Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Economic Growth Nexus: A Comparative Global Analysis
Get PDFThis paper analyzes the impact of diverse ICT indicators on economic growth at both global and regional levels. The analysis is based on a sample of 149 counties over the period 1980-2015. The empirical exercise is based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Pooled OLS, Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) techniques. The results show that all indicators of ICT accelerate both global and regional economic growth. However, some indicators such as online service, telecommunication infrastructure and e-government are comparatively more conducive in enhancing economic growth. The analysis for the subsamples of developed, emerging and developing countries reveal that emerging and developing countries are gaining more form ICT than developed countries, validating the argument that these economies are ‗leapfrogging‘ through ICT. Moreover, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of ICT indicators also confirms the results. Findings of the study are shown to be robust to different specifications, to alternative econometric techniques, to different control variables, and to regional sub-samples. This study contributes to the economic growth ICT nexus by introducing the novel measures of ICT infrastructure such as telecommunication, online service and e-government index unlike previous literature that mainly emphasized the importance of fixed telephone and broadband subscriptions. Findings of the study imply that investment in ICT infrastructure is essential to take the maximum benefit from the knowledge economy of 21st century
Diagnosing Culture of Public Organization Utilizing Competing Values Framework: A Mixed Methods Approach
Get PDFDiagnosis of culture is extremely important and in great demand in literature particularly when it comes to public organizations which operate in complex and compelling social, political and economic environment. Scholars and practitioners also affirm that examining the culture of public organizations is a very complex and challenging task. It is well-known that any organizational development initiatives through a change of culture failed dramatically because the culture diagnosis is either ignored or not understood. Incidentally, in the public sector, empirical findings of the cultural diagnosis are either non-existent or sketchy. Therefore, we comprehensively diagnose the culture of a public organization by utilizing the most widely used competing values framework through sequential explanatory mixed method approach (a survey, observations and in-depth interviews). This ambitious research approach is undoubtedly very rare in diagnosing public sector organizational culture. This study accepts this challenge to make a meaningful contribution and analyses the culture concerning the competing values of flexibility/stability and internal/external relationship. Results indicated that a reliance on the hierarchy culture did exist, while managers want to depart from this bureaucratic culture and adopt the characteristics of the clan culture
Age-Structure, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Developing Economies: A Disaggregated Analysis
Get PDFIt is attempted to explore the role of change in age-structure and human capital in economic growth of developing countries. A disaggregated panel analysis of 67 developing economies across regions and income groups over the time period of 1960-2014 is conducted. Difference Generalized Method of Moments (Diff-GMM) is employed to overcome the panel-specific problems particularly endogeneity and reverse-causation. The results reveal that changes in age-structure and human capital positively influence economic growth at all disaggregated levels. However, the effect is more powerful in relatively developed regions and high income groups. There is high speed of convergence for less developed economies and vice versa. It may be concluded that change in agestructure and human capital affect the regional and income groups of the economies by different magnitude and pace. Based on empirical results, the Sub-Saharan Africa and lowincome economies where transition in age-structure is in its initial phase, population policies should be focused on reducing fertility to accelerate the economic growth. Human capital growth should be another part of the policy for having the demographic dividends
Congruence of Market Orientation and Organizational Learning: Performance Perspective
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between market orientation, organizational learning and organizational performance. The study follows quantitative research strategy and cross-sectional survey design to collect data from manufacturing firms operating in Pakistan. Regression analysis and structural equation modeling techniques are used to analyze data. Results indicate that both market orientation and organizational learning significantly affect organizational performance. Additionally, customer orientation and inter-functional coordination are also positively related with all dimensions of organizational learning. Competitor orientation is significantly related with only knowledge interpretation dimension of organizational learning. This research explains how customer knowledge and competitor knowledge is instrumental towards an organization’s learning behavior. This research is valuable to practitioners as they can learn how customer knowledge can provide them with multiple opportunities to create superior value. Similarly, competitor related knowledge is instrumental in drawing a competitive strategy to win customers. This paper is novel as it confirms market orientation as an antecedent of organizational learning. Furthermore, the paper explores significant implications of components of market orientation for organizational learning sub processes
Despotic Leadership and Employees Outcomes: Mediating Effect of Impression Management
Get PDFThis article aims at analyzing the mediating role of impression management in the relationship between despotic leadership and the employees‟ outcomes which include organizational career growth, job performance and creativity. Using self motive theory, we hypothesize that despotic leaders might force individuals, out of fear or out of personal self-interests, to engage in impression management techniques thus promoting high career growth, job performance and creativity. Field survey was used for the collection of data at three different time intervals containing a time lag of one and a half month between each time wave from respondents serving at different positions in public sector organization and their peers. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to test and verify the hypothesis of the study. The results prove the mediating role of impression management in the relationship between despotic leadership and the employee\u27s outcomes. The study attempts to bridge a gap in the dark side of leadership through opening up a sunny side of a negative leader that how and why a dark leader such as despotic leader might produce positive outcomes for followers
Does the Participation in CSR Activities Enhance Information Diffusion? Evidence from US Firms
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firm-specific information diffusion from 1,219 non-financial US firms between 2000 and 2012. By using Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation, we found evidence that suggests that stock prices of socially responsible firms have higher levels of firm-specific information diffusion. However, the size of firms plays a negative moderating role in this relationship. There is a positive and significant relationship between primary (technical) CSR activities and information diffusion among larger firms, while this relationship is reversed for secondary (institutional) CSR activities for similar firms. This study contributes to existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the CSR-Informativeness relationship, the moderating role of firm size and identifying the importance of primary stakeholders’ CSR in US firms. This study has important policy implications for company management as it provides legitimacy to their CSR engagements, and to investors that CSR engagements should be considered as pricing factor
The Role of Trust and Social Presence in Social Commerce Purchase Intention
Get PDFSocial commerce is a new advancement of e-commerce that merges the commercial and social activities by deploying social technologies into e-commerce sites. Social commerce reintroduces e-commerce from the perspective of social media/ networks. This study was aimed to evaluate the individuals’ intention towards social commerce in Pakistani context. The research model was examined in the light of positivist paradigm adapted questionnaire distributed among the people to yield data about the study constructs. The researchers employed PLS-SEM approach by using Smart PLS software to examine the hypothesized relationships. The findings suggest that social presence significantly influences the individuals’ intention towards social commerce with the mediation of customers’ experience. Furthermore, trust disposition, integrity of seller, competency of seller, and benevolence of seller positively shape the trust in marketplace. Moreover, trust in marketplace directly and significantly influences the individuals’ electronic word-ofmouth and purchase intention towards social commerce. Theoretically, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the effect of social presence and trusting beliefs on individuals’ electronic word-of-mouth and purchase intention towards social commerce. Finally, practical implications for nurturing thriving businesses in social commerce environment along with limitations and directions for future research have also been provided
Examining Entrepreneurial Intentions in Adult Population in China and Pakistan: GEM Data Evidence
Get PDFThis research manuscript is aimed at to examine entrepreneurial intentions through the cognitive approach of Chinese and Pakistani adults. Data for this research was acquired from the database of GEM 2012 APS Global Individual Level. The entrepreneurial intention was a dependent variable while independent variables were individual perceptions, socio-cultural perceptions and perceptions of economic opportunities. Their effect on intentions is tested along with some control variables. Four logistic regressions were employed to test three hypotheses. Fear of failure was not found as a significant predictor of entrepreneurial intentions in both countries. Gender is also not a significant predictor of entrepreneurial intentions in China. But it is significant in Pakistan; therefore, we can say that males are more likely to hold entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistan. The results of role model, self-efficacy and perception of economic opportunities are positive and significant predictors of entrepreneurial intentions in both countries. From socio-cultural perceptions, status and respect and news in media have been found strong predictors of entrepreneurial intentions among Chinese adults while career choice and news in media have been found strong predictors of entrepreneurial intentions among Pakistani adults. Pakistani government should encourage Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority to provide basic entrepreneurial training (Entrepreneurial Idea Generation) to adults and commercial and micro-finance banks/institutes to lend small and big loans to adults who prefer to open their firms/businesses
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Environmental Sustainability: A Comparative Empirical Analysis
No full textThis study conducts a comparative empirical analysis of 132 developed and developing economies to explore the links of ICT with environment over the period 1980-2016. The empirical analysis is based on Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation techniques. Theoretically environmental effects of ICT are ambiguous. To settle it empirically, this study points out the heterogeneous consequences of ICT for environment in developed and developing countries. Findings of the study suggest that ICT has the power to determine ecological future of the world. However, its favorable outcomes are observed only in developed countries while adverse impacts prevail in developing countries. The empirical results confirm „Greening through ICT‟ hypothesis for developed countries implying that ICT is an effective tool to mitigate environmental degradation. Moreover, „Environmental Kuznets‟ hypothesis is also confirmed which implies that the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita is non-monotonic. The empirical analysis is based on novel measures of ICT such as online service, telecommunication infrastructure and electronic government unlike previous literature that generally emphasized only internet as a measure of ICT. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that identifies heterogeneous outcomes of ICT between developed and developing countries. Findings of the study imply that investment in ICT infrastructure is essential for environmental sustainability only in the case of developed countries.
Impact of Ethical Leadership on Organizational Cronyism through Mediating Role of Ethical Culture and Moderating Role of Leader Member Exchange
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to develop a mediation model for understanding how ethical leadership influences organizational cronyism via ethical culture. This study further investigates the role of leader–member exchange in moderating the effects of ethical culture on organizational cronyism. In contrast to previous research, which has examined the direct effects of ethical leadership on ethical culture, our study examined the underlying mediated and moderated mechanism. A representative sample of 306 employees was collected from organizations operating in private sector. Inferential statistics was applied with the help of descriptive, correlation, moderated and mediated regression analysis. Results confirmed all the direct hypothesis as well as the mediating role of ethical culture was substantiated between ethical leadership and organizational cronyism. LMX also moderated the inverse relationship between ethical culture and organizational cronyism such that the relationship was stronger for employees enjoying high leader member exchange relationship. Discussion and implications are presented based on the results of the study