Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Compulsive Buying Behavior: Antecedents, Consequences and Prevalence in Shopping Mall Consumers of an Emerging Economy
Get PDFThe purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship of compulsive buying with its antecedents and consequences and estimates the prevalence of compulsive buying behavior among shopping mall visitors of Pakistan. Data was collected data from 895 systematically selected fashion-clothing consumers from shopping malls through mall intercept method. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was applied via AMOS to test the hypothesis. Stress and self-esteem were the most robust antecedents of compulsive buying behavior. Results indicate that compulsive buyers tend to feel positive after buying and tend to hide their purchases. 26.1 % of shopping mall consumers were classified as compulsive buyers. Significantly higher percentage of women was found to be compulsive as compared to men. Psychologists, therapists and financial councilors may use universal classification scheme developed in this study to identify and devise intervention strategies and recommend financial management or psychological treatment to consumers accordingly. This study revised compulsive buying index (Revised-CBI) that provides higher reliability, validity and applicability to the emerging economies. This study devised a universal classification scheme of compulsive buyers (normal, recreational, borderline, compulsive and addictive), unlike previous dichotomous classification. This study also provides the first estimate of compulsive buying prevalence in Pakistan
Education and within Groups Earning Inequality in Pakistan
Get PDFThe present study focuses on identifying and estimating the extent of earning inequality due to increase in the level of education in Pakistan. Utilizing four rounds of household level surveys conducted at national level during 2001-2014, the study analyzes the effect of education on earning inequality within workers having same level of education. Quantile regression is employed to estimate and test earning inequality within workers having primary, secondary and tertiary education respectively. The results confirm that there is significant heterogeneity in the returns within each level of education. Such disparities are shown to be larger for workers at upper quantiles of the earnings distribution versus the lower counterpart. The results also show that within-group earning inequality is higher for workers with tertiary education than with secondary and primary education. Finally, the findings suggest that earning inequality does not remain same over time. These dynamic changes have enlarged lower as well as upper tail of earning distribution causing further income inequality in Pakistan. Therefore, these findings has identified that heterogeneity in the returns has very serious implication for distribution of income, general welfare and labor markets in Pakistan
Impact of Neurotransmitters, Emotional Intelligence and Personality on Investor’s Behavior and Investment Decisions
Get PDFMainstream of the investors and investment advisory consultants suggest and focus on standard finance models and do not take into account the behavioral and neurological dimensions of finance as neurotransmitters, emotional intelligence and personality of investors. These aspects of individual investors can cause of several mistakes while investing in stock market. The primary data of 455 investors from Pakistan Stock Exchanges is used for analysis. The data analysis performed with the help of Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM by using the reflective-formative type constructs as guided by Becker et al., (2012). The empirical evidence of the study reveals that personality dimensions especially openness and consciousness as well as emotional intelligence dimensions especially self emotions apraisal and regulation of emotions have significant relations with the behavioral features of investor especially investment horizon, personalization of loss and control level. Similarly, neurotransmitter’s dimensions dopamine and epinephrine have significant relation with investment decisions of indiviual investors. In view of this, emotional intelligence, neurotransmitters and personality collectively have 13.2% impact on ivestor behavior and these dimensions collectively have 4.1% impact on investment decisions of individual investor. The study opens new horizon by providing supplemented inner view of investor’s behavior and their decision’s in the stock market of Pakistan and demands more effort to determine universal latent constructs for combine model of neurofinance and behavioral finance. However, limitation of study is that it does not analyze the current model beyond the current sample size for stock market of other regions of the world
Negative Word of Mouth and Online Shopping: Examining the Role of Psychological Contract Violation, Trust and Satisfaction
Get PDFIn a highly competitive e-retailing world, service provision fulfilling the customer’s expectations plays a crucial role in survival and sustainability of buyer-seller relationship. However, service failure could result in negative outcomes due to destruction of this relationship. From buyer-seller relationship perspective in online shopping context, the research regarding negative word of mouth (NWOM) resulting from psychological contract violation (PCV) is scarce and demands attention. Therefore, building on Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model and PCV theory, this study examined the direct impact of PCV on NWOM through the mediating mechanism of trust and satisfaction. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and results were analyzed through structural equation modeling. The findings emphasized that PCV, due to unmet expectations of consumers in online shopping experience, positively influence NWOM directly and as well through satisfaction and trust. Both satisfaction and trust partially mediated the relationship between PCV and NWOM. These findings mainly contribute in the field of online retailing and suggest ways such as avoiding delivery delay of product, variation in quality of product, making it easy for customer to claim refund, non-delivery of product or out-of-stock items on online catalogs etc. Avoiding these can strengthen the buyer-seller relationship proactively via service provision in order to minimize the destructive negative outcomes
Revisiting the Relationship between Ability and Sheepskin Effects of Schooling on Individual Earnings: The Case of Pakistan
Get PDFSignificant amount of recent research continues to produce evidence in support of the presence of sheepskin effects in returns to schooling both for developed and developing countries. However, researchers have not made many attempts to identify or empirically test the possible mechanisms that may generate such effects. A few noteworthy exceptions are Flores-Lagunes and Light (2010) for the U. S., Riddle (2008) for Canada and Shabbir & Ashraf (2011) and Shabbir (2013) for Pakistan.
Shabbir and Ashraf (2011) summarily reports that the sheepskin effects for rural Pakistan persist in the face of controls for measures of innate and cognitive ability. The present paper revisits this issue and adds value by presenting and discussing all of the relevant empirical estimates in full detail. Further, the present analysis fully updates the review of the literature as well as the various aspects of the pertinent debate surrounding the nature of the sheepskin effects.
This study reconfirms that significant sheepskin effects exist for rural Pakistan for diplomas obtained by completing primary, high school and perhaps also FA and BA levels. Further, according to the detailed empirical regression results presented and discussed in this paper, the sheepskin effects prove to be robust both to an inclusion of measure of innate ability (Raven Progressive Matrices) and „cognitive‟ ability (specially administrated tests of literacy and numeracy). This implies that sheepskin effects „signal‟ individual characteristics unrelated to these measures of ability. The findings have significant policy implications about the nature of the private vs. social returns to schooling
Self-Congruence Facets and Emotional Brand Attachment: The Role of Product Involvement and Product Type
Get PDFConsumers have emotional bond with the brands that are closer to their self-concept. The product involvement is consumers’ perception of relevance of a product with needs, goals and consumers’ self-concept. Therefore, the study aims to reconsider the role of product involvement in the association of self-congruence facets and emotional brand attachment. Furthermore, the study investigates the association of self-congruence facets and emotional brand attachment depending upon product type. The study followed a mixed method research approach and involved a focus group study and a survey. Hypotheses testing (through AMOS and Process Macro) indicated that ideal self-congruence yielded substantial influence on product involvement and emotional brand attachment. Whereas, ideal self-congruence direct effect on emotional brand attachment turned out to be insignificant in presence of mediator. Furthermore, the effect of product involvement on emotional brand attachment significantly depends upon product type. The conditional indirect effect of self-congruence facets was stronger for hedonic brands as compared to utilitarian brands. The study contributes to marketing literature by discovering product involvement as processing mechanism between the debate of self-congruence facets and emotional brand attachment. The study is first in nature to investigate the moderating role of product type in the relationship and exploring conditional indirect on emotional brand attachment
The Impact of Self-Concept and its Congruence with Different Brands on Purchase Intention: Evidence from Pakistani Consumers
Get PDFCurrent research explores the effect of self-congruity (matching one‟s self with brands) on brand attitude causing purchase intention. Mostly marketers communicate the conception that their brand matches with how ideally consumers want to see themselves. So, there is an imperious self-congruity effect applied to most brands universally. This research validates the previous theories of self-congruity in Pakistani context by confirming the positive consequence of self-congruity on brand-attitude and purchase intention. Current information is highly significant for segmentation as well as branding and promotional strategies. After initial data screening, statistics from 250 respondents was analyzed by using structural equation modeling (SEM, used here after) for verification of measurement as well as structural models. The results verified the theories of self-congruity and it is recommended that better targeting is required by understanding perceived self of the target market to be used in brand communication strategies. Findings of this study revealed that consumers evaluate brands by matching them with their perceived self (self-image) and accordingly develops attitude towards brands which ultimately influences their purchase intention i.e. those brands are preferred which matches with one‟s perceived self-image. Findings also confirmed that Self-Congruity (the perception about one‟s self) effects the consumer‟s choice to prefer a particular brand (which matches to their perceived self) in the form of brand attitude which ultimately determines purchase intention. This understanding could be further used to improve segmentation and targeting decisions
The Role of Creative Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation in Delighting Customers: The Mediating Role of Positive Psychological Capital
Get PDFDelighting customers is attracting considerable attention of researchers from aruond the globe. So, the current study examines frontline employees’ perceptions to perform delightful services by highlighting the effect of creative self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation through the intervention of positive psychological capital.
Simple random sampling technique was applied to choose the sample. The data was gathered from different service-related brands working across Punjab, Pakistan. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the model.
The findings of this study assert that both creative self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation have a direct and indirect impact on employees’ behavior to perform delightful services. The outcome of the study has significant theoretical and practical contributions
Effect of Performance Expectancy and Effort Expectancy on the Mobile Commerce Adoption Intention through Personal Innovativeness among Pakistani Consumers
Get PDFGlobal environment is now changing drastically, and a revolutionary change has been observed in consumer buying behavior, radically shifting from physically environment to mobile commerce. Regardless of the previous researches that has executed by researches over the last two decades on the adoption behavior of mobile commerce in a field of marketing and IT, further empirical investigation is required to explore the individual characteristic such as personal innovativeness that stimulate the consumers to adopt the mobile commerce services. Primarily this research is conducted to understand the relationships among performance expectancy, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and behavioral intentions in a Pakistani consumer market and how individual variable dubbed personal innovativeness mediates the relationship among performance expectancy, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and behavioral intentions using framework of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The study has conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 320 users of mobile commerce in total. Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is used through AMOS version 23. Results show that the performance expectancy and effort expectancy are significantly influence the behavioral intentions to adopt mobile commerce with significant effect of mediator and the results for this study could be fruitful for telecommunication, mobile commerce companies and marketers in formulating strategies to attract potential consumers effectively and efficiently. The present study enriches and adds value to limited literature on performance expectancy, effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and behavioral intentions. In addition, personal innovativeness has not been inspected earlier as a mediating variable
Service Innovation and Service Innovation Performance: A Study of Banking Services
Get PDFThis study empirically examines the relationship between service innovation and service innovation performance. Typology of service innovation (SI) based on new service offering/product (NSO), new service process (NSP) and new service business model (NSBM)is tested for their likely effect on service innovation performance (SIP) of banks from a developing country context in the face of business environment (BE) characterized by dynamism and competitiveness. It uses quantitative data gathered through cross-sectional self-administered survey questionnaire on a 5 -point Likert-type scale from a sample of 220 managers from the banking organizations to predict the impact of service innovation on service innovation performance. Data are analyzed through SPSS-19 and Amos-18 by means of bivariate correlation and regression. Results indicate a strong impact of multi-dimensional service innovation on service innovation performance. Each dimension of service innovation significantly predicts service innovation performance. Business environment theorized in terms of competition and uncertainty fails to moderate the relationship between service innovation and service innovation performance. In this way, this study offers many valuable insights in the field of service innovation and performance management areas which can be valuable to several stakeholders such as researchers, practitioners and policy makers in developing and implementing optimum service innovation strategies to augment and synergize performance of their services