Universidad de Magallanes
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Rational use of neuromuscular blockers guided by neuromonitoring Bloqueadores neuromusculares. Uso racional guiado por neuromonitorización
No full textThis narrative review focuses on the use of neuromuscular blockers in anesthesia, their monitoring, and reversal strategies with a specific emphasis on their economic and anesthetic implications. From an economic standpoint, health expenditure in Chile is substantial, underlining the importance of appropriate selection and dosage of medications as a cost containment measure. A comparison of costs between drugs is provided, stressing the significance of making economic decisions that are based on resource efficiency. Neuromuscular blockers are medications that hinder nerve conduction at the motor plate, inducing reversible skeletal muscle paralysis. Their usage is prevalent in anesthesia to aid tracheal intubation, enhance surgical conditions, and reduce the effort needed for ventilation in intubated patients. Monitoring neuromuscular function is crucial for assessing the degree of blockade, managing medication dosages, reversing its effects, and diminishing the occurrence of residual blockade. Concerning reversal strategies, there is a growing preference for sugammadex over neostigmine, despite the former's higher cost. The safety of sugammadex across various patient demographics is discussed, alongside new evidence supporting the judicious use of neostigmine, guided by quantitative monitoring. In summary, the review underscores the anesthesiologist's responsibility in utilizing resources wisely, advocating for evidence-based protocols that are guided by quantitative neuromuscular monitoring
The iconographic evolution of Patagonian and Fuegian canids
No full textBackgroundWe assess the putative identity of canids accompanying the Patagonian and Fuegian aborigines through an iconographic timeline encompassing 1699-1894, when a number of narratives provided written descriptions and illustrations of those aborigines and their canids. We determine what type of "dogs" were those canids, disentangling their type or breed group, to reveal their characteristics, composition, and development during that period.MethodsWe searched for illustrations published by navigators and explorers where the presence of canids was reported in the historical territory of the Patagonian aborigines (Aónikenk, Kawésqar, Manek'enk, Sélk'nam, and Yahgan). We constructed a matrix to record the descriptions of all canids represented in those illustrations. Their characterization included body size, coat, tail, ears, skull, and attitude, among others. We then classified whether they were morphologically closer to domestic dogs or to foxlike canids. We used the morphological appearance of dogs to classify them into breed types, whenever possible.Results and discussionWe identified and classified 61 canids from 26 illustrations in accounts published between 1699 and 1894. From a historical perspective, those accounts suggest that soon after the first contacts with Europeans, the Patagonian and Fuegian aborigines began to exchange and breed dogs of non-native origin, initiating an extended process of mixing between aboriginal foxlike canids and European dogs. From a cynological perspective, the foxlike canids associated with the aborigines were widely present only before 1833, exhibing an homogeneous appearance with a solid coat, pointed snout, small erect ears of high insertion, and fallen and bushy tail. After 1833, the canids depicted show a more varied appearance and mixed coat, with blunter snout, drooping ears at lower insertion, and erect fine tail with sparse hair. Most of these were hunting dogs morphologically similar to modern breeds such as pointers/setters, hounds, terriers, and retrievers
Prospects of equitable and sustainable seaweed aquaculture: a case study of changing gender and socio-economic relations in Maullín, Chile
No full textThis article examines the development of marine tenure in the Maullin River, Chile. It starts with the emergence of artisanal red algae (Gracilaria chilensis) gathering and the changes resulting from the governmental ad hoc allocation of small-scale aquaculture concessions. We aim to track this transition, its drivers, effects on the work organization, gender relations, market relations and the sustainability/equity challenges currently confronting the community. We use a feminist political ecology approach to direct our multi-method data collection strategy and to analyse the empirical material. The State by enabling local tenure for the development of marine aquaculture concessions played an influential role in Maullin community attaining de facto territorial tenure. This led to the establishment of residential aquaculture communities while facilitating the integration of women in aquaculture activities. We see both steps as positive economic and social development opportunities in Maullin. While marine tenure has provided livelihood chances, low prices caused by the producers' disadvantaged market position and the lack of supportive alliance building pose ongoing problems. We conclude that these factors are serious challenges to the sustainability of aquacultural livelihoods at Maullin River. While the case depicts aspects of women's empowerment such as their engagement in developing potential post-production innovation ideas, entrepreneurial abilities to conduct market transactions as well as their better competence in literacy, math and financial expertise, there is still a long way to reach gender equality in the male-dominated aquacultural sector
El impacto de la Ley de Bases de Procedimiento Administrativo en la jurisprudencia migratoria a veinte años de su entrada en vigor
No full textEl propósito del trabajo es dar cuenta del impacto que la Ley de Bases de Procedimiento Administrativo ha tenido en los pronunciamientos autoritativos de órganos competentes para la interpretación y aplicación de las normas del derecho migratorio chileno, particularmente de los tribunales superiores de justicia y la Contraloría General de la República. Así, a partir de un estudio de jurisprudencia reciente y relevante en la materia, se sostiene que la referida legislación ha constituido un cuerpo legal que ha amparado a personas migrantes frente al ejercicio ilegal o arbitrario de las potestades públicas por parte de la autoridad migratoria
Psychometric properties of the Fit-Choice scale factors influencing the choice of education careers in Chilean pedagogy students
No full textIntroduction. Given the global concern for attracting more and better candidates to teaching careers, we must have instruments to help us identify these potential candidates. In Chile, there needs to be more evidence of the motivational and perceptual factors that influence the choice of studies in Education. The aim is to study the psychometric properties of the Fit-Choice scale in the Chilean population. This scale was developed in Australia by Watt & Richardson (2007) and translated into Spanish by Gratacós & López-Jurado (2016) and identifies factors that influence the choice of careers in education. Method. A cross-sectional instrumental design was adopted. A total of 921 students from four Chilean universities (65% women) who are in their fifth year of initial teacher training for early childhood education (9.1%), primary education (17.1%), and various disciplines of secondary education (73.8%) participated in the study. The instrument's factor structure was evaluated through a confirmatory factor analysis with a maximum likelihood estimator. Evidence of internal consistency was obtained using McDonald's Omega (ω), obtaining good reliability indexes. Results. The results show that the version of the scale is valid and reliable for use in the Chilean context. The factor structure of the original scale, which consists of two subscales and 18 factors, is tested. The findings are consistent with the version validated in other Spanish-speaking countries. Discussion or Conclusion. This scale is valid and reliable, and its use is appropriate for Spanish-speaking contexts such as Chile. The psychometric characteristics show that it is possible to use this instrument for its specific purposes but also, given its cross-cultural validity, to conduct comparative research with other countries where it has been validated
Gyneco-obstetric violence and its impact on the mental health of women with disabilities: a case study in Chile
No full textAlthough gyneco-obstetric violence (GOV) addresses the violation of sexual and reproductive rights, it is crucial to problematize its subjective aspects and effects on the mental health of women with disabilities, especially in the Global South. Our objective was to analyze GOV experiences and their mental health impact in women with disabilities through a case study in Chile, using in-depth interviews and documentary analysis of social networks and shadow/alternative reports. In their interactions with the biomedical model, women with disabilities are exposed to violation of their sexual and reproductive rights, infantilization, and objectification of their bodies. This negates their subjectivity, directly impacting their self-perception, autonomy, and trust in healthcare institutions. One strategy through which to address GOV involves the collectivization of subjective disaffection in common spaces. It is crucial that healthcare institutions have teams trained to attend persons with disabilities as well as strategies for the prevention and reparation of acts of GOV. It is paramount to foster the social participation of women with disabilities in healthcare matters in order to make their experiences visible in spaces of collaboration with professionals, institutions, and policymakers
Birth weight and nutritional status of pregnant women monitored in Primary Health Care, Punta Arenas, Chile
No full textIntroduction: Chile currently shows better health conditions and quality of life for children and adolescents, however, problems associated with excess malnutrition persist in the entire population. Evidence shows that there is a relationship between the nutritional status of the mother at the end of pregnancy and the weight of the newborn. Objective: To characterize a group of newborns born to pregnant women controlled in Primary Health Care (PHC), and to establish the relationship between birth weight and gestational variables and nutritional status of the mother at the end of pregnancy. Methods: Prevalence study of 100 newborns (NB) of pregnant women in regular prenatal care who completed their pregnancy process between January and November 2018, at the Dr. Thomas Fenton Family Health Center (CESFAM) in the city of Punta Arenas, Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region. Results: 74% of the mothers had excess malnutrition at the end of pregnancy. Of the NBs, 65.9% had normal birth weight (NBW), 23.6% insufficient birth weight (IBW), 4.9% had low birth weight (LBW), 4.9% had high birth weight (HBW) and 1.2% had very low birth weight (VLBW). Of the NBs, 89.9% were diagnosed as adequate for gestational age (AEG), 7.6% as small for gestational age (SGA) and 2.5% as large for gestational age (LGA). MN and SGA are more prevalent in mothers aged 20 to 29 years. 75.2% of the MN newborns and 100% of the SGA newborns are born to mothers who are obese at the end of pregnancy. Discussion: The condition of MN and GEG NBs was associated with maternal obesity, coinciding with national and international studies. Conclusions: Efforts should be redoubled in PHC to combat overweight and obesity in pregnant women and avoid risky births
Lithological controls on lake water biogeochemistry in Maritime Antarctica
No full textAlthough the Antarctic lakes are of great importance for the climate and the carbon cycle, the lithological influences on the input of elements that are necessary for phytoplankton in lakes have so far been insufficiently investigated. To address this issue, we analyzed phytoplankton cell concentrations and chemical compositions of water samples from lakes, ponds and a stream on Fildes and Ardley Islands of King George Island in the South Shetland Archipelago. Furthermore, lake sediments, as well as soil and rock samples collected from the littoral zone were analyzed for their mineralogical/petrographic composition and pollutant contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition, leaching experiments were carried out to with the lithologic samples to investigate the possible changes in pH, alkalinity, macronutrients (N, P, Si), micronutrients (e.g. Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn), anions (S, F, Br), and other cations (e.g. Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Se, Pb, Sb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba, Tl, B). Our results showed that phytoplankton levels varied between 15 and 206 cells/mL. Chlorophyll-a concentrations showed high correlations with NH4, NO3. The low levels of PO4 (<0.001 mg/L) indicated a possible P-limitation in the studied lakes. The composition of rock samples ranged from basalt to trachybasalt with variable major oxide (e.g. SiO2, Na2O and K2O) contents and consist mainly quartz, albite, calcite, dolomite and zeolite minerals. The concentrations of total PAHs were below the toxic threshold levels (9.55-131.25 ng g(-1) dw). Leaching experiments with lithologic samples indicated major increase in pH (up to 9.77 +/- 0.02) and nutrients, especially PO4 (1.03 +/- 0.04 mg/L), indicating a strong P-fertilization impact in increased melting scenarios. Whereas, toxic elements such as Pb, Cu, Cd, Al and As were also released from the lithology, which may reduce the phytoplankton growth
Atmospheric River Brings Warmth and Rainfall to the Northern Antarctic Peninsula During the Mid-Austral Winter of 2023
No full textContrasting the extensive research on summer atmospheric rivers (ARs) in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), winter AR impacts are less understood. This study examines a unique warming event from 1 to 3 July 2023, using in situ winter observations and ERA5 reanalysis. On 2 July, Frei station experienced an extreme warm event with a temperature of 2.7 degrees C and a significant rise in the freezing level, coinciding with winter rainfall. A pressure dipole pattern over the AP, with contrasting circulations over Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas, facilitated an AR, carrying warm, humid air initially from South America/Atlantic and then the southeast Pacific. This shift resulted in anomalous water stable isotope composition in precipitation. Trends suggest a strengthening winter pressure dipole, associated with increased AR frequency and higher temperatures in northern AP. These findings highlight the importance of winter observations in exploring AR impacts, bridging knowledge gaps about winter AR behaviors. The Antarctic Peninsula is increasingly witnessing climate extremes during summer, while the understanding of such extremes in winter remains limited. Our study explores a significant warming event in the northern Peninsula in early July 2023, utilizing recent winter in situ observations and atmospheric analysis. On 2 July, an exceptional temperature of 2.7 degrees C was recorded, significantly altering the atmospheric freezing level and causing rainfall instead of snow. Our analysis revealed a unique atmospheric pattern around the Peninsula, characterized by varying air movements over the Bellingshausen and Weddell Seas. This pattern facilitated an "atmospheric river," a flow of warm and moist air from lower latitudes, including continental South America/Atlantic and the southeast Pacific, as reflected in the precipitation's water stable isotope composition. This event is indicative of a potential trend toward more frequent and severe occurrences, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive winter research in the Antarctic Peninsula to understand the broader implications of extreme weather events and climate change. Early July 2023 had extreme winter warmth with rainfall in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, favored by an atmospheric river In recent decades, strengthened winter pressure dipole has directed northerly warm and moist air, resulting in warm events in the region We highlight the need for expanded winter research in the Antarctic Peninsula to better understand climate change and extreme weather event
The Perception of Educators on Gender Equality: A Study in Ecuador
No full textGender equality is a prerequisite for people-centered human development. This exploratory and descriptive study was conducted to investigate the perception of gender among Ecuadorian primary school teachers. Quantitative data were obtained from teachers in public and urban educational establishments. In order to collect the data, an online survey-type opinion questionnaire was applied with the aim of finding out teachers' perception of gender equality within their institutions in educational establishments in the Republic of Ecuador, considering the dimensions of personal perceptions of the subject, the organizational culture, and the implementation of gender equality in the internal management of the educational organizations where they work. The results of the questionnaire show that teachers perceive that there is currently more receptiveness to gender issues than in the past. From the answers received, it can be concluded that people identify with gender issues, even though there is a need for elements and support to enable them to be expressed effectively, on a daily basis and sustained over time