Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Gender Differentials in Preventive Health Care: Incidences and Determinants among Pakistani Children
Get PDFIn this study, an attempt has been made to estimate gender health differential with a focus on preventive health care. Using the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) of 2006-07, the study has targeted the children of age 12-23 months and found substantial sex differences in the immunization status of children where boys are more immunized than girls, reflecting gender biasness over preventive health provision. Through bi-variate and multi-variate analysis, the study found that a variety of factors, including individual, socio-demographic and economic factors are causing this dilemma. Mother’s characteristics including age, literacy and headship of the household significantly affect the immunization status of the children. Similarly, the socio-economic status of the household including income, household size, structure and gender of the head of the households are also the key determinants of preventive health care differentials. Across the provinces, the variation of coverage and discrimination is also evident with more coverage in Punjab and least in Baluchistan
Effective Communication and Neurolinguistic Programming
Get PDFImportance of effective communication can hardly be ignored in any sphere of life. This is achieved through various means. One such instrument is Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) which has now taken roots in various aspects of learning and education. Its potential spans education and learning, language teaching, business management and marketing, psychology, law, and several other fields. In our work, we will briefly explore various facets of NLP with special reference to effective communication
A Literature Based Critical Analysis on the Report Population Stabilization: The Case for Pakistan
Get PDFPakistan launched one of the first population control programs in the late 1950s, yet has lagged far behind other countries in effective implementation over the past five decades. The primary purpose of this note is to make a clear case for formulating an integrated and effective population policy in Pakistan. Therefore, this paper presents literature based demographic analysis on a recent report published by Ministry of Population Welfare: Population stabilization: the case for Pakistan (Khan 2010). The discussion presented in this paper should be viewed as the healthy criticism of the issue under debate. In addition, these comments are influenced by previous population research on Pakistan on the basis of the lessons which should be learnt from the previous population planning inputs. The paper presents the chapter by chapter analysis of the report and concludes that there is a weak relationship between family planning input and population policy in Pakistan
Corporate Financial Reporting System and Developments Herein: An Exploratory Study from Pakistan
Get PDFTo capture international opportunities of capital accumulation for corporate sector and to contribute in the development of economy, the government of Pakistan acted speedily to harmonize with international financial reporting system immediately after establishment. This study presents a comprehensive detail of Pakistan’s adopted efforts along with a critical-eye on developments and improvements in the reporting system with the passage of time. It scrutinizes major milestones in development of the financial reporting framework of Pakistan. We traced financial reporting practices in Indian subcontinent era and found them unsatisfactory. Hindustan was under the colonial power of Great Britain; therefore its impact on accounting and financial reporting in Pakistan was dominant after independence. Examples of this influence are enforcement of companies’ act 1913 and auditor’s certificate rules shows. We examined the institutional development from establishment of Pakistan till now and divided that era in 1947-1971, 1971-1999 and period of 21stcentury which played vital role in improvement of financial reporting practices in the country. These milestones are established with view of crucial events toward advances in accounting. In early years of Pakistan PIA (Pakistan Institute of Accountants) was first private body but after it ICAP (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan) made by government was an important step. Next major step was taken in 1971; it was the formation of SECP (Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan). Its structure and provisions provided for external reporting of corporations are discussed. Companies’ Ordinance 1984 was another beneficial footstep toward this journey. After discussing all the institutional developments and improvements in financial reporting system of Pakistan, we addressed the current status of financial reporting in the 2000s.Study concludes that major improvements and advances made in the financial reporting skeleton are appropriate, will cause improvements in the investor protection, value relevance of accounting information, and will help corporate sector in capital accumulation from international financial markets and will attract cross border investors
The Role of Expenditure Components in Determination of Import Demand: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Get PDFThis study is aimed at in-depth empirical analysis of impact of final expenditure components on import demand in Pakistan. ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration is used to analyze the long run relationship of import demand, relative prices of imports and components of final expenditure like household consumption, investment, exports and government consumption expenditures. Empirical results show that there exists a long run relationship between import demand and the macro components of final expenditure and relative prices. Long run coefficients indicate that elasticity of import demand with respect to different macro components of final expenditure is different. The impact of the all expenditure components on import demand is positive and significant. The relative prices have negative but insignificant relationship with import demand in Pakistan. For the analysis of Short Run dynamics, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) has been used. The results show that all expenditure components have positive and significant impact on import demand in Pakistan while the effect of relative prices is also statistically insignificant in short run
Health Awareness and its Effect on Married Women: A Case Study of Taluka Gari Yasin District Shikarpur Sindh
Get PDFHealth awareness and its effect on the married women has significant impact on the new generation as healthy women can bring certain changes in bringing up the family in better way as compared to the women deprived of health awareness. This is the descriptive research on the consequences of health awareness on the married women in Taluka Gari Yasin District Shikarpur Sindh. Total one hundred married women were taken for the interview schedule. The responses of the participants were verified by the simple percentage distribution and the non-parametric chi-square test to analyze the relationship between the variables. The results obtained revealed that the heath awareness has significant impact on the living standards of the women as well as family members
Monetary Policy, Inflation and Economic Growth in Pakistan: Exploring the Co-integration and Causality Relationships
Get PDFThis paper investigates the long run and short run relationships of monetary policy, inflation and economic growth in Pakistan using co-integration and causality analysis during the period 0f 1972-2010. A large number of empirical studies on the relationships of monetary policy and inflation are available and most of these have analyzed the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation in Pakistan. The present study fills the gap in the literature by analyzing the nexus of monetary policy, inflation and growth in Pakistan. The results indicate that credit to private sector, the variable of financial depth, real exchange rate and budget deficit are found elastic and significant variables to influence the real GDP in Pakistan. The pair-wise Granger Causality results suggest that real GDP and real exchange rate are causing to each other bi-directionally. The real GDP also do cause financial depth (M2GD), domestic credit (CREDIT) and budget deficit (BDEF) uni-directionally. The real exchange rate is also causing the financial depth and budget deficit variables. The results are consistent with the empirical literature
Transformational Leadership Style as Predictor of Decision Making Styles: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence
Get PDFThe current study examines the relationship among transformational leadership style and decision making styles. It also determines the moderating role of emotional intelligence in predicting this relationship. Three hypotheses are generated for the study i.e., two hypotheses are to measure the relationship among transformational leadership style and decision making styles whereas third hypothesis is to assess the moderating effect of emotional intelligence. Questionnaire method is used to collect data from 113 respondents. Regression analysis is utilized to study the relationship among transformational leadership style and decision making styles and step-wise regression analysis is used to study moderating effect of emotional intelligence. The study found that transformational leadership style strongly predicts rational and dependant decision making styles and weakly predict intuitive and spontaneous decision making styles while no association founds with avoidant decision making styles. Present research also found that emotional intelligence moderates the relationship among transformational leadership style and decision making styles
Investigating Mobile Money Acceptance in Somalia: An Empirical Study
Get PDFThe main purpose of this paper is to study the perception and willingness of Somali customers to adopt mobile money, based on an upgraded version of technology acceptance model. The questionnaire used in this study was distributed to 100 Somali customers, and the data gathered were then analysed using multiple regression and one sample t-test. The results indicate that perceived ease of use has a significant positive influence on the perceived usefulness of mobile money. Moreover, perceived usefulness and security were found to have a significant positive influence on attitude. Finally, social influence together with perceived usefulness both have significant positive influence on the Somali customers’ intention to adopt mobile money. This is one of the first studies to be conducted on mobile money in Somalia, the study uses an upgraded version of technology acceptance model and it reports significant findings based on this approach
Participation in Farm Markets in Rural Northwest Pakistan: A Regression Analysis
Get PDFParticipation in farm markets is important for increasing income of farmers in the developing countries. A number of factors account for a household participation in agricultural marketing. This study attempts to explore such associated factors which play a significant role in farmers’ participation in farm markets in rural northwest Pakistan. Drawing on empirical data from the field survey; gur, vegetables, and milk were the main products offered for marketing in the area. The degree of specialization of market relations was based on the nature of the farm product. In gur markets, the marketing relations were based on personalized terms whereas in vegetable markets, they were exclusively commercialized. The results of the binary logit model show that size of selfcultivated land and number of livestock, were important determinants of a household participation in agricultural marketing. The study concludes that participation in agricultural markets could be substantially increased through improved infrastructure, commercialized farming systems, and increased number of farm markets so that the dominance of few selected commission agents is minimized