Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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The Inter Linkage of Corporate Reputation between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance
Get PDFMany researchers confirm that corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a direct and indirect influence on financial performance. This study examines the mediating effect of corporate reputation between the relationship of corporate social responsibility and financial performance in Pakistan\u27s banking sector. Structural equation modeling has been applied to explore this relationship and the primary data are collected using developed scale. The findings are based on 405 responses from bank employees and the results show that corporate social responsibility significantly influencing financial performance and this relation is partially mediated by customer satisfaction, corporate reputation, and competitive advantage. These results also suggest an increment in CSR activities that enhance financial performance by indirectly targeting the aforementioned intangible assets
Knowledge Creation and Firm Performance: Is Innovation the Missing Link?
Get PDFThis research analyzes the interrelationship among knowledge creation, innovation and firm performance using 350 surveys distributed to middle managers of three Pakistani telecommunication companies. The statistical results confirm the direct association between both knowledge creation and firm performance, and innovation and firm performance. Furthermore, results highlight a potential mechanism for the impact of knowledge creation on firm performance: the partial mediating role of innovation. Results not only present insights to address the question of what drives firm performance, but also contribute to integrate the literature on knowledge management and innovation management. The study advises practitioners to focus on learning-conducive cultures, flexible structures and learning-supportive leadership as strategies to effectively leverage organizational innovation and knowledge creation capacity
Interactive Effects of Workplace Ostracism and Belief in Reciprocity on Fear of Negative Evaluation
Get PDFWorkplace mistreatment is although one of crucial reality of organization’s life that exists inevitably but it may possess certain potential in collaboration with other variables to act into prosocial behaviors. Based on affective events theory (AET) this research study attempts to investigate the impact of workplace ostracism on employees’ fear of negative evaluation. This model explains that workplace ostracism could lead to employees’ fear of negative evaluation but belief in reciprocity as moderator has property to weaken this relationship. In an environment of workplace mistreatment, the belief in reciprocity actually sets the degree of employees’ understanding to avoid fear of negative evaluation by considering themselves responsible first for workplace mistreatment. Data was collected from education sector of Pakistan, comprising faculty and non-faculty members working at different hierarchical levels in public and private school, colleges and universities. Results have confirmed our hypotheses and found the moderating impacts of belief in reciprocity on the relationship between workplace ostracism and fear of negative evaluation. This paper has used SPSS and AMOS tools for data analysis. For practical implication, managers can use implicit property of belief in reciprocity strategically in the interest of organization and employees. According to which belief in reciprocity creates the awareness and direct one’s attention towards previous actions of one self
The Return on Investment for Education in Pakistan
Get PDFThe study provides estimates of the private returns to education in Pakistan by using a random sample of 850 wage earners including male and female from different professions between age group 15-65 years from Multan district. This study provided a novel contribution by providing an in-depth analysis of return on investment for education by focusing on both aspects of education like quantity and quality of education and in case of quantity, education is treated both as a continuous and discrete variable. By using ordinary least square technique and by following the procedure of Mincer earning function this study examined the earning disparities due to gender, location (rural–urban), marital status, medium of instruction and found that female wage earners have higher returns to education. Similarly, people living in urban areas enjoy high returns to investment in education. Due to greater job mobility unmarried workers get higher returns while in case of levels of education returns increases gradually. In case of qualitative returns we found that English medium of instruction plays a highly significant and positive role in earnings
Does Environmental Disclosure Relate to Environmental Performance? Reconciling Legitimacy Theory and Voluntary Disclosure Theory
Get PDFThis paper seeks to understand the relationship between corporate environmental disclosure and corporate environmental performance in a Pakistani context. Also, this paper aims to understand whether patterns of environmental disclosure varies between the different categories (good, bad and mixed) of environmental performance. The data were taken from the annual reports and sustainability reports of 78 sample firms listed on a Pakistan stock exchange for the year 2014 and 2015. The empirical results indicate that environmental disclosure is significantly associated with environmental performance. Both Good performers and Bad performers have increased their level of disclosure toward environmental concern as compared to mixed performers. The increase in the level of disclosure by good performers can be explained through the voluntary disclosure theory as an attempt to differentiate themselves from others. The increase in the level of disclosure by bad performers can be explained through legitimacy theory as an attempt to change the public perception. The findings of this paper are of practical importance to the investors and other regulatory authorities as they should be cautious while interpreting increase in disclosures related to environmental activities. This study provides empirical evidence that an increase in environmental disclosure may not be a valid signal to differentiate the Good and Bad environmental performers
Do they care what they believe? Exploring the Impact of Religiosity on Intention to Purchase Luxury Products
Get PDFThis paper aims to examine whether religion influences the purchase decision of potential customers. It is generally believed that Islam is a religion which provides holistic guidelines to its followers regarding all facets of life. Thus, it is interesting to know how strongly Islam impacts consumers’ decision making. Islamic marketing is an emerging discipline which has initiated numerous interesting scholarly debates and resulted in conducting empirical studies in order to gauge the extent to which Muslim consumers follow religious teachings when it comes to decision making regarding purchase of products and services. In the same vein, this paper has examined the impact of religion on purchase intention of luxury products in Pakistan. In a bid to collect the data, mall intercept survey was performed. Data was analyzed using Smart PLS. Findings of the study indicate that religiosity does not moderate the relationship between attitude, belief, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and purchase intention towards luxury products. This paper would provide useful implications to marketers of luxury products as they would get an insight regarding the effect of religion on consumers’ purchase decisions; thus, they can come up with effective marketing strategies and offer products and services which are compatible with consumers’ religious beliefs
Neglected Heterosecdasticity on Foreign Direct Investment Outcomes and Employed Labor Force in South Asia
Get PDFThe elemental intend of the study is the clarification on the employment effect of inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The challenges faced by the developing economies, of which South Asia (SA) is not away, in context of the measures to have maximum absorptions of the existing labor force are however easier said than to be done. The study opts four of the big economies of SA for the realization of FDI and employment tie-ups. The data range for 31 year, since start from 1980. It is nevertheless striking to bring into practice the altogether computation of more than one regression equation. To do so, methodology of Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) is used and thereby establishes three salient outcomes: a); FDI is significant in effecting employment, b); FDI effects of employment are moderate, c); FDI tends to have dissimilar direction of effects on the selected countries. At the concluding stage, it is suggested to view sector specific effects of FDI and nevertheless recommended for the righteous channelization of foreign capital for better job enhancement
Mediating effect of Ethical Climate between Organizational Virtuousness and Job Satisfaction
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational virtuousness and job satisfaction with a mediating role of ethical climate. The study follows an explanatory research design. We hypothesized that increase in the perceived virtuousness in the presence of an improved ethical climate will lead to a greater job satisfaction. This hypothesized relationship is tested using data from 271 faculty members working with four universities in Pakistan. To collect the data, a questionnaire was developed using recognized scales. The internal consistency of the scale is checked through Cronbach’s alpha. The data analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficients and mediation analysis. Mediation analysis is done by applying PROCESS (Hayes, 2012).
The results show that ethical climate partially mediates the effect of organizational virtuousness on job satisfaction. This paper advances suggestions to the upper management in the education sector that how organizational virtuousness and ethical climate can increase the job satisfaction among academicians. When the employees experience compassion, love and forgiveness, they may have a stronger tendency to own the organization and the satisfaction with their jobs increases. The findings of this study have practical as well as policy implications. In addition, the empirical evidence provided in this study may open the future avenues of research in this domain. This paper has two major contributions. First, it introduces ethical climate as the mediator between organizational virtuousness on job satisfaction. Secondly, it provides a robust empirical analysis by using a relatively more sophisticated macro called PROCESS by Hayes (2012)
The Mediating Role of Positive Psychological Capital between Perceived Leadership Styles and Workplace Advice Network Closeness
Get PDFThis paper attempts to explore mediation by positive psychological capital (PsyCap) between perceived leadership styles (PLS) and workplace advice network closeness. Fifteen different groups with a composition of 20-25 members were randomly selected in small workplaces which reached a total sample size of 329 cases. Data were collected using a partly-borrowed questionnaire of 30 items (12 for total PsyCap; 18 for PLS) and a sociometric matrix to measure workplace advice network closeness. Results of the categorical regression analyses (CATREG) showed PLS moving from authoritative to laissez-faire reduced the closeness of followers in the workplace advice network. The same shift in the leadership styles from authoritative to laissez-faire improved followers’ PsyCap. Furthermore, an improved PsyCap of the followers tended to improve the closeness centrality. As advice is a very comprehensive term, further studies into knowledge sharing, flow instruction and directions may be carried out to advance the field of knowledge. Further, studies on how individual components of PsyCap affect closeness may also be considered
Influence of Transformational Leadership Components on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
Get PDFLeadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and trust have become important processes for an organization in recent years. One of the contemporary human resource management functions in the organizations involves engaging in leadership development, improving organizational trust and organizational commitment and increasing job satisfaction. This research is conducted with an intention to investigate the impact of components pertains to transformational leadership (TL) by exercising dilemmas as employee (satisfaction & commitment), being engaged in Islamic banking sector; whereas TL components like; idealized influence (II), inspiration motivation (IM), intellectual stimulation (IS) and individualized consideration (IC) were taken into consideration. A two stage cluster sampling design is used for the selection of sample from 5 Islamic banks of Pakistan from Gujranwala division having 56 branches. 319 employees of 25 branches are used and information is collected through structured questionnaire having 26 items on likert scale of 5 point. The factor analysis, structural equation modeling, group mean comparison and discriminant analysis is used for the data analysis. Findings of study reveal that TL components have significant influence with respect to job satisfaction along with organizational commitment of employees. Contribution of this study is towards both administrative and managerial scenarios’, yet senior management need to focus on core components of TL while designing the policies for the strategic implementation. Furthermore, this investigation was conducted in only one country having unstable economic and political affairs that effect individuals’ moods, added inquiries needs to be conducted in better economic conditions for research exploration perspectives