Universidad de Magallanes
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Narrating changes, recalling memory: accumulation by dispossession in food systems of Indigenous communities at the extremes of Latin America
No full textFood feeds knowledge and practices through generations, sustaining biocultural memories. However, prevailing economic models and state policies have driven processes of accumulation by dispossession, defined as incremental social-ecological processes by which people lose their means of production and social reproduction. We conducted a cross-hemispherical study exploring food systems of Indigenous communities inhabiting forested landscapes in Latin America. We used mixed methods that included passive and participant observation, focus groups, free lists, food diaries, oral histories, and calendars in Mapuche communities from the Chilean Andes, and Tzotzil communities from Chiapas, Mexico. Food items and their preparations have changed in both locations. Both food systems show patterns of accumulation by dispossession associated with processes of colonial history, state policies, land privatization, soil depletion, and shifts in local food preferences. Despite these distant but comparable accumulation by dispossession processes, we advocate that biocultural memory remains linked to food-related experiences and sets the basis for dynamic and resilient local food systems going forward
LA REPRESENTACIÓN CARTOGRÁFICA DE LA COSTA SUDOCCIDENTAL DE CHILE (PATAGONIA) EN EL SIGLO XVI
No full textRESUMEN: Se da cuenta de la evolución del conocimiento geográfico inicial de la costa sudoccidental de Chile, desde el tiempo de su invención hasta el final del siglo XVI, con los avatares de su reconocimiento cartográfico tras superarse el secreto oficial impuesto por la monarquía hispana a las noticias obtenidas al cabo de las primeras exploraciones
Chronic intermittent hypoxia promotes glomerular hyperfiltration and potentiates hypoxia-evoked decreases in renal perfusion and PO2
No full textIntroduction: Sleep apnea (SA) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease and may contribute to the development and/or progression of this condition. Previous studies suggest that dysregulation of renal hemodynamics and oxygen flux may play a key role in this process. The present study sought to determine how chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) associated with SA affects regulation of renal artery blood flow (RBF), renal microcirculatory perfusion (RP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and cortical and medullary tissue PO2 as well as expression of genes that could contribute to renal injury. We hypothesized that normoxic RBF and tissue PO2 would be reduced after CIH, but that GFR would be increased relative to baseline, and that RBF, RP, and tissue PO2 would be decreased to a greater extent in CIH vs. sham during exposure to intermittent asphyxia (IA, FiO2 0.10/FiCO2 0.03). Additionally, we hypothesized that gene programs promoting oxidative stress and fibrosis would be activated by CIH in renal tissue.Methods: All physiological variables were measured at baseline (FiO2 0.21) and during exposure to 10 episodes of IA (excluding GFR).Results: GFR was higher in CIH-conditioned vs. sham (p < 0.05), whereas normoxic RBF and renal tissue PO2 were significantly lower in CIH vs. sham (p < 0.05). Reductions in RBF, RP, and renal tissue PO2 during IA occurred in both groups but to a greater extent in CIH (p < 0.05). Pro-oxidative and pro-fibrotic gene programs were activated in renal tissue from CIH but not sham.Conclusion: CIH adversely affects renal hemodynamic regulation and oxygen flux during both normoxia and IA and results in changes in renal tissue gene expression
Recommendations On Nmosd Treatment In Latin America: Consensus-Based Rand/Ucla Methodology
No full textIntroduction: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a serious condition affecting people worldwide, including Latin America (LATAM). Healthcare disparities and economic limitations make effective treatment access challenging. It is crucial to consider the best practice therapeutic decision-making, including emerging long-term preventive therapies, to ensure patients in LATAM and elsewhere can effectively manage their disease all over the world. Objectives/Aims: To establish evidence-based guidelines for treatment approaches in NMOSD patients in LATAM. A consensus process was conducted to develop validated statements. Methods: A group of NMOSD experts from LATAM utilized a 9-point Likert scale to vote on statements related to NMOSD management. The predetermined consensus threshold was set at a minimum expert agreement of 70 %. The RAND/UCLA methodology was employed to reach consensus recommendations. Results: Nineteen experts completed the consensus process between March and April 2023. In round 1, no statement failed to reach the predetermined consensus, resulting in 31 agreed statements. The statements were divided between general recommendations (14/31) and clinical scenarios (17/31). The scenarios were based on treatment-na & iuml;ve NMOSD AQP4 positive patients (4/17); treatment-naive seronegative NMOSD patients (4/17); treatment switching (5/17) and safety (4/17). Conclusions: Consensus recommendations were developed on the most important areas of NMOSD treatment by a panel of experts in LATAM. These statements are a valuable tool to guide decision-making and improve patient outcomes, serving as the foundation for developing standardized practice guidelines in our region
Cardiovascular and autonomic dysfunction in long-COVID syndrome and the potential role of non-invasive therapeutic strategies on cardiovascular outcomes
No full textA significant percentage of COVID-19 survivors develop long-lasting cardiovascular sequelae linked to autonomic nervous system dysfunction, including fatigue, arrhythmias, and hypertension. This post-COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome is one facet of "long-COVID," generally defined as long-term health problems persisting/appearing after the typical recovery period of COVID-19. Despite the fact that this syndrome is not fully understood, it is urgent to develop strategies for diagnosing/managing long-COVID due to the immense potential for future disease burden. New diagnostic/therapeutic tools should provide health personnel with the ability to manage the consequences of long-COVID and preserve/improve patient quality of life. It has been shown that cardiovascular rehabilitation programs (CRPs) stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and reduce cardiovascular risk factors, hospitalization rates, and cognitive impairment in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Given their efficacy in improving patient outcomes, CRPs may have salutary potential for the treatment of cardiovascular sequelae of long-COVID. Indeed, there are several public and private initiatives testing the potential of CRPs in treating fatigue and dysautonomia in long-COVID subjects. The application of these established rehabilitation techniques to COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome represents a promising approach to improving functional capacity and quality of life. In this brief review, we will focus on the long-lasting cardiovascular and autonomic sequelae occurring after COVID-19 infection, as well as exploring the potential of classic and novel CRPs for managing COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome. Finally, we expect this review will encourage health care professionals and private/public health organizations to evaluate/implement non-invasive techniques for the management of COVID-19 cardiovascular sequalae
Diet variations and morphological changes of the rockcod Patagonotothen tessellata (Teleostei: Nototheniidae) in Chilean Central Patagonia
No full textThis study provides the first description of the morphology (geometric morphometric analysis), condition (Fulton index), and diet (stomach content analyses) of the rockcod Patagonotothen tessellata from the coast of Chilean Central Patagonia. We found low but significant intersexual variability in the snout extension, mouth size, and the insertion of the pelvic fin supporting the presence of sexual shape dimorphism in P. tessellata. The diet of the males showed a preference for Patagonotothen spp., unidentified crustaceans, and polychaetes (Chaetopteridae), while the diet of females was comprised primarily of unidentified fish and crustaceans. Significant differences in the consumption of algae, other invertebrates, and fishes were observed between sexes, and a significant negative correlation between fish length and the ingestion of amphipods was found. Diet composition showed significant differences between sexes, but not among size groups. Finally, a partial least square analysis showed a weak but significant covariance between diet and morphology: individuals with shorter snouts and smaller eyes had more unidentified crustaceans, amphipods, and fish in their stomach contents, while individuals with narrower trunks contained more unidentified crustaceans, the shrimp Betaeus truncatus, and gastropods; and individuals with slenderer heads had more Patagonotothen spp. in their stomachs
An update on the distribution of Boisea trivittata (Say, 1825) (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) in Chile
No full textSe entregan nuevos registros y se comenta la situación actual de Boisea trivittata en Chile. Las nuevas localidades expanden la distribución conocida de la especie a las regiones de Coquimbo en el norte y del General Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins en el sur, siendo la localidad de La Serena la más septentrional y San Vicente de Tagua Tagua la más meridional
Economic and financial risks of commercial tilapia cage culture in a neotropical reservoir
No full textThe aim of this study was to analyze the financial and economic risks of tilapia cage culture across different production water volumes (m3). The production water volumes evaluated were 10 to 50 thousand m3 (Small Volume, SV), 51 to 150 thousand m3 (Medium Volume, MV), 151 to 300 thousand m3 (Large Volume, LV), and >301 thousand m3 (Extra-Large Volume, ELV). Produc-tivity and economic data were obtained from a commercial Nile tilapia cage farm with 232 net cages installed in a neotropical reservoir, in Brazil, from 2017 to 2019. Cost and profitability analyses, economic feasibility, and risk and sensitivity analyses were performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. The implementation of commercial tilapia cage farming relies mainly on feed prices. The initial investment demand is proportional to the size of the farms. On the other hand, MV, LV, and ELV tilapia farms showed the lowest financial risks despite the higher investments. These farms presented a medium-low risk at&AP;39% probability, whereas the SV farm presented a medium to medium-high risk at 51.17% probability. Thus, fish farms with a production volume above 51 thousand m3 tend to be more profitable and have a&AP;36% probability of low financial and economic risk with a Payback period of fewer than 10 years, mainly due to the lower feed costs per mass of fish produced. This study assists investors in choosing a better path toward a more viable and profitable activity
Digital teaching competence for inclusion and social cohesion in teaching processes: Chilean experience during COVID-19
No full textThis study examined teacher digital competence training for inclusion and social cohesion in Chile during the Covid-19 confinement. The objective was to analyze how teachers are trained in ICT and how they use these tools to develop distance education processes. The methodology used was a quantitative approach through a descriptive design of a multiple-choice questionnaire. The findings indicate that ICT training occurs mainly as a spontaneous process of self-learning by the teacher and that their motivations for training in ICT respond mainly to the desire to improve their professional skills. Teachers highly value training processes to develop distance education processes around the use of technologies. The teachers who adapted their planning for the new distance education are those who carried out self-learning processes and have training in technological tools. Most teachers opted for a mixed approach in content delivery and complemented classes through video calling platforms with tools for asynchronous work. Regarding evaluation processes, teachers certainly know that clear and precise instructions are relevant in distance education
