Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Moderating Role of Leader-Member Exchange between the Relationship of Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Get PDFExtensive research has examined the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior, with mixed results. Most of these studies have used self-reported measuring instruments, and several have used dyadic data to avoid common methodological biases. This study sought to determine the relative impact of organizational justice dimensions on the organizational citizenship behavior of individuals (OCBI) and the organizational citizenship behavior of organizations (OCBO). It uses a double dyad method (faculty member-colleague and faculty member supervisor), involving data from 151 faculty groups working in private higher education institutions of Pakistan. The data was analyzed using moderated regression analysis through AMOS software. The results revealed that distributive justice and procedural justice are related to altruism, courtesy, and civic virtues, while interactional justice is only correlated with courtesy. Additionally, leader-member exchange (LMX) was found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior
Strategic Renewal of Hotel Industry in Developing Countries through Human Capital Development, Ambidextrous Learning and Dynamic Capabilities
Get PDFIn recent years, strategic renewal has become a projecting area in contemporary management research. It refers to the process that allow businesses to change their strategic intent, learning and capabilities. This paper seeks to develop a theoretically perspective on the active nature of the association among human capital development and strategic renewal of firm in small scale hotel industry. Moreover, to understand the positive role of human capital development, the current study has also analysed ambidextrous learning as a mediator and the moderating role of dynamic capabilities. Data were collected through questionnaires from 416 managers/owners of small-scale hotels (budget hotels) functioning in the tourist destinations of Pakistan. To analyse the data, hierarchical regression was used which provided very interesting results. This study indicates that human capital development positively predicts strategic renewal. Furthermore, ambidextrous learning mediates the relationship among human capital development and strategic renewal. Moreover, the results confirm that dynamic capabilities reinforce the association of human capital development and strategic renewal. Limited studies provide holistic approach to examine the preconditions for strategic renewal. This study also reveals that development of human capital plays a critical role for strategic renewal in the presence of ambidextrous learning.
An Exploratory Study of Cognitive, Social and Normative Dimensions of Female Entrepreneurship within Transition Economies: Evidence from India and Vietnam
Get PDFPrior research conducted on budding female entrepreneurship did not highlight the transition nations such as Asia experiencing relatively faster economic growth and socioeconomic transformation. The role of contextual environment and motivation type in female entrepreneurship has not been adequately researched. This exploratory study of the association between the cognitive, social, and normative determinants of nascent female entrepreneurship activities in the two transition economies of India and Vietnam. This comparative study used the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database of 2015 for data collection. Data analysis of individual surveys from the database was conducted for selected categorical variables by using nonparametric tests of association for cross-tabulation (Chi-square test). The results show that the cognitive, social, and normative factors have a significant role in nascent female entrepreneurial levels in India and Vietnam. Socio-cultural influences play a dominant role in influencing and shaping women\u27s entrepreneurial career choices to start a business. Moreover, women\u27s entrepreneurial intentions is a product of the dynamic interaction of cognitive, social, and cultural factors at the individual (micro), social (meso), and cultural (macro) levels. This comparative country study of two middle-income transition South Asian economies creates insight into the gender and motivation specific contextualized roles of cognitive and normative factors associated with nascent entrepreneurship at the country level. No prior other study has evaluated the contextualized role of women entrepreneurship\u27s cognitive and social determinants by comparing two countries with similar economic and socio-cultural environments. The findings of the study can be used by policymakers to make better-informed decisions to promote women entrepreneurs by curating contextspecific policies
Influence of Toxic Leadership on Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Psychological Wellbeing and Employee Engagement
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to examine the presence of toxic leadership in banking sector of Pakistan with its influence on various job related outcomes which are psychological wellbeing, employee engagement and turnover intention of employees. Through random sampling technique six conventional private and public banks were selected based on quantitative approach. In total, 393 participants completed a self-completion structured questionnaire based on voluntary participation. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique was employed by using SmartPLS version 3.0. Results supported the presence of toxic leadership in banking sector of Pakistan due to which turnover intention increases. Toxic leaders also seemed to have significant negative influence on psychological wellbeing and employee engagement. Furthermore, the relationship among toxic leadership and employee’s turnover intention is partially intervened by psychological wellbeing and employee engagement. Understanding leaders’/supervisors’ behavior is essential for banks which assist them in retaining employees by creating an environment that boost their wellbeing and make them engaged in their work. The HR managers should focus on considering employees’ feedback regarding their supervisors in the form of survey or one on one interviews which will help in identifying supervisors with toxic traits. This study contributes to the existing literature by studying an understudied emerging concept of toxic leadership and its various consequences in the banking sector of Pakistan. This study is the first to consider toxic leaders as an antecedent of turnover intention in banking sector in Pakistani context
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises: Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Competencies
Get PDFSmall and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the development of an economy. Looking at this perspective, it is imperative to develop the entrepreneurial orientation and to update the entrepreneurial competencies in order to perform in this competitive environment. This research study focuses specifically on these aspects and attempts to establish the need of identifying entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial competencies in entrepreneurs in order to enhance enterprise performance. Researchers have collected the data from SMEs in Pakistan using simple random sampling technique. Partial least square based structural equation modeling is used in order to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses. Analysis revealed positive relationships between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial competencies, entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial performance, entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial performance. Moreover, entrepreneurial competency has proved to be a mediator between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial performance. Resource based view explains the importance of entrepreneurs as competent resources in playing vital role in escalating the performance level of SMEs. Lastly, this study can be used by different stakeholders to emphasize more on developing the competency level of entrepreneurs and determining the level of orientation towards better performance of enterprises.
Role of Corporate Identity, Image and Reputation in Investors Behavioral Decision Making: Does Emotional Attachment Matter?
Get PDFThe aim of this study is to examine the intervening effect of investor emotional attachment between corporate reputation and investors’ behavioral decision-making in the context of Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). Specifically, an attempt is made to investigate the indirect effect between corporate identity and investors’ behavioral decision making via corporate image, emotional attachment, and corporate reputation. The data collected from 220 individual small equity investors, who maintained their stock accounts through stockbrokers in PSX. Structural equation modeling was used to test the study hypotheses with help of SPSS. Results confirmed the partial mediation effect of emotional attachment between corporate reputation and investors’ behavioral decision making. In addition, Results supported the indirect effect between corporate identity and investors’ behavioral decision making via corporate image, emotional attachment, and investors’ behavior. The findings provide fundamental facts to the executives of the firms in Pakistan who want to assess the investor’s behavioral decision-making in the equity markets. Further, this study will help to understand the emotional aspects of the individual investors and will enable the policymakers and corporations to understand the decision making behavior of the individual small equity investors and draw their future policies to regulate the equity markets
Linking Employees Change-Related Self-Efficacy, Change Readiness and Commitment to Change
Get PDFBased upon the theory of planned behavior, this research intends to examine the direct impact of employees’ change-related self-efficacy on their commitment to the change process. Further, employees’ readiness for change is proposed as a mediator between change-related self-efficacy and commitment to change. Self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting primary data from 583 officer ranked employees working in financial institutions, media, and telecom sectors. To test the hypotheses for the effect of mediation, PROCESS macros are employed. Findings supported the hypothesized relationships of the study that employees’ change-related self-efficacy directly influence their commitment to change. Moreover, employees’ readiness to change also mediates the relationship between their change-related self-efficacy and commitment to change. These findings affirm the significance of the presence of these factors among employees during change and provide a foundation for equipping employees with the necessary belief, attitude and intention for successful implementation of the change process
Is auditor independence influenced by non-audit services? A stakeholders viewpoint
Get PDFThe auditor may provide numerous services to their clients covering audit and non-audit services (NAS). These services have been considered as a combination of services offering varying results for client firms. The mixed results reported by past studies in measuring the relation between NAS and auditor independence had generated the need of further investigation. Moreover, the dearth of literary evidence from a developing country like Pakistan also created a need for such a study. Considering the gaps left unaddressed in past studies, the current study aims at investigating the possible relationship between NAS and auditor independence.
Data of the study was collected from three stakeholders of audit (i.e. accountants, finance managers, and internal auditors). Data collected through the questionnaire proved that various respondent groups have different opinions about the said relationship. It was observed that NAS were believed to have positive, negative and no effects on auditor independence. Moreover, occupational level, experience and educational level of the respondents was also observed to have significant bearing on the opinion about NAS and auditor independence relationship.
The changing dynamics of the audit profession with abridged trust in its services, caused by NAS, have created the need for investigation focusing on views of various stakeholders of such services. This study attempts to provide empirical evidence on the varied perspectives.
Relationship between Corporate Sustainability, Corporate Governance and Financial Performance
No full textThis study aims to investigate three crucial questions. First, whether the corporate governance and corporate sustainability leads to improved firm financial performance or not? Second, whether the sound corporate governance practices improve firm sustainable performance or not? Third, whether the corporate sustainability mediates the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance or not? We used the sample 425 firms listed on Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Using structural equation modeling approach, we find that corporate governance is positively linked to corporate sustainability performance, and corporate sustainability performance leads to improved financial performance. We also find that corporate sustainability performance mediates the link between corporate governance and financial performance. These findings are important for two aspects. The first is for firms’ management, the regulators, policymakers in promoting corporate governance and corporate sustainability practices. Second, our study provides empirical support to current policy debate that investing in good governance and better sustainability practices is vital for long-term value creation.
Rejection Sensitivity and Job Performance: Workplace Loneliness as Mediator and Emotional Culture of Companionate Love as Moderator
Get PDFIncorporating the understandings from affect theory of social exchange and rejection sensitivity theory, this study investigates relationship between rejection sensitivity and job performance. This study investigates how rejection sensitivity (RS) reduces job performance (JP) by acknowledging workplace loneliness (WL) as potential mediator and emotional culture of companionate love (ECCL) as a crucial contingency of the mediation effect. We test moderated mediation model by using sample of 291 workers and managers from textile sector at two different intervals and the analysis of data showed a negative relationship between RS and JP via WL with its decreasing strength within the ECCL. Results of our study have imperative suggestions for the organizations in vindicating the adverse effects of workers tendency towards feelings of loneliness and sensitivity towards rejection through the development of emotional culture of companionate love