Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Organizational Commitment Components and Job Performance: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of organizational commitment components on overall job satisfaction and job performance. This study proposes that organizational commitment components have a considerable effect on overall job satisfaction and job performance. It also posits that organizational commitment components influence job performance through overall job satisfaction. The relationships between variables in this study were analyzed by using factor analysis, reliability tests, descriptive statistics, and correlation and regression analyses. A total of 437 useful surveys were collected from employees who are working in furniture manufacturing firms in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study results indicate that “affective” and “normative commitments” have effects on overall job satisfaction. Overall job satisfaction and “affective commitment” affect employees’ job performance. Overall job satisfaction mediates the relationship between “normative” and “affective commitment” and job performance. The study suggests that companies which manufacture furniture in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina can improve employees’ job performance by influencing their job satisfaction
Economic Literacy Levels of Public Officers in Turkey
Get PDFBehaviors of consumers and producers become complex and interdependent in accordance with the developments in the world. This development increases the importance of economic knowledge and it becomes more and more important for the individuals and societies to adapt themselves to this development. Economic literacy is of high importance not only for specific social groups but also all the individuals. However; economic knowledge of the public officers who are in a specific level of income, expense and education within Turkish economy as well as their ability of applying this knowledge on their daily lives and their prospective economic planning as being conscious individuals are of high importance. Increase in economic literacy of the individuals not only affects the individuals but also contributes to the society and country. This study aims at determining and evaluating economic literacy levels of the public officers. It includes public officers working in Tokat city center. Research data has been obtained from 397 participants randomly selected as a result of face to face interviews. Factor analysis, independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance have been applied in the research. It has been determined that averages regarding sub-dimensions of economic literacy of the participants vary depending on gender, age, occupation and income. Economic literacy levels of the public officers have been found high. It is thought the study will be beneficial to politicians, academicians and all decision-makers
Happiness and Environmental Degradation: A Global Analysis
Get PDFThis study contributes to the happiness-environment nexus by introducing the novel measures of environmental degradation such as species protection, marine protected areas and water quality unlike previous literature that mainly emphasized the importance of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in influencing happiness levels. The study also holds the distinction of using for the first time Environmental Performance Index (EPI) data for environmental degradation indicators. The empirical analysis is based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Pooled OLS, Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) techniques. The results suggest that CO2 emissions have strong negative impact on happiness whereas species protection and marine protected areas increase the level of happiness across the selected sample. Furthermore, economic affluence is improving the life satisfaction levels. This analysis emphasizes the need of environmental policies that aim at reducing harmful gasses such as CO2 and nitrous oxide emissions and promoting the factors like protection of bio diversities to ensure healthy functioning of environment and human society. Finally, findings of the study are shown to be robust to different specification, alternative estimation methods, and additional control variables
Mediating Role of Organizational Justice in Relationship between Islamic Work Ethics and Employee Turnover Intention
Get PDFThe prime concern of this study is to probe the relationship between Islamic work ethics (IWE) and employee turnover intention (TI) with the mediation of organizational justice (OJ). Studying this relationship is significantly new in the corporate sector of Pakistan. A sample of 550 employees from the corporate sector of Pakistan was carried out. The results accumulated from the study indicated that Islamic work ethics can play a vital role in the development and progress of organizations as a remedy for modern organizational, social and cultural issues in corporate sector of Pakistan. A questionnaire containing 40 items was adopted. Middle and senior management staff of 32 corporate sector organizations from 10 cities of Pakistan are taken as participants. The results showed that the Islamic work ethics and turnover intention are negatively associated. The mediating effect of overall organizational justice has shown positive mediation between Islamic work ethics and turnover intention. The study concluded that the idea of IWE works as a remedy for the growing ethical crisis of corporate sector organizations of Pakistan which should be infused in organizational culture for sustainable organizational performance and growth
Behavior of Calendar anomalies, market conditions and Adaptive Market Hypothesis: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange
Get PDFThe current study investigates Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH) via five different calendar effects in Pakistan stock market. For the purpose we examine daily returns of KSE-100 index. The sample comprises 24 years over the period from January 1992 to December 2015. We use sub-sample analysis by utilizing eight different subsamples. Each subsample comprises of equal length of observations (three years each). We further examine subsamples to determine which market condition proves more conduce to the performance of these anomalies. Through the study we enhance the existing literature on AMH as the study first time links both Gregorian and Islamic calendar anomalies with Adaptive Market Hypothesis that permits the performance of well-known calendar effects to fluctuate through time. Furthermore, the study first time links the varying behavior of calendar effects with different conditions prevail in the market to determine what market conditions prove to be most favorable for the performance of these anomalies. We find that behavior of all five calendar anomalies evolve over time as their performance vary from time to time and support the AMH. Furthermore, we also find the presence of the five calendar anomalies under study in different proposed market conditions which indicate varying degree of behavior of calendar anomalies in various market conditions. Overall findings of the current study propose that AMH well clarifies the behavior of calendar effects than traditional Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)
Consumer Reaction: Linking Consumer Associations and Cultural Values
Get PDFBrand is one of the most important resources of the company. It contains worth not only for the company but also for the consumers. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of brand associations on consumer reaction, brand associations are separated into personal and social association, further how the cultural values of the consumers affect the associations and consumer response relationship. Mix method research is used in this research, starting with the qualitative research for theory (framework) development and then followed by quantitative research for testing theory for the purpose of enhancing generalizability of the framework. The transportation sector is considered for testing the conceptual framework. Data is collected from passengers through survey method. The result of this research shows that both personal and social associations have positive impact on consumer reaction and cultural values play moderating role in this relationship. Specifically, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance play moderating role between social associations and consumer response relationship while collectivism plays moderating role between the personal associations and consumer response relationship. This study will help the brand managers to identify how cultural values influence the consumer reaction, which associations are contributing towards desired consumer reaction and which associations need to be reinforced
Linking Ethical Leadership to Employees Performance: Mediating Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior
Get PDFThe scandals in recent years due to unethical behavior of leaders have shaken the confidence of stakeholders in public and corporate sectors. The scholars and practitioners are increasingly concerned about ethical issues related to business but still theoretical and empirical developments are lacking. The purpose of present study is to find the relationship of ethical leadership and employees’ performance through mechanisms such as counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior of employees. Drawing on social learning theory and social exchange theory, we propose that top management ethical leadership behavior (EL) contributes to employee’s performance (EP) by enhancing organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and reducing counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Sample to empirically test this framework includes participants such as principals, vice-principals, headmasters, and deputy headmasters of 107 educational institutions. Data were collected through questionnaires. Total questionnaires received were 237 out of 300 and 220 met the research criteria. The response rate was 79% out of which 90 were male and 130 were female participants. The results showed significant direct positive relationship between ethical leadership and employee’s performance. Additionally, results showed that counterproductive work behavior (CWB) partially mediated the relationship between ethical leadership behavior and employee’s performance. Interestingly, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) did not mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ performance. Present study will be a valuable addition to theory-based empirical research in the of field ethical leadership effectiveness. Theoretical and practical implications are also presented at the end
Cross-Level Relationship of Implemented High Performance Work System and Employee Service Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Affective Commitment
Get PDFThis study examines cross-level relationship between implemented high performance work system (HPWS) and employee service related behaviors along with the mediating effects of employees’ affective commitment between this relationship. Although, research studies have confirmed the positive linkage between high performance work system (HPWS) and firm performance. Previous studies were criticized for being management-centric with insights mostly from manufacturing and Western context. Using multilevel approach, this research examines the relationship of bank branch managers\u27 implemented HPWS with (i) employees’ service performance and their (ii) service oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) with a particular focus on studying affective commitment as a mediator. For the purpose of this study, data from branch managers of 323 bank branches operating in Punjab, Pakistan and their 1369 front line employees were used. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was applied to test crosslevel hypotheses of this study. Study results revealed that implemented HPWS was significantly related with employees’ service performance and their service related discretionary behavior. Further, affective commitment partially mediated both the direct relationships between implemented HPWS and employees’ service related behaviors. Empirical findings of this study implied that effectively implemented HPWS by branch managers has the potential to influence affective commitment level of front line employees which further influence their customers service related behaviors. This study contributes by highlighting the potential influence of branch managers’ implemented HPWS on service related behaviors of employees
Developing Brand Relationship Quality through Online Brand Communities
Get PDFManagers are interested in how to develop relationship with customers due to importance of social media based brand communities and changing landscape of communication. Similarly with online brand community platform a new concept emerged i.e. customer brand engagement, focusing on expanded domain of relationship building. In this study we have provided insights about the role of social media based brand communites in customer perception and behavior with regards to identification and engagement with community. In this paper we have developed and estimated a model that whether value creation practices including social netwroking practices, brand use, impression management and commnuity engagegment within social media based brand communities and customer engagement have influence on customer relationship buidling. The paper describes the way brand community identification influences value creation practices in brand communities as well as on customer brand engagement (CBE) and relationship quality. Data was collected through E-questionnaire and 176 valid responses were used for analysis. The data was analyzed using structural equation modelig showing a positive relationship between brand community identification (BCI) and value creation practices including community enagagement, brand use and social networking practice. Moreover, insignifacnt effect of BCI on impression management practices was found. Study discovers signifcant relationship bewteen BCI and CBE. Value creation practices excluding social networking practices and CBE have significant and positive effect on brand relationship quality. This study will provide guideline to managers to enhance brand relationship in technologically advanced world
How Does the Antecedents of Product Country Image affect Willingness to buy foreign Products?
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to test the effect of four antecedents of Product Country Image: i) Materialism, ii) Consumer Ethnocentrism, iv) Value Consciousness and Cosmopolitanism, on Home Product Country Image and Foreign Product Country Image. This relationship has not been tested before in Pakistan. Secondly, the aim was to investigate this impact of Product Country Image on Willingness to Buy. For this purpose the sample size of 616 respondents were selected. All data was collected as primary data through questionnaires sent to college/university students across Lahore, Pakistan. Later, confirmatory factor analysis was done to check the reliability and validity of each constructs employed in this study. After conducting Structural Equation Modeling, we found a significant impact of Materialism; Cosmopolitanism, Value Consciousness and Ethnocentrism on Foreign Product Country Image. Also, Value consciousness and Cosmopolitanism had a significant impact on Home Product Country Image. This provides significance to existing literature and marketing strategies of foreign brands that are operating in Pakistan. Managers can well analyze their target market by the findings of this study. Similarly, foreign product country image was found to have a positive relationship, whereas, Home product country image had a negative impact on Willingness to buy. This implies that Pakistani consumers have a stronger positive effect of foreign brands in their minds as compared to their local brands. They tend to buy those brands which are perceived to be “foreign” brands