Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (ISSN 1997-8553)
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Mediating Role of Consumer Identity between Factors Influencing Purchase Intention and Actual Behavior in Organic Food Consumption in Thailand
Get PDFThe aims of this research are to explore the relationship between the factors influencing purchase intention and actual behaviors of Thai consumers of organic food, and to observe the mediating role of consumer identity between the factors: attitude toward organic food, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, and purchase intentions. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was adopted as a theoretical framework which contained the role of consumer identity as a mediator. Data was collected from 400 Thai consumers of organic foods. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data through AMOS package. The results of the data analysis indicate that the consumer identity plays a full mediating role between independent variables (i.e. health concern, subjective norm, organic food familiarity and organic food literacy) and purchase intention. The organic food literacy is the main determinant of consumer identity with the highest coefficient value, whilst the organic food familiarity was placed as the second important determinant of consumer identity. Moreover, the results highlight the strong influence of intention on actual behavior of organic food purchase. Accordingly, this study thoroughly captures the TPB model and strengthens it by confirming relationship between purchase intention and actual purchase behaviors in organic food consumption and revealed that actual purchase behavior is significantly affected by the purchase intention of Thai consumers of organic food.
An Overview on Method of Cyclic Shifts for the Construction of Experimental Designs Useful in Business and Commerce
Get PDFThe competitive nature of business today requires the knowledge to be able to manipulate process levels in a predictable fashion and to reduce process variation (quality control). This goal can be achieved through the use of experimentation to identify and confirm the effects of the process variables. Therefore, design of experiments should be an integral part of process management. Experimental designs such as treatment balanced, neighbor balanced and balanced repeated measurements designs, have been extensively used in different fields, especially in business and commerce. Different methods have been used for their construction but method of cyclic shifts is the easiest one. This paper provides the overview, how this method has been used for the construction of the useful designs
Social Media Marketing and Emergence of Aspirational Brand Luxury: Female Consumers’ Buying Behavior in Pakistan
No full textSocial media marketing has provided easy access to consumers. Luxury brands frequently keep posted their collections and proceedings on social media with the aim to save interest, engagement, create awareness as well as shape loyalties. This research is conducted in three randomly selected cities of Pakistan. The population of this research study involves all females aged 18 to 35 years and residing in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. A multistage random sampling technique was used; a representative sample of 350 women social media users was interviewed. Results show that the most relevant factors that seem to be affecting consumer buying behavior are social media marketing. The chi-square test showed that there is an association between social media usage and buying behavior. Regression analysis accepts the hypothesis that women buying behavior is dependent on social media marketing as well. So it is concluded that women buying behavior is influenced by social media marketing
Technology Tetheredness and Creative Process Engagement during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model of Spousal Support and Cognitive Fatigue
Get PDFThis research investigates the role of employees and their supervisors by testing how tetheredness to technology during COVID-19, affects employees’ job-related outcomes. This study is grounded on conservation of resources theory. It postulates that employees are tethered with technology for job-related activities during COVID-19, resulting in poor work-related outcomes due to cognitive fatigue. Further, this research argues that behavioral demonstration of employees’ mental fatigue results in less involvement in work-related creative activities, as assessed by supervisors. Drawing on conservation of resource theory and supervisors’ rated of employees engagement during COVID-19 are related to creative activities. Spousal support mitigates the influence of tetheredness to technology on cognitive fatigue. Based on conservation of resources theory, this study proposes that employees are tethered with technology for job-related activities during COVID-19, resulting in poor work-related outcomes due to cognitive fatigue. Data were analyzed by performing a survey on technology professionals in Pakistan. Results showed that tetheredness to technology during COVID-19 is negatively related to employees’ creative process engagement. Furthermore, cognitive fatigue more negatively influenced the focal relation. Moreover, for employees with higher spousal support, tetheredness to technology during COVID-19 may not be complicated and might even help-finings spousal support; however, this influence depends upon employee interpersonal factors as well. The findings of this research may help organizations to understand the impact of organizational expectations regarding connectivity during work from home
Compensation Committee Gender Diversity and CEO Pay-Performance Link: Evidence from Australia, China, and Pakistan
Get PDFIn this study, we examine the crucial question whether the presence of female directors in the compensation committee (CC) improves the committee objectivity (i.e., paying executives for performance) in context of three countries namely Australia, China, and Pakistan. Using the data of public listed companies of these countries we find mixed results. Our results suggest that firms with gender-diverse CC strengthen the CEO pay performance link only in Chinese listed firms. Our findings remain consistent even after controlling for possible issue of endogeneity. Overall, this paper highlights the diversity practices of China, Australia and Pakistan and provides empirical evidence to corporate world and regulatory bodies
A Symmetric Effect of Oil Price Changes on Trade Balance in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates
Get PDFThe fluctuations in oil price have vital importance for their presumed role in the trade balance. Our study investigates the oil price fluctuation effect on the trade balance for period 1980-2017. We employ linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models simultaneously and find the heterogeneous response of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates to oil price fluctuations. The nonlinear ARDL results indicate oil price affects trade balance asymmetrically. We also analyze the moderating effect of real effective exchange rate on the oil-trade balance relationship that found an adverse impact in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait while the positive impact in case of United Arab Emirates trade balance. The oil price marginal effect evaluated at the minimum level of the real effective exchange rate is positive in Kuwait and negative in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. It also shows positive at the maximum level of the real effective exchange rate in Kuwait and United Arab Emirates while negative in the case of Saudi Arabia that varies at different levels of exchange rate. The findings of the study give policy recommendation related to positive and negative changes of oil price that appear to have a valuable impact on economic decisions.
Service Fairness, Relationship Quality and Customer Loyalty in the Banking Sector of Pakistan
Get PDFThis research intends to develop and corroborate the structural anatomy of service fairness perceptions, relationship quality in conjunction with customer loyalty in commercial banks. This study inspects the intervening mechanism of trustworthiness between service fairness and relationship quality explicitly. Systematically selected consumers of commercial banks provided the data via a self-administered structured questionnaire. Procedural and distributive perceptions of fairness proved to be significant predictors of trustworthiness, which in turn significantly intervenes the relationship between service fairness and relationship quality. Interactional fairness did not influence trustworthiness and relationship quality. Affective trust and affective commitment strongly predicted the loyalty of customers of commercial banks. To enhance customer loyalty, banking service providers may implement relationship-based strategies to cater to the dynamically competitive commercial banking market in Pakistan
Ownership Concentration, Owner Identity and Technological Innovation Propensity: Moderating Role of Corporate Diversification
Get PDFThis paper examines, from the perspectives of the agency-theoretic approach, how ownership concentration impacts technological innovation. We conduct this analysis by allowing the effect to vary according to the identity of the main shareholder and test several hypotheses by employing survey data for 21 developing countries. Initial evidence suggests that concentrated corporate ownership is negatively related to technological innovation propensity, a result contrary to the “agency cost minimization effect” of ownership concentration. Disentangling this negative correlation, we show that, where the largest shareholder is a family, firms are likely to have lower technological innovation propensity than firms with a foreign or a domestically-owned corporate group as the main shareholder. Further uncovering the negative effect for family-owned businesses, we show that risk aversion, induced by the lack of corporate diversification, negatively affects technological innovation propensity. Finally, the impact of family firms on innovation propensity appears to be negative only for radical innovation, and family and non-family firms have no differential innovation propensity for incremental innovation. In sum, this paper provides new evidence on innovation processes in family firms by investigating the moderating role of corporate diversification on the technological innovation propensity. We find that corporate diversification moderates the relationship between family involvement in ownership and technological innovation propensity.
Enhancing University\u27s Brand Performance during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Role of ICT Orientation, Perceived Service Quality, Trust, and Students Satisfaction
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of information & communication technology (ICT) orientation on university’s brand performance along with the mediating role of student’s satisfaction and moderating role of trust and perceived service quality in times of COVID-19. To achieve this purpose, a quantitative methodological approach was adopted in which the data was collected online through 417 structured questionnaires from university students of Pakistan. The data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS in which structural equation modeling was performed for testing hypotheses of the study. Results of the current study indicate that the ICT orientation has a significant positive effect on student’s satisfaction and university’s brand performance while the student’s satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between ICT orientation and university’s brand performance. It has been further found that the perceived service quality acts as a significant but negative moderator in the relationship between ICT orientation and student’s satisfaction. Results further reveal that the trust acts as a positive moderator in the relationship between student’s satisfaction and university’s brand performance. The current study is expected to be an important contribution to the literature and practice as it provides useful implications that how universities can enhance and maintain their brand performance and student’s satisfaction during the COVID-19 outbreak by adopting techniques and tools of ICT
How Perceptions About Ease of Use and Risk Explain Intention to Use Mobile Payment Service In Pakistan? The Mediating Role of Perceived Trust
Get PDFThis research aims to investigate the influence of perceived ease of use and perceived risk on intention to use mobile payment services in Pakistan via mediating role of perceived trust. A total of 320 smartphone users were approached using a questionnaire-based survey method and hypotheses were tested using hierarchal regression. The results of this study confirm that perception about ease of use and perception about trust of consumers significantly influences the intention to use mobile payment service. Whereas, perceived risk is found insignificant in explaining intention to use mobile payment services in Pakistan but, perception about risk is found as a significant negative influencer of perceived trust among consumers. This study is helpful for mobile payment service providers like Bank’s marketing manager, financial institutions, etc. for making their strategies accordingly to tap consumers who prefer traditional cash mode of payment and it is also fruitful for the government and concerned departments to maintain transparency in monetary and economic transactions by m-payment services that can prove a helping hand for developing economies