Universidad de Magallanes
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Biocultural ethics and Earth stewardship: a novel integration to revitalize multiple values of nature
No full textThe Values Assessment (VA) of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) highlights that contemporary political decisions prioritize economic values of nature while neglecting aesthetic, ecological, and spiritual values. This omission serves as an indirect driver of socio-environmental crises by reinforcing the dominant economic development paradigm that has fueled global biocultural homogenization. To address this problem, we adapt the "3Hs" model- habitat, habits, and co-inhabitants (hábitats, hábitos, co-habitantes, in Spanish)- of the biocultural ethic that offers a heuristic and normative approach to sustaining biological and cultural diversity. We examine case studies on agroecology, education, and protected areas to illustrate Earth Stewardship and biocultural conservation. Integrating these perspectives into decision making fosters sustainable and just futures, as recognized by IPBES-VA's pathways for revitalizing diverse values of nature. Regarding habits, we provide evidence of educational programs worldwide that promote Earth Stewardship by encouraging respect, reciprocity, and sustainability. These approaches incorporate diverse cultural perspectives, blending experiential learning with ecological knowledge to strengthen biocultural relationships and inspire environmental responsibility. Regarding co-inhabitants, we show how numerous local communities coexist with diverse beings and landscapes, shaping agro-and forest-ecosystems. Despite threats like monocultures, local communities uphold biocultural ethics, preserving biodiversity, food sovereignty, and reciprocal respect for nature. Regarding habitats, we highlight initiatives that integrate conservation with cultural heritage and sustainable development. Despite challenges, PAs play a crucial role in Earth Stewardship and biocultural conservation. The "3Hs" model allows us to understand that every habitat must be cared for, and to put into action IPBES-VA recommendations, such as expanding the range of nature values included in decision making and socio-environmental policies. In this way, the "3Hs" model of biocultural ethics, although rooted in local realities, can acquire global power to transit toward more just and sustainable futures, such as those envisioned by IPBES-VA
Bryophytes hold a larger gene family space than vascular plants
No full textAfter 500 million years of evolution, extant land plants compose the following two sister groups: the bryophytes and the vascular plants. Despite their small size and simple structure, bryophytes thrive in a wide variety of habitats, including extreme conditions. However, the genetic basis for their ecological adaptability and long-term survival is not well understood. A comprehensive super-pangenome analysis, incorporating 123 newly sequenced bryophyte genomes, reveals that bryophytes possess a substantially greater diversity of gene families than vascular plants. This includes a higher number of unique and lineage-specific gene families, originating from extensive new gene formation and continuous horizontal transfer of microbial genes over their long evolutionary history. The evolution of bryophytes' rich and diverse genetic toolkit, which includes new physiological innovations like unique immune receptors, likely facilitated their spread across different biomes. These newly sequenced bryophyte genomes offer a valuable resource for exploring alternative evolutionary strategies for terrestrial success
The conoidean genus Belalora Powell, 1951 (Gastropoda, Mangeliidae) under the magnifying glass: an exclusive inhabitant of Magellanic waters
No full textBelalora cunninghami (E. A. Smith, 1881) is compared with B. thielei Powell, 1951 from Atlantic waters, and B. striatula (Thiele, 1912) and B. weirichi (Engl, 2008) both from Antarctica. New complete specimens of B. cunninghami collected in Chonchi, Chiloé, and Cordes Bay, Strait of Magellan, Chile and off Mar del Plata, Argentina allow the study of shell, radula, penis, operculum and details of the ornamentation of the protoconch. We conclude that the genus Belalora encompass two species B. thielei, type species of the genus, and B. cunninghami both living in the magellanic region. In addition, the comparison of the radula and shell of "B." striatula and "B."weirichi, indicate that these Antarctic species belong to a different perhaps undescribed genus. The morphology of the shell of Fusus sublutus Gould, 1849 and Lora equatorialis Dall, 1919 once included in Belalora proof to belong in a different taxon
Mobility and island peopling: discussion of models of exploration and colonization of the southwest archipelago of South America
No full textSe discuten la movilidad entre islas de cazadores-recolectores marinos del suroeste del continente americano y los procesos que pudieron llevar a la sucesiva exploración y colonización de los archipiélagos. Se utiliza un enfoque comparativo con otros casos en ambientes aproximadamente similares. La presentación incluye comentarios sobre estudios previos, destacando tanto sus ventajas como sus problemas. Se discuten en particular las condiciones que llevan a seleccionar ciertos lugares para la ocupación humana relativamente intensa en contraste con otros usados en forma efímera. Se concluye que la posibilidad de fracaso debe siempre ser considerada al discutir la colonización de nuevas tierras
Surface melting and chemical analysis of a firn core from South Georgia: Implications for future drilling sites and paleoenvironmental records
No full textIn 2015, a continuous 15.4 m snow/firn core was recovered from central South Georgia Island at similar to 850 m a.s.l. All firn core samples were analyzed for major (Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ti and Fe) and trace element concentrations (Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Li, S, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn) and stable water isotopes. The chemical and isotopic signal is well preserved in the top 6.2 m of the core. Below this depth, down to the bottom of the core, signal dampening is observed in the majority of the elemental species making it difficult to distinguish a seasonal signal. Thirteen elements (As, Bi, Ca, Cd, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Na, Pb, S, Sr and Zn) have crustal enrichment factor values higher than 10 suggesting sources in addition to those found naturally in the crust. While this study shows that 850 m a.s.l. is not high enough to preserve a record including recent years, higher-elevation (>1250 m a.s.l.) glaciers may be likely candidates for ice core drilling to recover better-preserved, continuous, recent to past glaciochemical records
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE FUEGIAN STEAMER DUCK TACHYERES PTENERES IN CHILE
No full textThe Fuegian Steamer Duck Tachyeres pteneres is endemic to the southern cone of South America. Though classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, it is categorized as Near Threatened by the Chilean Ministry of Environment. However, few studies have been conducted on this species, and large portions of its distribution remain unsurveyed. This lack of information hinders a full appreciation of the species' conservation status under the IUCN criteria. We therefore conducted extensive surveys along the southern coast of Chile. Between March 2021 and April 2023, we carried out visual censuses at 40 sites (bays, channels, isles, and islets) covering 889 km of coast between Valdivia (40 degrees S) and Caleta Tortel (48 degrees S). Additionally, we surveyed two sites on Navarino Island (Cape Horn archipelago, 54 degrees S) between November 2021 and January 2022. Finally, we compared populations in bays with and without off-bottom bivalve aquaculture in the Chiloé archipelago (43 degrees S). We found variable abundances of Fuegian Steamer Ducks along the Chilean coast, ranging from 0.02 to 2.4 ducks/km, while in 15 sites out of 40 we did not record any individuals. Fuegian Steamer Ducks also occurred significantly more frequently in bays without aquaculture (2.6 ducks/km) than bays with aquaculture (1.8 ducks/km). Our findings represent a marked decline in the species' distribution along archipelagos and continental areas when comparing our results with published data collected more than 10 years ago
The Magellanic region in 16th century Italian mural cartography
No full textResumen: Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la cartografía mural italiana del siglo XVI, centrándose en las representaciones geográficas que incluyen la región magallánica y el estrecho de Magallanes. A través de frescos y mapas en palacios renacentistas, como el Vaticano y el Palazzo Farnese, se examinan cómo Italia, a pesar de no ser una potencia marítima, utilizó el arte mural para reflejar el conocimiento geográfico adquirido a partir de los grandes descubrimientos de la época. El trabajo destaca la intención de estas representaciones, que buscaban mostrar poder, riqueza y prestigio, más que ofrecer información precisa sobre la geografía del mundo
Política, regulación y desafíos de la inteligencia artificial en la educación superior chilena
No full textLa inteligencia artificial (IA) se ha consolidado como uno de los fenómenos tecnológicos más disruptivos del siglo XXI, con un impacto creciente en diversos sectores, incluida la educación superior. A nivel internacional, organismos como la UNESCO y la OCDE han promovido marcos éticos y normativos que buscan orientar un desarrollo responsable de la IA. En Chile, este debate se ha plasmado en la actualización de la Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial en 2024, la cual establece principios y ejes de acción que ponen énfasis en el bienestar humano, la sostenibilidad, la inclusión y la cooperación global. El presente capítulo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo estas políticas y marcos regulatorios se expresan en el ámbito de la educación superior chilena. Metodológicamente, se desarrolla un estudio documental y cualitativo, basado en el análisis de políticas nacionales, lineamientos internacionales, informes ministeriales y normativas institucionales. Los resultados evidencian un escenario heterogéneo: mientras algunas universidades han avanzado en la incorporación de lineamientos para el uso responsable de la IA, como la Universidad Andrés Bello, la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad de Chile, otras instituciones enfrentan limitaciones en infraestructura, formación docente y cultura digital. La Superintendencia de Educación Superior, aunque no ha emitido regulaciones específicas, cumple un rol orientador en materia de equidad, transparencia y protección de datos. Se concluye que Chile ha sentado bases normativas sólidas, pero enfrenta el desafío de traducir principios éticos en mecanismos prácticos para la educación superior. La coordinación interministerial, la reducción de brechas tecnológicas y la formación crítica en IA emergen como tareas centrales para el futuro del sistema
Livelihood resilience: The role of social-ecological filters in a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System of southern Chile
No full textThe global agrifood system faces significant threats due to rapid and interconnected social-ecological changes, including climate change, land-use shifts, demographic changes and emerging diseases. Small-scale farmers are among the most vulnerable groups to these changes due to their direct dependence on their environment. The resilience of small-scale farming livelihoods may be influenced by several social-ecological filters, which are the coupled human-nature factors that could either hinder or increase resilience, directly impacting local agrifood systems. Our study aims to assess how different social-ecological filters (i.e. sociodemographic factors, diversity of agroecosystems and on-farm landscape composition), operating at multiple levels, are associated with small-scale farmers' livelihood resilience in the Chiloé Archipelago, a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System within a Global Biodiversity Hotspot in southern Chile. We conducted 100 household surveys with small-scale farmers to calculate the diversity of agroecosystems within each farm and an Index of Livelihood Resilience (ILR) based on indicators of five capital assets (i.e. social, physical, natural, financial and human). We also took aerial photographs of their farms, from which we derived information on landscape composition. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models, we tested the association between eight different social-ecological filters and the ILR. We found that the age of the household head and shrubland surface in the farm were negatively associated with livelihood resilience, while the diversity of agroecosystems within the farms was positively associated with the livelihood resilience of small-scale farmers. Identifying factors that enhance the livelihood resilience of small-scale farmers is essential for developing effective initiatives and policies aimed at ensuring global and local food security and sovereignty. Based on our results, we propose recommendations to strengthen small-scale farmers' livelihood resilience to mitigate the global agrifood crisis.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. El sistema agroalimentario global enfrenta amenazas significativas debido a cambios socioecológicos rápidos e interconectados, como el cambio climático, las transformaciones en el uso del suelo, los cambios demográficos y la aparición de nuevas enfermedades. Los agricultores a pequeña escala se encuentran entre los grupos más vulnerables frente a estos cambios, debido a su dependencia directa del medioambiente. La resiliencia de los medios de vida de la agricultura a pequeña escala puede estar influenciada por diversos filtros socioecológicos, entendidos como factores acoplados entre sistemas humanos y naturales que pueden obstaculizar o fortalecer la resiliencia, impactando directamente los sistemas agroalimentarios locales. Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar cómo diferentes filtros socioecológicos (i.e. factores sociodemográficos, diversidad de agroecosistemas y composición del paisaje en los predios), que operan a múltiples niveles, se asocian con la resiliencia de los medios de vida de agricultores a pequeña escala en el Archipiélago de Chiloé, un Sistema Importante del Patrimonio Agrícola Mundial (SIPAM) ubicado en un Hotspot de Biodiversidad Global en el sur de Chile. Realizamos 100 encuestas jefes/as de hogares que fueran agricultores a pequeña escala, para calcular la diversidad de agroecosistemas dentro de cada predio y calcular unÍndice de Resiliencia de los Medios de Vida, basado en indicadores de cinco tipos de capital (social, físico, natural, financiero y humano). También tomamos fotografías aéreas de sus predios, a partir de las cuales obtuvimos información sobre la composición del paisaje. Usando Modelos Lineales Mixtos Generalizados, analizamos la asociación entre ocho filtros socioecológicos diferentes y elÍndice de Resiliencia de los Medios de Vida. Encontramos que la edad del jefe/a del hogar y la superficie de matorrales en el predio se asociaron negativamente con la resiliencia de los medios de vida, mientras que la diversidad de agroecosistemas dentro del predio se asoció positivamente con la resiliencia de los medios de vida de agricultores a pequeña escala. Identificar los factores que fortalecen la resiliencia de los medios de vida de la agricultura a pequeña escala es esencial para desarrollar iniciativas y políticas efectivas que garanticen la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria a nivel global y local. Con base en nuestros resultados, proponemos recomendaciones para fortalecer la resiliencia de los agricultores a pequeña escala frente a la crisis agroalimentaria global
Importance of Pedagogical Practice in Teaching Satisfaction
No full textThe motivation shown by teachers in the early stages of their professional development affects their future professional competence and adaptability to an occupational setting. This study explores the motivational variables that affect satisfaction with choosing a degree in pedagogy in Chile by comparing teachers in training with in-service teachers. A quantitative non-experimental and correlational-explanatory design was used, surveying 758 participants (328 teachers in training and 430 in-service teachers) using the FIT-Choice questionnaire. Results reveal that intrinsic motivations, such as the desire to work with children, teenagers, and previous teaching experiences, have a strong positive correlation with satisfaction in both groups. This reveals the importance of encouraging and strengthening practical experience in initial teacher training. Furthermore, the differences in the value of job security and social contribution reflect the evolution of motivation from initial teacher training up to professional practice