Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Perceived Social Support and Clinical Anger among Drug Addicts of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Get PDFThis study was set out to investigate perceived social support and clinical anger among drug addicts of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The research contained a sample of seventy (70) registered drug addicts of age18-65 years, selected randomly from three major cities/divisions of Southern-Punjab (Bahawalpur, Multan, and Dera Ghazi Khan). Sample was divided into two age groups; young adults (18-35 years) and middle adults (36- 65years). Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) by © Zimet, Dhalem, Zimet and Farley (1988) and Clinical Anger Scale (CAS) by © Snell (2002) were used. Tukey’s test, R-square, P-values, t-test and regression analysis were used towards the analysis of results of research. Results indicated an inverse relation between perceived social support and clinical anger. All the sub-groups in clinical anger showed a significant difference. Finally, it was established that majority of drug addicts had severe level of clinical anger with positive perception about family
Does Public Education Expenditure Cause Economic Growth? Comparison of Developed and Developing Countries
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to examine the long-run relationship between public education expenditures and economic growth. The social benefits of education exceed its private benefits. Therefore, education is considered a merit good; if not supplied by the public sector, private production is undersupplied. The study has employed heterogeneous panel data analysis. Panel unit root tests are applied for checking stationarity. The single-equation approach of panel cointegration (Kao, 1999); Pedroni\u27s Residual-Based Panel Cointegration Test (1997; 1999) is applied to determine the existence of long-run relationship between public education expenditures and gross domestic production. Lastly, panel fully modified ordinary least square results indicate that the impact of public education expenditures on economic growth is greater in the case of developing countries as compare to the developed countries, which verified the “catching-up effect” in developing countries
Investigating Social Commerce as an Alternate Model for Online Commerce in Developing Countries: a case of Pakistani Economy
Get PDFThe study is an empirical quantitative research. In light of intense literature review it proposes a new model for effectiveness of social commerce in Pakistan. It has three objectives. It firstly investigates the relationship between perceived risk, social networking focus, and perceived value effect trust. It secondly investigates the relationship between affective influence, word of mouth, affective influence, advertising influence, purchasing experience and viral reach on social commerce. Lastly it investigates how consumer value (adoption and purchase intention is affected by social commerce focus and trust. The software used is SPSS 15.0. Multiple regression equation has been employed to verify the hypotheses. Results show and validate the literature that positive or favorable views of users trigger positive attitude. However, there are two variables and dimensions that do not affect the attitude of users on social networks from the perspective of shopping i.e. social commerce; these are viral reach and previous purchasing experience on different websites. The results show that Pakistani users will welcome social commerce even if they have no previous experience for purchasing goods and services online
Investigating Day-of-the-Week Effect in Stock Returns: Evidence from Karachi Stock Exchange – Pakistan
Get PDFThis paper investigates Day-of-the-Week Effect in stock returns in the primary equity market Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) of Pakistan by employing OLS regression approach. Data consists of daily closing prices of KSE-100 Index from January 01, 2004 to December 30, 2011. A traditional method of finding Day-of-the-Week Effect has been comprised of only one regression equation. Contrary to this plausible methodology, this paper proposes five separate models to statistically find significant effect on each trading day of the week. Non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test confirms abnormal distribution of returns. Robust Standard Error addresses heteroscedasticity of returns; proved by abnormal distribution. The t- statistics tests significance of β coefficients and One Factor ANOVA tests the hypotheses related to significant difference of mean returns. Findings conclude mixed results due to the effect of political instability on the anomaly. No effect found in Sub Period I. While, negative Monday and Positive Friday effects revealed in Sub Period II; result consistent with the findings of Fields (1931), Cross (1973), French (1980) and Haroon (2005)
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Employees Turnover Rate in FMCG Organizations
Get PDFThe study has been designed to determine the impact of emotional intelligence on turnover rate of first line managers of FMCG organizations in Karachi. It is generally believed that low emotional intelligence is a determinant of high turnover rate in first line managers of the FMCG organization. A sample of 40 employees from different FMCG organizations of Karachi who are performing their duties at first line management level falling within the age range of 20–40 years, with education level from Intermediate to Masters has been drawn randomly. Personal information of the participants is collected through demographic information sheet. TEIQue (Petrides and Furnhm, 2003) questionnaire is used to measure the variables of employees’ turnover and trait emotional intelligence. All participants have to respond on a seven point Likert scale. A higher score on this scale indicates higher level of emotional intelligence. In order to analyze the data, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, V, 12) is applied. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) is applied to study the sample characteristics and linear regression analysis and Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient) is calculated. This analysis shows strong relation of low emotional intelligence with increased employee job turnover rate
An Empirical Study of Affective Commitment across Demographic groups in the Banking Sector of Pakistan
Get PDFAffective commitment has been highlighted as a key determinant of positive organizational level outcomes by numerous international studies. However, the attempts to explore the antecedents of affective commitment in the setting of Pakistani banking sector have been rare. Affective commitment refers to the extent the employees are emotionally attached to an organization and employees with higher levels of affective commitment work for the organization because they want to.
This study’s rationale was to provide an insight into how Affective Commitment varies and may be influenced by demographic and personal factors namely age, tenure and management level. A random sample of 200 commercial bank employees in Lahore, Pakistan was selected and disseminated a survey questionnaire. Results from the ANOVA analysis revealed that on the whole, demographic factors did not have a strong relationship with affective commitment, with only tenure showing a significant relation with employees’ affective commitment level
Condition of Creative Writing in the North and South Punjab
Get PDFCreative writing has an important place in the educational institutions. It is ignored in Pakistani English Language Teaching (ELT) classrooms. This study was designed to investigate the condition of creative writing skills of 9th graders. This study had been started with the review of the literature; many studies were found which analyzed different aspects of creative writing in ELT classrooms. A need was felt to see the condition of the four levels of creative writing namely descriptive writing, narrative writing, story writing, and functional writing among the secondary school level students. A sample of 238 students was selected from North and South of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Six classes from govt. and private sector schools were the sample.The major objectives of the study were to explore the condition of the above mentioned levels of creative writing in teaching of English at secondary level. Four tasks for creative writing were adapted from the Cambridge University O-level examinations and were piloted at a smaller group. These tasks constituted the achievement test. The tests were marked qualitatively with the help of scoring rubrics by using the method of ‘analytic scoring’. The scores in creative writing test were rechecked and verified by the concerned teachers for inter-rater reliability. The results of the study showed that the creative writing skills among the secondary school students are dissatisfactory. In the end it was recommended that teachers should use communicative approach while teaching English language in secondary level classrooms. It was also recommended that the examination papers should have some unseen tasks to enhance the creative writing skills of secondary school students
A Study of the Attitudes of Student Teachers toward Use of Computer
Get PDFThe importance of information and communication Technology (ICT) in education, and particularly in teacher education, is being widely acknowledged. An important prerequisite of ICT is knowledge and attitude towards the use of computers. This descriptive study was aimed at finding out the attitude of student teachers toward the use of computer. Forty item questionnaire was constructed covering five dimensions i.e (fear of using computer, problem solving by computer, computer knowledge, using computer and learning computer). Two hundred student teachers from Federal College of Education were considered the sample of the study. Data were collected and analyzed by applying independent sample t-test and ANOVA. The study reveals that male and female students have the same attitude on all dimensions of the scale, those students who have computer at home are significantly better than their counterparts on fear of using computer and computer knowledge, there is a significant difference among students on computer knowledge regarding mothers\u27 qualification and there is no significant difference on any dimension of the scale regarding fathers\u27 qualification. The study recommends that the student teachers should be exposed more and more to computers so as to overcome the fear of using computers and get optimum benefit by using computer
A Catalogue of Neighbor Balanced Designs in Circular Blocks of Size 4
Get PDFNeighbor balanced designs ensure that treatments comparisons will not be much affected by neighbor effects, therefore, these designs are more useful to remove the neighbor effects in experiments where the performance of a treatment is affected by the treatments applied to its adjacent plots. In this article, a catalogue of neighbor balanced designs is presented in circular blocks of size 4 for 4 ≤ v ≤100
Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage of Textile and Clothing Sector of Pakistan: Pre and Post Quota Analysis
Get PDFMany Asian countries have been beneficiaries of quota abolition for textile and clothing sector since 2005. After the implementation of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) in December 2004, member countries of World Trade Organization (WTO) have quota-free trade except People’s Republic of China (PRC). It was expected that Pakistan will be beneficiaries in textile and clothing due to expected superior export performance in this sector. Therefore, this study aims estimating revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan at HS-2digit level and SITC-3 digit level. It reveals Pakistan has comparative advantage in textile sector and low comparative advantage in clothing sector. Further, it analyzes RCA of textile and clothing sector during the period of pre and post quota and concludes that comparative advantage of Pakistan in textile and clothing sector has been declined during 2011-12