Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Mediating Role of Work-Related Attitudes between Leadership Styles and Well-Being
Get PDFThe main purpose of the study is to examine the mediating role of work related attitudes between two leadership styles and well-being of university teachers. The work-related attitudes included job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention and innovative work behavior. It is a survey based research in which cross-sectional design has been used. Thus data were collected using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Job Satisfaction Scale, Organizational Commitment Scale, Turnover Intention Scale, Innovative Work Behavior Scale and Warwick-Edinburg Mental Well-Being Scale. Participants comprised of 756 teachers (including 156 Head of Departments and 600 teachers). Hierarchical regression analysis confirmed that work-related attitudes partially mediated between leadership styles and well-being of teachers. The study explained that supervisors in the educational institutions directly influence the job of the subordinates and job related attitudes of subordinates affect their well-being
Impact of Networking on Career Progression: Moderating Role of Gender
Get PDFThe purpose of the study was to investigate the moderating role of gender in the relationship of networking behavior’s and career progression of individuals. Five dimensions of networking behavior’s: Maintaining Contacts (MC), participating in Community (PC) increase in Internal Visibility (IIV), engaging in Profession Activities (EPA), and socializing (NS) were taken in consideration. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 29 banks (head offices and more than 100 branches) from major cities of Pakistan. The proposed model was tested using a sample of 332. Structural Equation Modelling technique and group difference test was used for data analysis. Results indicated that EPA and PC relationships of networking behaviors were not moderated while MC, IIV and NS are moderated by gender. MC and IIV have stronger relationship with career progression of males. However, NS has stronger relationship with career progression for females. Despite glass ceiling prevalent in Pakistan, these findings suggest that socializing plays a significant role in the career progression of females. Despite the limitations including common method variance and generalizability issue the current study’s findings can be help in developing strategies for career progression of males and females in Pakistan
The Existential Paradox between Code and Conduct: Decoupling and Its Far Reaching Consequences in Higher Education
Get PDFThere is no dearth of rules, policies and codes in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of Pakistan, but of conduct. This decoupling of code and conduct and its consequences have mostly been studied at organizational level in non-academic settings. This paper extends the understanding of decoupling by studying its far reaching effects on individuals (employees; faculty and staff) in HEIs’ of Pakistan. Data analyses from a survey of 215 respondents from nine public universities of Lahore, Pakistan, reveal that decoupling seeds negative perceptions among employees toward the legitimacy of institutions’ efforts for ethics program and sources unethical behavior. This wave moves on and causes an increase in cynicism and psychological contract breach among employees, which ultimately exhaust them emotionally. Beside practical implications of the study in higher education, paper also provides theoretical contribution by offering a formula to calculate decoupling. Paper also provides limitations and guidelines for future study
Accounting for Privatization and Sustainable Development in Pakistan
Get PDFThis paper analyzes the post-privatization performance and organizational changes of a Pakistani State Owned Enterprise (SOE). Drawing on the concept of sustainable development, this study examines the performance of the firm from three perspectives – economic, social and environmental. The analysis is based on data gathered from annual reports, public documents and semi-structured interviews with key personnel. This study reveals substantial improvement in company profitability. However instead of increase in operational efficiency, the main reason for improved profitability is increase in sale prices and decrease in employee related cost which has negative social implications. Environmental performance of the company has improved mainly in those areas where there is a case for increase in economic performance. The case study concludes that the main focus of the new management was on economic performance rather than concerns for sustainable development. Various organizational changes were made after privatization to ensure quick decision making on various proposals that enhances shareholder value in the company
Linking Personality and Emotional Labor: The Mediating Role of Relationship Conflict and Conflict Management Styles
Get PDFIn business organizations, a number of employees with different personalities work together. During their daily interactions with one another, conflicts emerge due to their diverse personalities and personal differences. However, they are somehow required to work together and along with that, are demanded, by the management, to interact nicely with customers and colleagues, which at times may leads them to pretend positive emotions and feelings; hence suffer emotional labor. Emotional labor is a new concept in business research. It is said to be a product of the rapid growth of service industry. It is proven to have detrimental impact upon the employee psychological and physical health and resultantly on their performance. So, emotional labor has become a new challenge for the modern managers and therefore, they are trying to find ways to reduce or eliminate it. The purpose of this study is to empirically test the mediating role of relationship conflict and conflict management styles on the relationship of personality and emotional Labor. In this cross-sectional study, respective data is collected from randomly selected 450 bank managers through self-administered questionnaires. Structural equation modeling technique with AMOS software is used for data analysis. The results show that relationship conflict and conflict management styles fully mediate the relationship between personality and emotional Labor. This study will open new vistas of research by proving that emotional labor can be controlled and reduced by using appropriate conflict management style and by verifying the pivotal role of personality in relation to emotional labor, relationship conflict and the choice of conflict management style
The Impact of Volatile Economic Conditions on Corporate Capital Structure Adjustment towards Dynamic Target in Pakistan
Get PDFThis paper aims to empirically investigate the impact of macroeconomic conditions such as banking sector performance, economic growth, inflation rate, interest rates and market capitalization on the adjustment speed towards dynamic capital structure targets in Pakistan for the period 1999 to 2013. The study also assesses the effect of adjustment speed on the financial performance of the firm. The annual adjustment speed of five industrial sectors was estimated separately by using a modified partial adjustment approach. The direction of causality between financial performance and annual capital structure adjustment speed was examined through the Granger causality test.
The empirical results favor the presence of dynamic capital structure targets in Pakistan for all five industrial groups. We found that the capital structure adjustment speed significantly varies across industrial sectors and over time. The firms in Pakistan adjust their capital structure toward dynamic targets ranging from 23% to 46% annually depending on the country’s macroeconomic conditions such as banking sector performance, economic growth, and interest rates. The deviation from the target capital structure also plays an important role in the capital structure adjustment speed. However, the empirical results fail to validate the effect of the inflation and market capitalization on the capital structure adjustment speed. The Granger causality test results show that a unidirectional causality runs from the capital structure adjustment speed to financial performance.
The research finding may assist the non-financial corporate sector of Pakistan to structure an optimal mix of debt and equity capital to finance their operations and growth opportunities cost effectively. The study also provides insights that how to make adjustments in capital structure in response to changing economic conditions in order to reduce the financial cost of business. Scope of this study is limited to non-financial corporate sector of Pakistan
The Effect of Fairness of Performance Appraisal and Career Growth on Turnover Intention
Get PDFSuccess of an organization is generally based on the efficiency of its human resource. Organizations consider their employees as an important tool for survival in this globalized era. Hence, retaining the best employees is of high concern for most organizations and this issue has become a significant focus of attention for many researchers. For this reason, there is the necessity to investigate the factors which influence the employee turnover intention behavior in the organization, specifically, to determine the effect of human resource development factors (such as salary, training and development, fairness of performance appraisal and career growth including remuneration, growth, promotion speed, professional ability development and career goal progress), on turnover intention. A cross sectional, survey data study was undertaken to analyze the relationships in a sample of 150 full-time faculty members employed in different private universities of Pakistan. Partial Least Square based path modeling was applied to test the hypothesized relationship among the study variables. The findings of this paper revealed that salary and fairness of performance appraisal have a significant negative relationship with turnover intention except training & development. Besides, it was found that out of four dimensions of career growth, only two dimensions, namely promotion speed and remuneration growth, have strong influence on turnover intention. The findings of this paper would be discussed in light of certain limitations. First, in this study researchers decided to include the factors which are related to turnover intention. Secondly, this study has been taken only in one country (Pakistan) therefore, the result may not be applicable in another Asian countries. The study may contribute to the body of knowledge on both human resource and career management. Based on the findings, a number of practical recommendations for organizations, leaders and employees have been provided to guide them to retain employees successfully
Third Party Recognition, Perceived Product Related Risk, and Perceived Ease of Use among the Online Consumer Trust: The Moderating Role of Internet Experience
Get PDFIn the 21st century, the growth of internet has gained a special attention of researchers, academicians and practitioners. In today’s busy and commoditized marketing environment, B2C marketers are becoming more customer-centric and making more efforts to promote their brands. An essential part of building a brand is to create a trust connection with consumers. But, assuming that, their customers make sensible decisions, B2C marketers are focusing more on business value to differentiate their products or services. In this digital era, several problems which are effecting on the trust of online consumer will be addressed in this study. The objective of current study is to investigate the impact about perceived ease of use, third-party assurance seal and financial risk on online consumer trust with the moderating influence of internet experience. The data was collected through a survey questionnaire, in which 305 students of University Utara Malaysia, University Malaysia Perlis and University Sains Malaysia has been selected randomly. Further, the study has employed quantitative, cross sectional research design. Additionally, since the measurement model has been considered as a valid and reliable, Partial Least Square -structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) has been selected to test the hypothesis, as the major analysis technique. Therefore, the findings of current study shown that, there is a significant influence of financial risk and third party recognition on online consumer trust and also internet experience, moderates the link between financial risk and the online customer trust. However, on the other side, no significant relationship has been found between perceived ease of use and the online customer trust. In addition to this, internet experience does not moderate the relationship among perceived ease of use and online consumer trust
Volatility Modeling and Asset Pricing: Extension of GARCH Model with Macro Economic Variables, Value-at- Risk and Semi-Variance for KSE
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to identify the behavior of returns and volatility with the attributes of non-linearities and asymmetric patterns in the returns series of KSE and modeling of volatility for asset pricing with macroeconomic, value at risk and semivariance in GARCH specification. Daily data is used for stock returns for the period of Jan 2000 to Dec 2015 and the data for macroeconomic variables is taken for the period Jan 2000 to Dec 2015 on monthly basis. GARCH and GARCH- in- mean model is used for modeling the volatility in this study. GARCH-in-mean model is extended with macroeconomic variables in mean as well as with variance equation and findings indicate that the change in interest rate has significant negative effect on returns and increase in change in interest rate will decrease stock returns. The changes in oil prices have also significant positive impact on KSE returns. The results indicate that interest rate is significantly positively related to volatility. However oil prices change has also negative significant impact on volatility. It is concluded that macroeconomic variables are significant parameters for explaining the stock returns as well as volatility. Further GARCH (1, 1) Model is extended with Value at Risk in mean and variance equation. It is concluded that VaR is significantly negatively related to the returns of KSE market in GARCH specifications. Moreover GARCH (1,1) Model is extended with the Semivariance for KSE. It is concluded that semi-variance is significant and indicates that downside risk has negative impact. In last study provides evidence that volatility influences returns in a non-linear fashion. This study provides an insight about the behavior of risk and return in emerging market of Pakistan which is prime area of interest for investors
The Role of Collaborative Culture in Knowledge Sharing and Creativity among Employees
Get PDFEmployees’ knowledge sharing and creativity are two important zones of an organization’s concern. While extant literature sheds some light on this area, there is paucity of research which looks into different facets of knowledge sharing and the mechanism through which it enhances employees’ creativity. This study conceptualizes and empirically validates the role that collaborative culture can play in boosting two processes of knowledge sharing i.e. knowledge donation and knowledge collection which eventually enhances employees’ creativity in the organization. Quantitative research strategy and cross-sectional survey method were adopted for the collection of data. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 189 managers working in 87 business organizations listed in Lahore Stock Exchange of Pakistan. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling found out a significant and positive impact of trust, teamwork, and empowerment (facets of collaborative culture) on both knowledge donation and knowledge collection (dimensions of knowledge sharing). Cultural diversity was found to have insignificant impact on both knowledge-sharing dimensions. However, both knowledge sharing dimensions were having significant positive impact on employees’ creativity. Findings of this research substantiate the current body of knowledge by identifying the role of collaborative culture in enhancing organizational creativity through different knowledge sharing dimensions