Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Factors Affecting Nutritional Attitudes among University Adults
Get PDFThe problem of malnutrition has never been good and the information regarding nutrition would be advantageous particularly in case of Pakistan because significant progress of nutrition awareness at regional level is scarce. The focus of this study is to assess the nutritional believes, practice, awareness and participation of university adults towards nutrition. A cross-sectional data on 756 university students was taken. The multivariate regression models are used to find the most significant variables that influence the adult’s attitudes of nutrition awareness. The results revealed that nearly 70 per cent of the adults have no regular meal routine per day. Three types of multivariate models (nutritional awareness, obesity index, meal trait) of nutritional attitudes are estimated. Across three models, males are about two times more obese than female adults. Meal trait has a strong effect on nutritional awareness. This study suggests that the significant factors that may affect nutrition attitudes are gender, district of campus, exposure of cardiovascular diseases, knowledge of diabetes, fat level awareness, obesity and meal trait. It is expected that this study would provide nutritional status of adults which is scarce at regional level in Pakistan
The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Get PDFOrganizational citizenship behavior (OCB) over time has emerged as a topic of debate among scholars and practitioners. What constitutes or encourages such behaviors among employees, especially when they are neither recognized nor paid, is an utmost concern. This study conceptualizes and empirically tests that demonstration of citizenship behaviors is determined by the perceptions which employees hold about the justice in their organization. Furthermore, the relationship between justice perceptions and citizenship behaviors is mediated by the level of job satisfaction among employees. In order to test this hypothesis, this study employed a quantitative strategy and crosssectional survey method for the collection of data. Data was collected from 149 employees through a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data was collected from different organizations of different sectors mainly in Lahore. Findings revealed that positive perception of employees in relation to organizational justice was a significant antecedent to employees’ job satisfaction, which in turn mediated the relationship between justice perceptions and citizenship behaviors. These findings can be helpful for managers and organizational leaders to create justice in all aspects of organizational life. This study has also highlighted that job satisfaction is an important factor to promote citizenship sense through the inclusion of organizational justice. The variables selected for the model were few and it was beyond the scope of this research to incorporate all the factors. This study can improve academics’ understanding of the influence that organizational justice and job satisfaction might have on employees’ organizational citizenship behaviors in their jobs in the context of Pakistan
Quantitative Assessment of Pakistan and China Free Trade Agreement
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to assess the economic impact of tariff eliminations under free trade agreement (FTA) of Pakistan and China on various macroeconomic and trade variables. The objective is to scrutinize the pre and post effect of Pakistan and China FTA on macroeconomic factors like real gross domestic product (GDP), trade balance, output and trade in different sectors, welfare in context of Pakistan. In this regard, the computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling structure of the global trade analysis project (GTAP) model and database is use to analyze the aggregate effect as well as sectorial implications. The GTAP database version 9 has data of 140 countries. Nevertheless, 2 main countries such as Pakistan and China are aggregated separately. Moreover, the database also embedded with data of 57 sectors, which have been aggregated into 43 sectors. The simulation results reveal that under tariff eliminations of Pakistan and China FTA, Pakistan faces negative impact on its economy whereas China gets benefit from the same. China gains in terms of welfare, real GDP and trade balances, while Pakistan losses in terms of welfare, real GDP and trade balances. However, the results identify the potential exports sectors of Pakistan such as textile, wearing apparel, leather products, plant-based fibers, chemical products, vegetable oil and fats, and metal products. Therefore, Pakistan can exploit this opportunity by increasing exports from these sectors to China. This study is useful for policy makers to design appropriate trade policy of Pakistan
Work Family Conflict, Perceived Work Overload and Work Exhaustion in Employees of Banking Sector
Get PDFBanking as a profession in Pakistan entails long work hours and pressures to perform the task in time and with accuracy. These professional responsibilities coupled with pressures from home responsibilities can be a precursor to mental and physical enervation and most importantly work exhaustion. The present cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the role of work family conflict, and perceived work overload in development of work exhaustion among banking professionals. Sample comprised of 125 banking professionals (74 males and 51 females). Results support the independent role of work family conflict and perceived work overload as positive predictors of work exhaustion. The study has important implications in strategic human resource planning and involved better understanding of work exhaustion for maintaining effective organizational performance mainly highlighting the balance between work home contagion and tasks at work
Technological Factors and Adoption of Green Innovation - Moderating Role of Government Intervention: A Case of SMEs in Pakistan
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is twofold; one is to measure the size of the impact of technological factors on the adoption of green innovations in SMEs and second is to test the moderating role of government intervention between technological factors and adoption of green innovations. Technological factors consist of complexity, compatibility, relative advantage and tri-ability of green innovations while green innovations are new environment friendly methods of production. The self-administrative survey approach was used to collect the data through the questionnaire. The random probability sampling technique was used to collect the data from managers, senior executives, and technicians of SMEs. Multiple regression analysis was employed to measure the relationship and size of the impact of technological factors on the adoption of green technology. In addition, a hierarchical regression is used to investigate the moderating role of government intervention between technological factors and adoption of green technology
Development of CSR through Ethical Leadership: Constructive Role of Ethical Culture and Intellectual Capital
Get PDFIn the contemporary era, the scandals of business leaders have shaken the trust and belief of stakeholders in corporate as well as in public sector organizations. The practitioners and scholars are progressively concerned about moral concerns associated with businesses, however, empirical and theoretical developments are still lacking. The prime purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility (CSR) by concentrating on the mediating role of the intellectual capital and ethical culture of the organization. Data for this study was collected through personally administered questionnaire survey from manufacturing sector of Pakistan and utilized 357 questionnaires for analysis. After the collection of data from respondents, statistical tools including correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were employed in the present study. This study concludes that ethical leadership positively affects CSR. This study finds the presence of ethical culture, social capital and human capital as mediator in relationship between ethical leadership and CSR. This study is the first attempt in Pakistan towards the perspective i.e. ethical leadership, ethical culture, and intellectual capital in relation to CSR
Tacit Knowledge Augmented Customer Relationship Management Systems: An Empirical Investigation
Get PDFTacit knowledge (TK) is a core value element important for obtaining a competitive edge for Customer Relationship Management (CRM). CRM is recognized of high value for integrating knowledge in marketing function. The focus on explicit knowledge so far has resulted in neglecting the importance of TK which is embedded in the minds of employees directly interacting with the customers. The Cross Functional Team (CFT) interaction is an important consideration for explicit and TK exploration and intrapolation. This paper aims to tap and process this TK both of customers and employees to incorporate it in strategic marketing decision making. This paper finally proposes a TK Augmented CRM Systems (TKACRMS) model that guides the integration of employees TK in CRM and validates the proposed model with the help of accidences’ of Community of Practice (CoP). The study follows the post-positivist approach as philosophy and triangulation as methodology. An extensive review of literature has been conducted in the domain of marketing, relationship marketing, customer relationship management and knowledge management (particularly TK). After revisiting the definitions of TK and the phenomena associated with the dichotomy of TK, a TK augmented CRM model is developed and empirically tested. The CoP’s support the basic hypothesis and agree that TK augmented CRM system is better than contemporary CRM’s in developing company’s marketing strategy. The main difficulty in Knowledge Management (KM) is the difficulty in diffusing and sharing of TK. CFT suggests the way TK can be diffused and shared across the departments within the organization. The involvement of human being is necessary to interpret the knowledge and specially conceptualize the complexity associated with the TK. The study is subject to all usual research limitations that offer supplement to the future research opportunities.
The study provides the guidance to marketers, top management, decision makers and practitioners to enhance the effectiveness of Strategic Marketing Decision (SMD) making. Integrating TK in CRM system by first developing a model and then empirically testing it with a view to incorporate customers’ TK through employees
State Capacity and Health Outcomes: An Empirical Analysis
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to analytically explore and empirically test the relationship of state capacity with health outcomes using cross sectional and panel datasets of 156 countries from 1970 to 2015. This study uses three dimensions of state capacity namely amount, ability and position. The empirical analysis is conducted using OLS, 2SLS, Fixed Effects, Random Effects and System GMM. Overall results suggest that the role of state capacity is essential in boosting life expectancy and lowering infant mortality. Moreover, the results show that state capacity in terms of ‘ability’ has the largest impact on health outcomes while in terms of ‘position’ its effect is limited. Findings of the study are robust to different specifications, to alternative econometric techniques, and to regional controls. This research paper contributes the literature on health performance differences across countries by highlighting the heterogeneity of state capacity dimensions in shaping the links of state capacity with health outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, it is first study of its kind that provides an empirical analysis of life expectancy with state capacity. Moreover, this study uses Principal Components Analysis of different measures of state capacity and confirms the essential role of state capacity in improving health outcomes. The main implication of this research is that building state capacity is an essential prerequisite to achieve high health outcomes
Relationship of Leadership Styles and Employee Creativity: A Mediating Role of Creative Self-efficacy and Moderating Role of Organizational Climate
Get PDFThe aim of the current study is to explore the relationship between leadership styles and employee creativity through a mediating role of creative self-efficacy and moderating role of organizational climate. The sample of the current study consists of 400 managers from commercial banking sector of Pakistan. To test the relationship multiple regression analysis was applied. Before applying multiple regressions all the assumptions of multiple regression were checked and found it satisfactory. Validity and reliability of the research instrument was also checked. The study found that transformational leadership style was positively and significantly related with employee creativity, while transactional leadership style was negatively related with employee creativity. Furthermore, creative self-efficacy mediates the relationship between leadership styles and employee creativity. Also, organizational climate and its dimensions namely intrinsic recognition, support & impartiality (ISI) and cohesion were positively and significantly related with employee creativity, while organizational climate dimension namely pressure was negatively associated with employee creativity
Achieving Organizational Performance through Knowledge Management Capabilities: Mediating Role of Organizational Learning
Get PDFAround the globe, transformational shift has surged to develop dynamic capabilities for better performance. One of the objectives behind these drastic swings is to readjust resources for organizational wellbeing. The grafting of updated knowledge resources within the existing capabilities is becoming the vital component to multiply the performance factor. This study conveys the pathway to performance with the help of knowledge management capabilities and organizational learning. A multi-group analysis is performed having organizational learning as mediator between knowledge management capabilities and organizational performance using Preacher and Hayes (2004) mediation analysis on 228 responses from multiple ranked employees selected at random from public and private sector banks of Pakistan. The results exhibits substantial positive influence of knowledge management capabilities on enhancing organizational performance and organizational learning partially mediates the relationship between knowledge management capabilities and organizational performance. In addition to this, public sector banks have more responsiveness to knowledge management capabilities in context with organizational performance when compared with private sector banks. These results suggest new avenues for management to attain sustained performance using knowledge management capabilities at prime level; updated technology, supportive culture, knowledge acquisition and application processes. Further, these capabilities are helpful to induce learning environment in organizations that will lead to creativity, innovation, competitive advantage and overall performance. Moreover, technology and knowledge application are factors that are crucial for both types of banks. On the other hand, culture is more decisive for public sector banks and knowledge acquisition is for private sector banks