Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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The Impact of Organizational Capabilities on Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from Banking Industry of Pakistan
Get PDFThe main purpose of conducting this study is to test the relationship among organizational commitment, high performance work systems and job stress; and their impact on the organizational learning capabilities of the banking sector in Pakistan. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 302 bank employees. These banks comprised of commercial banks only that were situated in Lahore Pakistan. The Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. The main findings showed that workload left an inverse impact on the organizational performance. Also, continuance commitment did not hold any importance in the results. However, high performance work systems showed a significant positive impact on the organizational learning capabilities and the organizational performance. This study will be useful for the internal and external stakeholders, especially the managers, in order to identify attitude of employees and their behavior that may improve their performance. Due to time constraint this study was limited to a cross-sectional design only involving the collection of data at one specific time period. However, no such study has been found in Pakistan yet which provides unique insights regarding the intrinsic factors that determine an organizational performance
The Nexuses between Budget Deficit and Price Inflation in Pakistan: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach
Get PDFFiscal imbalances are one of the common economic indicators of developing countries as these countries have a structural weakness on one hand and a strong desire to invest in capital intensive projects that speeds up the pace of development. It has been noticed that in the last couples of years price expansion has slowed down and falling crude oil prices have been the most important factor in slow down price expansion. This study explores the association between inflation and indicators of fiscal imbalances in the first place and second how the choice of financing fiscal imbalances influences price expansion. To explore this connection, a time series data of Pakistan span from 1973 to 2014 have been employed. Different methods of financing fiscal imbalances have been followed, including borrowings and printing of money. The observational discoveries of the paper depict that there is a direct association between inflation and indicators of fiscal imbalances. Every method of financing imbalances is directly and essentially identified with the price expansion within Pakistan. The ARDL bound testing approach is employed to test this relation. Government has to take care of the problem of fiscal imbalances before it becomes more severe and serious
Market Orientation and Performance: The Interaction Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation
Get PDFThe centrality of resource-based view (RBV) from different angles and in diverse situations has widely been acknowledged, explored and researched. Keeping in view that the area still needs researchers’ attention. This study looks into the possible impact of market orientation (MO) on organizational performance. The study will also be looking at the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the MO and organizational performance link among the small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This is a survey type of qualitative and questionnaire based research. Sample size of the study is 213. The results of the study reveal the presence of positive relationship among the MO and organizational performance. The results of the study also demonstrate that the effects of MO on organizational performance are positively moderated by EO behaviors. This study covers the limitation of the previous studies by utilizing EO as a five-dimensional construct. This research fills the gap by probing the association of MO with organizational performance moderated by EO in a developing economy’s context like Pakistan. This is an empirical study with a reasonable sample size and the results have both academic as well as practical implications. The study has a number of limitations like using a single informant for data collection and studying only one city. Future research directions have also been provided
Existence and Prevalence of Debt Specialization Strategy across Organizations: A Pakistani Perspective
Get PDFThe focus of capital structure research has now been diverted towards understanding the discriminating features of different debt instruments and explaining why to select a specific type of debt among different options? When companies predominantly borrow from fewer debt types, it is regarded as debt specialization (DS). The existence of DS has been empirically confirmed in some of the developed countries. But, researchers are far from reaching a conclusion that DS is a global phenomenon. Therefore, this paper is aimed to extend the canvas of DS debate by proffering new evidences for the existence and relevance of DS strategy among different organizational grouping. We use panel data for 410 non-financial publically traded companies of Karachi Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2013. The results of cluster analysis, threshold and conditional debt structure has confirmed the presence of DS. Our empirical findings indicate that 67% of the organizations exclusively rely on a single type of debt. The short term debts dominate in the debt structure of Pakistani companies, followed by secured and other long term debts. Additionally, through a comparative analysis among various organizational grouping based on profitability, age, credit rating, size, leverage, growth, dividend payments, regulations and business group affiliation, we identified similar trends of DS prevailing in five of the nine selected grouping variables. The paper also suggests several implications and directions for future research
Impact of Interactivity of Electronic Word of Mouth Systems and Website Quality on Customer E-Loyalty
Get PDFIn this study, we aim to identify the impact of interactivity of electronic word of mouth (EWOM) systems on customer e-loyalty based on Interactivity Theory. In electronic market place, consumers now interact with e-retailers and other consumers with the help of EWOM systems. We have also tried to identify the impact of website quality on customer e-loyalty. An empirical data of 400 respondents is collected through questionnaires in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is employed to analyze the key relationships. Findings show that interactivity of EWOM systems has a positive influence on customer e-loyalty. If this interaction is properly managed, it can increase the customer e-loyalty. Findings also show that website quality has a positive influence on customer e-loyalty. In the context of electronic commerce, EWOM systems are of uprising concern. These findings could be of help to the electronic commerce companies in raising their customers’ e-loyalty by appropriately managing their EWOM systems
The Impact of Teacher Qualifications and Experience on Student Satisfaction: A Mediating and Moderating Research Model
Get PDFEvery economy has three major sectors: manufacturing, trading and services. The contribution of service sector has become increasingly important for countries’ economic wellbeing. The education sector has received greater local and foreign direct investment. This research examines the relationships among teacher qualifications, teacher experience, and student satisfaction. It also investigates whether teacher skills and methods, and knowledge-sharing mediate the association between teacher qualifications, experience, and student satisfaction. Moreover, the moderating effect of a knowledge intensive culture examines between teaching skills and methods, knowledge-sharing and students satisfaction. The data were collected from 440 teachers/instructors of top ranking and well-known Private Pakistani universities. The results reveal that a teacher qualification is the strongest predictor of student satisfaction than teacher experience. Teacher skills and methods, and effective knowledge-sharing partially mediated the relationship between teachers experience, qualifications and students satisfaction. Finally, knowledge-intensive culture has moderated and strengthened the relationship between teachers’ skills and methods, effective knowledge-sharing and student satisfaction. This study provides new avenues for the top managements of education institutions to upgrade education system by involving student that is key stakeholder and best evaluator of teacher performance
Towards Measurement and Determinants of Export Diversification: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan
Get PDFThe present study explores determinants and degree of export diversification over time. For this purpose Gini Hirschman Index (GHI) is used to estimate the degree of export diversification. Moreover, this study observes determinant of export diversification by taking time series data of 1980-2015. In case of Pakistan, one can find hardly any study which has discussed estimation and determinants all together. This study applies Auto Regressive Distributive Lag approach to observe long run relationship in underlying variables. The findings of this study indicate that geographic concentration of exports enhances product concentration in exports and reduces export diversification, while foreign direct investment, world income and real effective exchange rate can play significant role in enhancing export diversification. On the other hand trade openness benefits to export concentration. Study suggested to explore new markets for exports of Pakistan and need to get benefit from foreign direct investment, world income and fall in currency value, when government supporting policies complement them.
Mediation of Attitude toward Brand on the Relationship between Service Brand Credibility and Purchase Intentions
Get PDFThe current study empirically examine the interrelationship between service brand credibility, attitude toward brand and purchase intentions. Furthermore, the study also investigates the mediating role of attitude toward brand in understanding the relationship between brand credibility and purchase intentions in service sector of Pakistan. The results are based on the perceptions of universities students (n = 309) regarding fast food restaurants and transport services in Pakistan. Linear regression and Sobel test are used to examine the proposed hypotheses. The results reveal that both brand credibility and attitude toward brand positively impact purchase intentions. The attitude toward brand partially mediates the relationship between brand credibility and purchase intentions. This study provides insights for advertisers and brand managers to manage brand communication campaigns more consciously and deliberately in service sector. The limitations are also discussed along with recommendations for future research
Impact of Interest Rate Differentials on Market Capitalization in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis
Get PDFThe current study finds out the impact of interest rate differentials on capital market. The difference between lending rate and deposit rate has been on the growing for previous few years which affects the saving behavior and investment behavior and growth of capital market. We have estimated that how interest rate factors influence the capital market of the Pakistani economy. The secondary data covering from 1975 to 2013 is collected. We have employed auto regressive distributed lags method (ARDL) for estimation. Different variables are used such as inflation, exchange rate, trade openness, money supply, indirect taxes and gross domestic product. This study finds that interest rate differentials is negatively related with market capitalization but positively related with savings and investment. However, it is also observed that factors such as inflation, exchange rate and indirect taxes are highly significant. This study concludes that interest rate difference is a key determinant of market capitalization in Pakistan. Such findings may imply that decreasing the interest rate differentials could be used as a vehicle for achieving long-term growth of capital market in Pakistan’s case
Distributional Consequences of Remittances: Evidence from Sixty-Five Developing Countries
Get PDFThis paper investigates the distributional consequences of international remittances using a panel data set from sixty five developing economies from 1970 to 2015. It focuses on complementarity between financial development and remittances in determining the inequality-impact of remittances using instrumental variables techniques of panel data for empirical analysis.
The study finds out that inequality-effect of remittances differs between developing economies depending upon the strength of financial sector. International remittances help to the poor by reducing inequality in developing countries where financial markets are comparatively developed. However, the inequality-effect of remittances turns out to be adverse in developing economies where financial markets are underdeveloped. This effect arises because the strength of financial sector and remittances has a complimentary role in determining inequality-effect of remittances. The empirical findings of the study are robust to different specifications, econometrics techniques, additional control variables and subsamples.
This research paper contributes into the literature on inequality and remittances by highlighting the heterogeneity of developing economies in shaping the distributional effects of international remittances. It is first study of its kind, to my knowledge, that provides an empirical analysis of complementarity between financial development and remittances in shaping the inequality-effect of remittances. The main message of this research is that the strength of financial sector in remittances receiving economies is critical in determining the inequality impacts of remittances. Therefore, the governments of developing economies need to improve their financial sectors to take the maximum advantages of international remittances