UPH Academic Journals (Universitas Pelita Harapan)
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Legal Framework of Property Ownership for Foreign Citizens in Indonesia
Full text linkIndonesia is rich with abundant natural resources. This wealth invites many foreign investors to come and develop their business in Indonesia. The presence of foreign nationals certainly requires a place to live in order to develop their business sustainably and requires a relatively long period of time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the regulations on property ownership in Indonesia for foreigners and to the best ways of property ownership for the foreigners in relation to increasing the investment in Indonesia. This study employs a normative juridical method to describe and analyze legal issues, facts, and other symptoms related to property ownership for foreigners in Indonesia, including the Job Creation Law and its implementing regulations to obtain a comprehensive understanding. The result of the research is that a notable issue arises from Agrarian Minister Regulation 18/2021, which allows for residential areas exceeding 2,000 m² for foreigners under "certain extraordinary circumstances." This provision is problematic due to its lack of a defined maximum limit, creating a legal vacuum ("empty norm"). This absence of clear restriction is seen as a violation of the principles of nationality and Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, which prioritizes land for the welfare of Indonesian people. The study also identifies that foreigners often resort to "legal smuggling" practices, specifically nominee arrangements, to circumvent ownership restrictions and acquire Hak Milik (Freehold Title). In such arrangements, an Indonesian citizen registers the property title on behalf of a foreigner. However, Article 26 paragraph (2) of Law 5/1960 explicitly states that any direct or indirect transfer of property rights to foreigners is null and void by law. Consequently, if a nominee arrangement is discovered, the land title is cancelled and the land reverts to the State
Juridical Review of Perpetrators Who Use Artist Photos for Online Gambling Promotion Without Permission if They are Associated with Human Rights in Indonesia
Full text linkTechnological developments have a significant impact on social life, creating new opportunities and challenges. One of the negative impacts is cybercrime which increases risks and vulnerabilities. Effective law enforcement is necessary to protect individual rights and ensure digital security. The research method used in this study involves a juridical-normative approach to analyze the implementation of laws related to the use of artist photos for the promotion of unlicensed online gambling in Indonesia. Implementation of the ITE Law and PDP Law is important in dealing with cybercrime. Law enforcement through the ITE Law and the PDP Law is a crucial instrument in tackling this kind of cybercrime, but there are still challenges in the effectiveness and relevance of the two laws. Continuous efforts are needed to strengthen law enforcement, increase public awareness, and pay greater attention to victim recovery as part of Indonesia's commitment to ensuring the protection of human rights in the digital era. Synergy between law enforcement officials, the private sector and the community is needed for prevention, law enforcement and recovery of victims. Protection of individual rights, including artists who are victims of photo misuse, must be a priority with a holistic and collaborative approach. Indonesia can maintain and strengthen human rights principles in the digital era, while ensuring that perpetrators of cybercrimes that violate the law can be dealt with firmly and fairly
Studi Komparasi Hak Cipta Atas Proses Data Scrapping AI di Indonesia, Uni Eropa, dan Amerika
Full text linkThe development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has encouraged the massive use of data scraping to collect algorithm training materials. However, this practice raises new legal issues related to copyright infringement, moral rights, and economic rights of creators. This study compares the legal approaches of the European Union, the United States, and Indonesia in regulating copyright issues in the context of data scraping for AI training. The results of the analysis show that the European Union, through the Artificial Intelligence Act and GDPR, emphasizes transparency, consent, and protection of the moral rights of creators as the main pillars. The United States relies on the principle of fair use with broad interpretation space, but faces litigation challenges and uncertainty of protection for creators. Indonesia, meanwhile, does not yet have specific regulations governing scraping in the context of AI, so that national creative works are vulnerable to exploitation without adequate protection. This study recommends that Indonesia immediately develop regulations that require transparency of datasets, attribution, and compensation for the use of works in AI training, in order to maintain a balance between technological innovation and protection of intellectual property rights.
Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: Perkembangan teknologi Artificial Intelligence (AI) telah mendorong penggunaan data scraping secara masif untuk mengumpulkan materi pelatihan algoritma. Namun, praktik ini menimbulkan persoalan hukum baru terkait pelanggaran hak cipta, hak moral, dan hak ekonomi pencipta. Penelitian ini membandingkan pendekatan hukum Uni Eropa, Amerika Serikat, dan Indonesia dalam mengatur isu hak cipta dalam konteks data scraping untuk pelatihan AI. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Uni Eropa, melalui Artificial Intelligence Act dan GDPR, menekankan transparansi, persetujuan, dan perlindungan hak moral pencipta sebagai pilar utama. Amerika Serikat mengandalkan prinsip fair use dengan ruang interpretasi luas, namun menghadapi tantangan litigasi dan ketidakpastian perlindungan bagi kreator. Indonesia, sementara itu, belum memiliki regulasi khusus yang mengatur scraping dalam konteks AI, sehingga karya kreatif nasional rentan dieksploitasi tanpa perlindungan memadai. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar Indonesia segera mengembangkan regulasi yang mewajibkan transparansi dataset, atribusi, dan kompensasi penggunaan karya dalam pelatihan AI, demi menjaga keseimbangan antara inovasi teknologi dan perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual
Tantangan Hukum Kekayaan Intelektual dalam Perkembangan Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan
Full text linkThe advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has presented significant challenges to intellectual property regulations, particularly in the recognition and protection of AI-generated works. This study examines how Indonesia’s intellectual property laws accommodate AI-created works and determine who should be recognized as the rightful owner or creator. Using normative legal research methods with a statutory and conceptual approach, the findings reveal that Indonesia’s Copyright Law and Patent Law do not explicitly regulate AI-generated works, as current legislation still assumes that creativity and innovation originate solely from humans. The study concludes that intellectual property ownership of AI-generated works can be attributed to AI developers, AI users, or a combination of both, based on the level of creative contribution and economic investment. Therefore, Indonesia should consider adopting a more flexible approach, as implemented in the United Kingdom and China, to provide legal certainty for AI-generated works while ensuring a balanced protection of intellectual property rights and public interest.
Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: Perkembangan kecerdasan buatan (AI) telah menimbulkan tantangan bagi regulasi kekayaan intelektual, khususnya dalam pengakuan dan perlindungan karya berbasis AI. Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana hukum kekayaan intelektual Indonesia mengakomodasi karya AI serta menentukan siapa yang seharusnya diakui sebagai pemilik atau pencipta. Berdasarkan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa UU Hak Cipta dan UU Paten di Indonesia belum secara eksplisit mengatur karya yang dihasilkan oleh AI, karena regulasi yang ada masih berasumsi bahwa kreativitas dan inovasi selalu berasal dari manusia. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa kepemilikan kekayaan intelektual atas karya AI dapat diberikan kepada pengembang AI, pengguna AI, atau kombinasi keduanya, dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kontribusi kreatif dan investasi ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia perlu mengadopsi pendekatan yang lebih fleksibel, seperti yang diterapkan di Inggris dan Cina, guna memberikan kepastian hukum bagi karya AI serta menjaga keseimbangan antara perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual dan kepentingan publik. 
Assessing Types of Capital Market in the Indonesian Legal System
Full text linkThis paper examines the types of capital markets within the Indonesian legal system, starting with their role throughout historical development from the Dutch colonial era to the present day. It highlights the capital market’s pivotal role in building the economic strength of Indonesia, serving as a mechanism for raising long-term funds and facilitating investment opportunities for both individuals and institutions. The study applies a normative legal research method, utilizing secondary data and a literature review to analyze the legal framework and operational structures of Indonesia’s capital markets. Emphasis is given to the distinction between the primary and secondary markets, their respective functions, and the regulatory oversight provided by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The paper discusses how legal regulations, particularly Law Number 8 of 1995, support market integrity, investor protection, and transparency. It also explores the types of capital markets viewed from the transaction process, including spot market, futures or forward market, and options market along with the trading mechanism on the stock exchange. Recent trends are also being discussed, such as the rise of retail investors and the impact of digital platforms on market inclusivity. The findings underscore the legal distinctions of each market type and the need for regulatory development to enhance market depth
Beyond Conventional Insider Trading: Indonesia’s Shadow Trading Dilemma
Full text linkShadow trading represents an emerging challenge in financial regulation, involving the use of material nonpublic information (MNPI) by corporate insiders to trade in the securities of companies other than their own. Traditionally falling outside the scope of the classical insider trading theory—which is centered on fiduciary duty—shadow trading remained largely unregulated and unprosecuted. This changed in 2024 with the landmark U.S. case SEC v. Panuwat, where the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) successfully prosecuted the first shadow trading case. The SEC extended the Misappropriation Theory by introducing the novel “Market Connection” element, thereby establishing a legal foundation for prosecuting shadow trading as a form of insider trading. This paper critically examines the implications of this legal development for Indonesia, where the existing Capital Market Law, enacted in 1995, has not kept pace with evolving financial crimes. The law’s continued reliance on outdated fiduciary-based frameworks creates significant regulatory gaps, particularly in dealing with indirect or unconventional trading schemes. Employing a normative juridical method and comparative analysis, this study evaluates the capacity of Indonesia’s current legal framework to address shadow trading and explores how regulatory strategies and enforcement mechanisms adopted by the U.S. SEC may inform much-needed reforms to strengthen Indonesia’s capital market oversight and investor protection
The Impact of Global Economic Wars on Emerging Markets: Legal Certainty and Capital Market Resilience in Indonesia
Full text linkThis research critically examines the structural and legal challenges that undermine the resilience of Indonesia’s capital market during a period of heightened global economic instability. While the escalation of the United States–China trade war has introduced widespread volatility in financial systems worldwide, Indonesia remains particularly vulnerable due to its dependency on foreign capital and its domestic regulatory weaknesses. The analysis identifies key internal fragilities, including inconsistent enforcement of investor protection laws, regulatory uncertainty, and the growing influence of non-market actors such as mass organizations that disrupt commercial operations through extrajudicial means. A comparative legal framework is employed to evaluate the investor protection systems of China and the United States, revealing how centralized enforcement in China and institutional independence in the U.S. offer greater legal certainty and investor confidence. In contrast, Indonesia exhibits a hybrid model where capital market autonomy exists in theory but is frequently undermined by fragmented supervision, bureaucratic inertia, and politicized regulatory instruments. The discussion concludes that strengthening legal certainty, modernizing regulatory enforcement, and shielding capital markets from external and non-market pressures are critical to enhancing investor trust and financial stability. Reforms must focus not only on drafting comprehensive laws but also on ensuring their consistent application across jurisdictions. Without such measures, Indonesia risks capital flight, reduced competitiveness, and further marginalization in the global investment landscape
Analisis Peran Pasar Modal dalam Perekonomian Nasional
Full text linkThe capital market plays a strategic role in the modern economy as an efficient and sustainable mechanism for long-term financial allocation. In Indonesia, the capital market’s role has become increasingly significant in financing development, empowering the real sector, and supporting the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). However, despite positive developments, the capital market’s contribution to national economic growth remains suboptimal. This study aims to examine the extent of the capital market’s contribution to Indonesia’s economic growth and to identify the key challenges limiting its strategic role. Utilizing a normative-empirical legal research method, the study analyzes capital market regulations, legal literature, official data from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), and interviews with industry practitioners. The findings reveal that the Indonesian capital market faces several major challenges, including low financial literacy, regulatory frameworks that lag behind digital transformation, limited market liquidity, inadequate risk diversification among investors, and regulatory barriers to developing modern funding instruments such as municipal bonds and Asset-Backed Securities (ABS). Transactional imbalance and bureaucratic complexity further weaken the market’s effectiveness in driving economic growth. Therefore, strengthening technology-based financial education, implementing responsive regulatory reforms, product innovation, and liquidity incentives are key strategies to enhance the Indonesian capital market. With comprehensive structural improvements, the capital market can transform into a central pillar of inclusive and sustainable national development
Analisis Hukum terhadap Kasus Kartel dalam Industri Minyak Goreng: Penerapan Hukum Persaingan Usaha di Indonesia
Full text linkThis article analyzes the legal aspects of cartel practices in Indonesia’s cooking oil industry, focusing on the effectiveness of indirect evidence in proving cartel violations and the legal considerations of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU), District Court, and Supreme Court. Using a normative juridical approach, the study examines statutory and case law, particularly KPPU Decision No. 24/KPPU-I/2009, which found 20 major companies guilty of cartel practices through price-fixing and market control. KPPU relied on indirect evidence, such as price parallelism and communication patterns, due to the covert nature of cartels. However, the District Court and Supreme Court rejected KPPU’s decision, citing insufficient direct evidence and the failure to meet the "beyond reasonable doubt" standard. The findings highlight the challenges of enforcing competition law in Indonesia, especially regarding the acceptance of indirect evidence in court, and underscore the need for stronger legal frameworks to effectively combat anti-competitive practices