Paul Dienes’s contributions to educational philosophy and mathematics pedagogy emphasize the significance of playful, experiential learning. His games serve as tools to enhance mathematical understanding by fostering active engagement, creativity, and conceptual development. This study explores the philosophical and pedagogical foundations of Dienes’s approach, particularly its alignment with constructivist theories and child-centered education. Drawing on the works of Piaget, Vygotsky, Dewey, and Matthews, the research highlights how structured play supports cognitive growth, problem-solving, and intrinsic motivation. The findings suggest that integrating Dienes’s methodology into contemporary education fosters deeper learning and innovation in mathematics instruction.Zoltan Paul Dienes’s contributions to educational philosophy and mathematics pedagogy emphasize the significance of playful, experiential learning. His games serve as tools to enhance mathematical understanding by fostering active engagement, creativity, and conceptual development. This study explores the philosophical and pedagogical foundations of Dienes’s approach, particularly its alignment with constructivist theories and child-centered education. Drawing on the works of Piaget, Vygotsky, Dewey, and Matthews, the research highlights how structured play supports cognitive growth, problem-solving, and intrinsic motivation. The findings suggest that integrating Dienes’s methodology into contemporary education fosters deeper learning and innovation in mathematics instruction
Okos turizmus: a magyar lakosság okos turizmussal kapcsolatos magatartása és attitűdje – országosan reprezentatív online megkérdezés (n=1000) eredményei
No full text
A kutatás célja, hogy kvantitatív módszerekkel feltárja a hazai turisták okos turisztikai megoldásokkal kapcsolatos ismertségét, attitűdjeit és használati szokásait a digitális átalakulás összefüggésében. A vizsgálat abból indul ki, hogy az okos turizmus nem pusztán technológiai kérdés, hanem összetett fogyasztói döntési és élményfolyamat, amelyben az észlelt hasznosság, a kényelem, a bizalom, az adatbiztonság és az autentikus élmény iránti igény egyaránt meghatározó.
A létrejött, többdimenziós adatbázis túlmutat a korábbi, jellemzően leíró jellegű kutatásokon, és statisztikai elemzésekre támaszkodva átfogó képet ad arról, mely okos megoldások váltak a turisták mindennapi gyakorlatának részévé. A kutatás azonosítja az „elfogadási rést” az érdeklődés, a szimpátia és a tényleges használat között, valamint kiemeli azokat a funkciókat, amelyek valódi értéket teremtenek a felhasználóknak – például időt spórolnak, növelik a biztonságérzetet vagy egyszerűsítik a szolgáltatások igénybevételét.
Az eredmények gyakorlati útmutatót nyújtanak a desztinációmenedzsment szervezetek és turisztikai szolgáltatók számára, támogatva a digitális fejlesztések priorizálását, a bevezetési stratégiák tervezését és a célzott marketingkommunikáció kialakítását.
 
