PTE Journals (University of Pécs)
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Tisztelet – közömbösség – helytelenítés? : A nemzetszocialista államjog az osztrák jogi diskurzusban
Get PDFBased on the legal developments and leading constitutional experts in the late 19th century, the article shows how (Viennese) law professors dealt with questions of German law in academia and studies. Against the backdrop of the Austrian authoritarian era from 1933 to 1938, it examines how politically opposed university lecturers were dealt with in Austria and raises the question of whether and how critical opinions on Austrian and German state law were expressed by law professors. In this context, some leading legal journals from the years 1933 to 1938 are analysed. Initially, Austrian legal scholars concentrated primarily on developments in their own constitutional law and legal practice. It is striking that under Austrofascism, Austrian studies on German law declined and critical analyses of National Socialist law were very rare
„A jog őrzőinek államok közötti együttműködése”: Transzferfolyamatok és kölcsönhatások a náci rendszer és Magyarország jogászai között
Get PDFThe article deals with the transnational interactions, co-operations and discourses between German and Hungarian jurists during the ‘Third Reich’, especially from a German perspective. It ranges from visiting professorships on the basis of the German-Hungarian Cultural Agreement (1936) to publications by Hungarian jurists in German journals to the foreign relations of the Akademie für Deutsches Recht (Academy for German Law) as well as to the work of two internationally oriented German institutions at the beginning of the 1940s, namely the Internationale Rechtskammer (International Chamber of Law) and the Internationale Akademie für Staats- und Verwaltungswissenschaften (International Academy of Political and Administrative Sciences), which both focused primarily on the European ‘Großraum’. The article traces the German efforts to promote Nazi law abroad and discusses the legal harmonisation (especially in the areas of commercial and administrative law) within the ‘Großraum’, which was pursued under German leadership after the beginning of the Second World War. Overall, it is shown that all activities on the German side did not focus on academic exchange, but primarily on implementing the political interests of the Nazi regime
Natural Law Interpretation of the Legal Relationship between Parent and Child in European Legal Thought and Its Impact on Hungarian Family Law
Get PDFChildren’s rights were not born in the second half of the 20th century but can be traced back to biblical natural law. Biblical thought reached European legal culture in two ways: directly through the spread of Christianity and indirectly through the Jewish diaspora. Although rabbinic jurisprudence developed as group law, mostly in isolation from its environment, the influence of Christian thinkers helped to define the fundamental rights of the child that appeared centuries later in the children’s rights movement. It is also a fact that the integrative view of the biblical natural law which carries the Christian premoral goods helped to conceptualize the rights of children to the rights of parents. This tradition emphasised the responsibility of parents, with the intention of shaping adult behaviour in accordance with the normative requirements of legitimate marriage and, in contrast to other forms of cohabitation, regulating procreation, parenthood and children’s rights within this framework. However, children’s rights continued to be particularly neglected in two areas until the second half of the 20th century: the distinction between legitimate children on the basis of their gender persisted, and while the church and state gradually increased the protection of children’s rights, they systematically denied rights to nonmarital children. Therefore, after a meta-perspectival overview of the thinking about children’s rights, this paper will examine also the emancipation of legitimate female children and illegitimate children through the Hungarian example, interpreting it in the light of European intellectual currents.Children’s rights were not born in the second half of the 20th century but can be traced back to biblical natural law. Biblical thought reached European legal culture in two ways: directly through the spread of Christianity and indirectly through the Jewish diaspora. Although rabbinic jurisprudence developed as group law, mostly in isolation from its environment, the influence of Christian thinkers helped to define the fundamental rights of the child that appeared centuries later in the children’s rights movement. It is also a fact that the integrative view of the biblical natural law which carries the Christian premoral goods helped to conceptualize the rights of children to the rights of parents. This tradition emphasised the responsibility of parents, with the intention of shaping adult behaviour in accordance with the normative requirements of legitimate marriage and, in contrast to other forms of cohabitation, regulating procreation, parenthood and children’s rights within this framework. However, children’s rights continued to be particularly neglected in two areas until the second half of the 20th century: the distinction between legitimate children on the basis of their gender persisted, and while the church and state gradually increased the protection of children’s rights, they systematically denied rights to nonmarital children. Therefore, after a meta-perspectival overview of the thinking about children’s rights, this paper will examine also the emancipation of legitimate female children and illegitimate children through the Hungarian example, interpreting it in the light of European intellectual currents
Le récit graphique et la narratologie contemporaine
No full textThis study explores the mutual enrichment of narratology and comics studies over recent decades, focusing on how theories of narrative have expanded to include visual and multimodal forms. It traces the evolution from classical structuralist narratology to postclassical approaches that integrate cognitive, contextual, and transmedial perspectives. Central to the discussion is how graphic narratives challenge traditional notions of narration, focalization, and temporality by combining visual and verbal storytelling. The paper analyzes key contributions from scholars such as David Herman, Jared Gardner, Jan Baetens, and Karin Kukkonen, who emphasize the medium-specific features of sequential art. Concepts like closure, visual focalization, and multimodality are shown to parallel and transform earlier narratological categories. The study highlights the interdisciplinary bridges between cognitive science, semiotics, and visual studies in examining comics as narrative media. It also considers how graphic narratives redefine narrativity itself, suggesting that sequentiality may represent the minimal condition of narrative. Particular attention is given to the tension between linearity and simultaneity, the coexistence of description and narration, and the interplay of human and non-human perspectives. The paper concludes that graphic narrative theory not only applies narratology to a new medium but also reformulates its foundational concepts.This study explores the mutual enrichment of narratology and comics studies over recent decades, focusing on how theories of narrative have expanded to include visual and multimodal forms. It traces the evolution from classical structuralist narratology to postclassical approaches that integrate cognitive, contextual, and transmedial perspectives. Central to the discussion is how graphic narratives challenge traditional notions of narration, focalization, and temporality by combining visual and verbal storytelling. The paper analyzes key contributions from scholars such as David Herman, Jared Gardner, Jan Baetens, and Karin Kukkonen, who emphasize the medium-specific features of sequential art. Concepts like closure, visual focalization, and multimodality are shown to parallel and transform earlier narratological categories. The study highlights the interdisciplinary bridges between cognitive science, semiotics, and visual studies in examining comics as narrative media. It also considers how graphic narratives redefine narrativity itself, suggesting that sequentiality may represent the minimal condition of narrative. Particular attention is given to the tension between linearity and simultaneity, the coexistence of description and narration, and the interplay of human and non-human perspectives. The paper concludes that graphic narrative theory not only applies narratology to a new medium but also reformulates its foundational concepts
Erzsébet királyné magyarországi portréi: Ikonográfiai vázlat
Get PDFAlthough the monarch\u27s wife played no real role in Hungarian and imperial public law in the 19th century, Queen Elizabeth began to appear more and more frequently on the walls of public institutions from the end of the 1860s, when she became politically active. The most common visual source of portraits was Emil Rabending\u27s series of photographs of the empress in Hungarian costume in 1866. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Elizabeth did not play an active role in Hungarian public life, although she continued to make gestures. No photographs of her were taken from the late 1860s. Images of a young Elizabeth in Hungarian dress became increasingly common in Hungary. Thus, after her death, the transition from representative portraits to memorials was almost uninterrupted. Among the posthumous portraits of the Queen, the paintings commissioned by the king from Hungarian artists as gifts for Elizabeth\u27s former ladies-in-waiting are exceptional. All are of the elderly \u27civilian\u27 queen, and Gyula Benczúr\u27s portrait for Ida Ferenczy has become one of the best-known images of Elizabeth in Hungary.
Photo: WikipediaBár a 19. századi magyar és a birodalmi közjogban az uralkodó felesége nem játszott tényleges szerepet, Erzsébet királyné a hatvanas évek végétől, politikai szerepvállalásának epizódjától kezdve mind gyakrabban jelent meg a közintézmények falain. A portrék leggyakoribb vizuális forrása Emil Rabending 1866-os fotósorozata volt, amely magyar díszruhában ábrázolta az uralkodónét. Erzsébet a kiegyezést követően nem vállalt tevékeny szerepet a magyar közéletben, bár gesztusokat továbbra is tett. A hatvanas évek végétől semmilyen fényképfelvételt nem készíttetett magáról. Magyarországon a fiatal, magyar ruhás Erzsébet ábrázolási típusa így egyre általánosabbá vált. A halála után a reprezentatív portrékból az emlékművekbe való átmenet emiatt szinte teljesen zavartalan volt. A királyné posztumusz között kivételesnek számítanak azok a festmények, melyeket a király rendelt meg magyar művészektől, hogy azokat ajándékba adja az Erzsébet mellett korábban udvari szolgálatot teljesítő hölgyeknek. A festmények mindegyike az idősebb, „civil” királynét ábrázolja; közülük a Ferenczy Ida számára Benczúr Gyula által készített portré Erzsébet egyik legismertebb magyarországi ábrázolása lett.
Fotó: Wikipedi
Erzsébet királyné a Vasárnapi Újság tükrében
Get PDFThis case study examines the image of Queen Elizabeth in the popular family weekly Vasárnapi Újság. During the neo-absolutist era, the paper deliberately avoided political topics. Exceptions to this were, of course, the representative events of the imperial family, but the focus was not on the Empress herself, but only on her status. This indifference changed suddenly in 1866, during her stay in Buda. The Empress’s confident command of Hungarian played an important role in this, as the staff of the paper was aware that Elizabeth’s interest in Hungarian language and literature had considerable advertising value.
After the coronation of 1867, the authors of the Vasárnapi Újság, despite their distrust of the Compromise, were enthusiastic about the Queen. In addition to her gestures to the Hungarian nation, her approachability, her abstinence from princely allure and her physical beauty played a role in their image of Elizabeth. At the same time, in the spirit of idealisation, they overlooked her shortcomings and even endowed her with imaginary virtues such as maternal devotion, puritanism and religious fervour. In 1898, after the Queen’s assassination, the authors of the newspaper could not escape the influence of the national imagination, which shaped the image of the Queen according to collective desires and assumed of her a Hungarian nationalist sentiment of independence. However, the careful blending of elements of the cult of Elizabeth with the memory of the War of Independence remained a one-off occasion, and the two traditions continued to live in parallel in the weekly.Jelen esettanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy a Vasárnapi Újság című, nagy népszerűséget élvező képes családi hetilap milyen képet alkotott Erzsébet királyné alakjáról. A hetilap a neoabszolutizmus korszakában tudatosan tartózkodott a politikai témáktól. Ez alól természetesen kivételeket jelentettek az uralkodóház reprezentatív eseményei, de a figyelem nem a császárné személyének, hanem csupán méltóságának szólt. Az érdektelenség 1866-ban, a budai tartózkodás idején egy csapásra megváltozott. Ebben fontos szerepet játszott a császárné magabiztos magyar nyelvtudása, hiszen a lap munkatársai tudatában voltak, hogy Erzsébet érdeklődése a magyar nyelv és irodalom iránt komoly reklámértékkel bír.
A Vasárnapi Újság szerzői az 1867-es koronázást követően, a kiegyezéssel kapcsolatos bizalmatlanságuk dacára rajongással övezték a királyné alakját. Erzsébet-képükben a magyarságnak tett politikai gesztusok mellett szerepet kapott megközelíthetősége, fejedelmi allűröktől való tartózkodása, testi szépsége. Az eszményítés jegyében ugyanakkor átsiklottak hiányosságai felett, sőt képzelt erényekkel – mint anyai odaadás, puritanizmus, vallásos buzgóság – is felruházták. 1898-ban, a királyné meggyilkolását követően a hetilap szerzői sem tudták teljesen kivonni magukat a „nemzeti képzelet” hatása alól, amely a kollektív vágyaknak megfelelően alakította a királyné imázsát, és magyar függetlenségi érzületet tételezett fel róla. Az Erzsébet-kultusz egyes elemeinek óvatos összemosása a szabadságharc emlékezetével azonban egyszeri alkalom maradt, és a két hagyomány később párhuzamosan élt tovább a folyóiratban
A Völgységi Múzeum szerepe az oktatásban és a tudományos ismeretterjesztésben (1987−2020)
Get PDFThis study presents the collections of the Völgység Museum, explores their origins and history, analyzes their evolving role in education and scientific dissemination, and discusses the current functions of the collections. Its aim is to demonstrate that small urban museums have become indispensable in shaping the historical consciousness and identity of local communities. By gaining a better understanding of the past, the experiences accumulated here can help leaders, institutions, and farmers and entrepreneurs make informed long-term decisions, and plans and programs that successfully promote development can be created based on an assessment of today\u27s needs. It can also serve as a model for similar small towns on how to build a museum collection that fits organically into its social and cultural environment. The method is a case study, an examination of the museum\u27s three decades of activity, based on the historical and ethnographic core collection, auxiliary collections (document and photo archives, data archives), and archival, printed, and oral sources. Over the past three decades, the Völgység Museum has become a "school-friendly" and then a "visitor-friendly museum" through tenders and projects. With the Völgység Museum Study Trail and the Tourinform Office, it has become a base for cultural tourism, and with the Museums for Everyone Program, it has become a cultural aid for disadvantaged social groups. In terms of scientific processing, it fulfills its mission with conference events, outstanding book publishing relative to its size, and advanced collection digitization.A tanulmány bemutatja a Völgységi Múzeum tájmúzeum gyűjteményeit, feltárja előzményeiket, múltjukat, elemzi szerepük alakulását − az oktatásban és a tudományos ismeretterjesztésben − továbbá kitér a gyűjtemények jelenlegi funkcióira. Célja, hogy bizonyítsa, hogy a városi kismúzeum a helyi közösségek történeti tudatának formálásában, identitásának a kialakításában nélkülözhetetlenné vált. Jobban megismerve a múltat a vezetők, intézmények, valamint a gazdálkodók-vállalkozók hosszú távú döntéseinek megalapozásában is segítséget adhatnak az itt felhalmozott tapasztalatok, és a mai igények mérlegelése alapján születhetnek fejlődést sikeresen szolgáló tervek, programok. Mintául szolgálhat hasonló kisvárosok számára is, hogyan építhető ki egy muzeális gyűjtemény, amely szervesen illeszkedik társadalmi és kulturális közegébe. Módszere esettanulmány, a múzeum három évtizedes tevékenységének vizsgálata, a történeti és néprajzi törzsgyűjteményre, segédgyűjteményekre (Dokumentum- és Fotótár, Adattár) levéltári, nyomtatott és orális forrásokra támaszkodva. Az Völgységi Múzeum a három évtized alatt pályázatokkal és projektekkel „iskolabarát” majd „látogatóbarát múzeummá” is vált. A Völgységi Múzeumi Tanösvénnyel, a Tourinform Irodával a kulturális turizmus bázisa, a Múzeumok Mindenkinek Programmal a hátrányos helyzetű társadalmi csoportok kulturális segítője lett. A tudományos feldolgozásban a konferencia-rendezvényekkel, a nagyságrendjéhez viszonyított kiemelkedő könyvkiadással és az előrehaladott gyűjteményi digitalizációval teljesíti küldetését