Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Employees Turnover Rate in FMCG Organizations
Get PDFThe study has been designed to determine the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) on turnover rate of first line managers of FMCG organizations in Karachi. It is generally believed that low emotional intelligence is a determinant of high turnover rate in first line managers of the FMCG organization. A sample of 40 employees from different FMCG organizations of Karachi who are performing their duties at first line management level falling within the age range of 20–40 years, with education level from Intermediate to Masters has been drawn randomly. Personal information of the participants is collected through demographic information sheet. TEIQue (Petrides & Furnhm, 2003) questionnaire is used to measure the variables of employees’ turnover and trait emotional intelligence. All participants have to respond on a seven point Likert scale. A higher score on this scale indicates higher level of emotional intelligence. In order to analyze the data, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, V, 12) is applied. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) is applied to study the sample characteristics and linear regression analysis and Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient) is calculated. This analysis shows strong impact of low emotional intelligence with increased employee job turnover rate
Costs of Globalization
No full textGlobalization has both costs and benefits. In this paper we would focus upon one of the damages of globalization to China. It is said that inward FDI replaces local domestic capabilities in import-substitution countries. In the case of China the Chinese domestic industries are lacking technological innovations because of heavy reliance upon FDI. Most of the Chinese exports of electronics are carried under FDI whereas in Korea and Japan they are indigenously-driven. In 1960s, Korea received foreign capital in the form of loans but it denied the entrance to foreign firms. Korea followed the Japanese model by quickly mastering the foreign technology rather than letting foreign firms to establish local subsidiaries and to decide the speed and scope of technology diffusion. Korea and Japan adopted the techno-nationalist policies for attaining autonomous domestic innovated industries. By restricting FDI, Korea and Japan were able to maintain their management independent of Multi-National Companies. In this paper we would try to analyze that whether China’s policy of reliance upon FDI is a success or a debacle by comparing it with Korea and Japan
Total Quality Management in Classroom at University Level in Islamabad City
Get PDFThe progress of a country inter-depends on the quality of education provided to its citizens. Higher level Education is the most important stage in education system of any country. This stage provides educated graduates and skilled workers that immediately enters into the practical field and takes over the responsibilities. That is why to increase the quality of education at this stage is the foremost mission of all the countries. By defining the term, quality is the level of satisfaction for which the consumer pays. In the case of education, the Consumer is the student as well as society. Therefore, quality education is the standard of education that satisfies the students and society both. The main objectives of this study were to identify the indicators of Total Quality Management (T.Q.M) in classroom to study the efforts of teachers to ensure TQM in classroom and to identify the ways to improve the quality of education at higher level.
From the findings of the study it was revealed that the teachers did not covered the five standards of TQM elements completely, students were not completely satisfied by the teaching methodology during knowledge transitory process. Most of the teachers were not prepared before delivering there lectures, teacher showed biasness that discouraged the students. Teacher also ignored the daily assessment of the students, and use of the audio visual (AV) aids in classroom, obsolete teaching material, and ineffective material caused failure to produce total quality education, and failed to produce skilled work force. Based upon the conclusion of the study it is recommended that teacher may be punctual, teacher should use AV aids for teaching in classroom, teachers may be prepared well before delivering the lecture, teacher may encourage the classroom discussion, and teacher may treat equally in classroom
Contribution of Agricultural Exports to Economic Growth in Pakistan
Get PDFThe main objective of the present analysis is to explore and quantify the contribution of agricultural exports to economic growth in Pakistan. We have estimated the relationship between Gross domestic product (GDP) and agricultural and non agricultural exports for Pakistan employing Johansen co-integration technique for the period 1972 – 2008. The findings of the study show that the agricultural exports have negative and significant effect on economic growth while agricultural exports elasticity is 0.58. Moreover there is bidirectional causality in agricultural exports and real GDP. It is suggested that non agricultural exports should be promoted
Observing Impact of SAFTA on Pakistan\u27s Economy by Using CGE Model
No full textThe aim of this paper is to quantify and analyze the relative impact of South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) over the global economic welfare. This research analyzes the potential economic costs and benefits of Pak-India trade in exporting various consumer goods. The first scenario is when normal trading relation with India will be restored, it means that both countries will give the MFN (Most Favored Nations) status to each other. In the second scenario, the SAFTA will be operative and there will be free trade between India and Pakistan and both countries will remove all tariffs and custom duties from each others’ imports. The Global trade analysis GTAP model is used to analyze the possible impact of SAFTA on Pakistan in a multi country, multi sector applied General equilibrium frame work. After employing the simplified static analysis framework, the analysis based on simulations reveals that current demand for Pakistani dates and other consumer items like leather and cotton-made garments will expand after the FTA and consumer surplus will increase. The drop in the domestic prices of dates will increase the production of many downstream industries, which will have pleasant multiplier effects on the economy of Pakistan. The government may reduce MFN tariffs on industrial dates before implementing the FTA. A key rule of multilateral trade system is that the reduction in trade barriers should be applied on a most-favored nation basis (MFN) to all WTO members. The only exception to the MFN principle built into the GATT legal framework is the provision for reciprocal free trade within customs unions and free trade areas (GATT article XXIV). The objectives of the present study are to analyze and quantify the potential economic cost and benefits of the prospective trade between India and Pakistan to consumers, producers and government of the two countries. The export of Dried dates, leather and cotton-made garments may be conducted by two scenarios, i.e. when normal trading relations between Pakistan and India will be restored and when there will be a free trade between Pakistan and India in the presence of South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). Following the analytical framework discussed by PO managerial (20001), we employ the simplified static analysis by using CGE model for policy implication, which reveals that Pakistan will gain benefit from Pak-India trade on SAFTA. Results based on this research reveal that on SAFTA, grounds, there will be net export benefits in Pakistan’s economy
The Causal Relationship between Openness and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan
Get PDFEvaluation of long run relationship of the openness policy and Pakistan’s economic growth is the prime objective of the study. Two different econometric techniques i.e. Johnson co-integration technique and Error Correction Model are applied to estimate the relationship with annual data span from 1970 to 2012. Export, import and Foreign Direct Investment are taken as variables which show a broader sense of openness. The result of our study shows that there is a long run relationship between openness and economic growth with reference of Pakistan. Further, the study proofs the Export Led Growth hypothesis in case of Pakistan
University Branding: A Myth or a Reality
Get PDFEvery university needs a brand and an image that can be trusted and believed and that will differentiate it from others. University brand, in fact, is the perception and reputation developed in the minds of the people about the university or institution. It is the reaction appears in the minds of the people when they hear or see a name or symbol of some university or institute. This research aimed to identify key factors that are required to be taken care of while developing university branding strategy. For this research a deductive approach is adopted, as the main objective of this research is to investigate the influence of attributes like awareness, acceptance, and quality on brand image of universities, therefore, it is proposed to conduct semi structured interviews which are considered to be a most suitable for testing of influence of different attributes on brand image. The components used in the study are awareness, acceptance, prestige, incentives and quality. The result of the study shows that in the university selection decision, image of the university is the key determinant. The result also shows that the image of the university has four key constructing factors which are quality, prestige, financial incentives, and acceptance. Quality is found to be the strongest construct followed by prestige, acceptance and incentives
Effectiveness of Exchange Rate in Pakistan: Causality Analysis
Get PDFThe study analyzed the effectiveness of exchange rate on macroeconomic variables of Pakistan. The precise objective of the study is to examine the causality between exchange rate, trade, inflation, FDI and GDP through a series of models. On the annual time series data for the years 1980-2009 unit root test for stationarity, Johansen’s cointegration test for long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables for each model and Granger Causality test to check the causality between the variables is applied. The main findings are as: there is no long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and inflation, but there exists long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and trade. There is also long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and FDI and causality runs in both directions, i.e. exchange rate to FDI and FDI to exchange rate. Finally, there is long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and GDP but causality does not run in either direction
Size, Diversification and Risk: Preliminary Evidence from Commercial Banks in Pakistan
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to provide some preliminary evidence on relation between size, diversification and risk in commercial banks of Pakistan. Using a panel of Pakistani banks, we investigated whether bigger banks are better diversified than smaller banks. The results suggested that larger banks were more diversified than their smaller counterparts mainly on account of their outreach and size of credit portfolio. On the risk side, based on accounting and market based risk measures, we explored if there is any impact of diversification on risk. We could not deduce significant result in favor of accounting risk measure of impaired lending signaling that banks find no incentive in diversification of credit books. The market based measures of VaR and Default indicator were significantly related to diversification signifying that market participants consider diversification as a relevant tool for risk mitigation. These findings have policy implications for regulators and risk management to ensure stability in financial system
Buffering Role of Locus of Control on Stress among the College/University Teachers of Bahawalpur
Get PDFThe present research is aimed to ascertain the role of locus of control in mediating or coping on various degree/levels of stress among the college/university teachers of Bahawalpur. For that purpose a sample of N=200 male/female college/university teachers was selected by convenient sampling. Research tools, Locus of control by Julian Rotter (1966) and Stress questionnaire by International Stress Management Association UK, (2009) were administered for data collection. After the collection of data it was analyzed by SPSS. The results shows that the teachers identified with internal locus of control reveal low level of stress as contrast to the teachers with external locus of control. The study also confirms that high internal locus of control determines high coping and mediating ability of stress among the teachers. The study also pointed out that the teachers with external locus of control were more incline or prone to stress. Furthermore, Pearson and Spearman’s Correlation results at significant level of .000 show that both variables are highly correlated. Similarly, overall Mean of locus of control and Coefficient of variation reveals the high consistency role in relation with stress