Universidad de Magallanes
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Reciprocal contributions in marine Indigenous stewardship: The case of Haida abalone gathering
No full textThroughout history, Indigenous people have stewarded seascapes, with people-nature reciprocity being a key component of many Indigenous management strategies, yet it is often overlooked in fisheries management. This research focuses on northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in Haida Gwaii, the home of the Haida Nation. The Haida have developed a range of values associated with abalone, including reciprocity. However, commercial fishing and colonial mismanagement have led to overexploitation, resulting in a prohibition on all gatherings since 1990. Despite this, the relationship between the Haida and abalone persists in the community's knowledge. We used the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) framework and the concept of reciprocal contributions to help paint a complex relationship between Haida knowledge holders and abalone, identifying values, benefits, drivers and barriers. We identified food uses and meanings that include emotional experiences. Additionally, we compiled an array of reciprocal contributions, such as enhancement actions, fishing guidelines and nature protection practices. These memories and guidelines have been passed down through generations. The principle of 'take only what you need to eat' is essential for managing abalone populations. Reciprocal actions have been crucial for both abalone and the Haida. Elders have transplanted abalone to other sites, and the Council of the Haida Nation continues monitoring and restoration work. Cultural and ecological education about abalone is preserved through family stories, school activities and ceremonies, reinforcing its status as a culturally important species. The abalone fishing boom and Canadian mismanagement were identified as negative drivers that significantly impacted abalone populations. Most Haida elders recall their efforts in the 1970s to raise concerns with the federal fishing agency about the declining abalone population, but their warnings went unheeded. Currently, due to limited enforcement capacity, abalone poaching is the primary concern, while bureaucratic hurdles in decision-making processes impede effective assessment and management. This work contributes to reviewing the past and rethinking management strategies in local contexts where values like reciprocity remain integral to Indigenous people. It also aims to generate dialogues and actions with international fisheries platforms, facilitating learning from other local experiences and recognizing common colonial barriers worldwide. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog
Southern Islands Vascular Flora (SIVFLORA) dataset: A global plant database from Southern Ocean islands
No full textThe Southern Islands Vascular Flora (SIVFLORA) dataset is a globally significant, open-access resource that compiles essential biodiversity data on vascular plants from islands across the Southern Ocean. The SIVFLORA dataset was generated through five steps: study area delimitation, compiling the dataset, validating and harmonizing taxonomy, structuring dataset attributes, and establishing file format and open access. Covering major taxonomic divisions, SIVFLORA offers a comprehensive overview of plant occurrences, comprising 14,589 records representing 886 species, 95 families, and 42 orders. This dataset documents that 58.62% of the taxa are native, 9.61% are endemic, and 31.77% are alien species. The Falkland/Malvinas Archipelago, the most species-rich, contrast sharply with less diverse islands like the South Orkney Archipelago. SIVFLORA serves as a taxonomically harmonized, interoperable resource for investigating plant diversity patterns, ecosystem responses to climate change in extreme environments, island biogeography, endemism, and the effects of anthropogenic pressures on Southern Ocean flora
When Judicial Protection Excludes: Parenthood, Disability, and Human Rights in Dispute
No full textEste artículo analiza críticamente las prácticas judiciales e institucionales enfrentadas por unos padres con discapacidad intelectual en Chile, en el marco de procesos legales por el cuidado personal de sus hijes. A través de un estudio cualitativo de caso único, se examinaron 171 documentos judiciales y de programas de intervención junto a 6 entrevistas de actores claves. Se identificó la ausencia de ajustes razonables, evaluaciones basadas en modelos normativos sin enfoque de derechos y medidas que reforzaron la discriminación reforzando un enfoque punitivo hacia la discapacidad. Se concluye que las prácticas institucionales reproducen exclusiones estructurales y se propone avanzar hacia un paradigma inclusivo, con apoyos personalizados y estrategias intersectoriales que garanticen el derecho a la familia en condiciones de igualdad y dignidad
Tracing the invasion: Wing morphometrics reveal population spread and adaptation patterns of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) across Southern Europe
No full textInvasive species such as Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855), the brown marmorated stink bug, pose a significant threat to agriculture due to their rapid spread and adaptability. The aim of this study is to assess the phenotypic variability of H. halys populations by analyzing the size and shape morphology of the anterior and posterior wings and to determine whether geometric morphometrics can serve as a cost-effective alternative to genetic methods for tracking invasion patterns. Populations from four southern European countries (Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia and Greece) with 540 specimens and 2,160 wings were analysed and showed clear phenotypic differences in wing morphology consistent with the known invasion dynamics previously determined by genetic studies. Mahalanobis distances highlight the close morphological relationship between the Serbian and Slovenian populations, suggesting common ancestry or recent gene flow, while the Greek and Croatian populations show significant differences, suggesting different invasion pathways or rapid morphological adaptation. The Greek population exhibited lower phenotypic plasticity, whereas the Serbian population displayed the greatest variation, likely reflecting the influence of multiple invasion sources. These results show that wing morphology can reliably detect invasion-related patterns and phenotypic plasticity and is a valuable tool for biomonitoring in integrated pest management programs, especially in areas where genetic methods are less feasible. This study highlights the utility of geometric morphometrics in monitoring the spread and adaptation of invasive species such as H. halys in different environments
BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF THE UNSTUDIED PATAGONIAN ENDEMIC PLANT Benthamiella azorella (skottsb). Soriano: ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY ON VARIOUS HUMAN CELL LINES
No full textBenthamiella (Solanaceae) is an unstudied endemic genus of the Chilean-Argentinean Patagonia that thrives in harsh climatic and geographic conditions. This study provides a biochemical description of the aerial parts, roots, and polysaccharides of B. azorella, and evaluates their antioxidant, antiproliferative and antibacterial activity. GC-MS analysis of B. azorella roots polysaccharides identified significant amounts of arabinose, glucose and galacturonic acid. The FT-IR spectrum revealed a diverse range of functional groups. Both analyses suggest a complex polysaccharide structure that may enhance the sample's functional properties. Elemental analysis showed low nitrogen and sulfur content, while proximate analysis showed significant differences in carbohydrates, lipids, fiber, and ash content between the plant parts. Polyphenols quantification determined a higher concentration in the roots (6.66 +/- 0.62 mg GAE g(-1) DW) compared to the aerial parts. Likewise, the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the roots using the DPPH (89.43 +/- 0.74 mu mol AAE g(-1) DW at 1818 mu g mL(-1)) method. The aqueous root extract exhibited higher activity against colon cancer HCT-116 followed by aerial parts. Polysaccharides showed slight activity against hepatocytes cancer HepG2. The extracts behaved variably on the healthy keratinocytes HACAT cell line, tending to promote cell proliferation. Both, aqueous and ethanolic B. azorella solutions were non-toxic, did not show quorum quenching and antibacterial activity against human and fish bacterial strains at the tested concentrations. Finally, 21 metabolites, principally hydroxycoumarins, sapogenins and steroids derivatives were tentatively identified in the most active extract using LC-MS analysis. Further assays of B. azorella roots with cancer and healthy cell lines and new bacterial analysis at higher concentrations are recommended
Microbial diversity and biogeochemical potential related to C and N coupling in the oxygen minimum zone in a warming scenario
No full textLow-oxygen environments harbor intense biogeochemical transformation. Some areas of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) hold profuse oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) and yet, their microbial diversity has scarcely been studied. This is the case for the microbiota of the Southern Gulf of California (GC). It is documented this area is a biological diversity hotspot experiencing increasing warming. We performed a prokaryotic assemblages cross-comparison of diverse marine environments of the GC, including coastal and marine surface environments, and vertical profiles including OMZs. Our data show regional increasing warming in the Southern Gulf of California, and revealed the microbial potential for N fixing in GC OMZs. An active N cycling, including N loss and N fixation, was indicated by different sources of evidence: oxygen and nutrient patterns, as well as the distribution of known diazotrophs in deep layers. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient patterns suggest nutrient replenishment mechanisms should operate to counterbalance nutrient loss. Metabarcoding allows for a comprehensive prokaryote profiling across varied environments that results in a regional diversity baseline that holds a vast potential related to carbon and nitrogen cycling. Nostocales cyanobacteria offer the N-fixing potential in surface waters while diazotrophs Rhizobiales do in deep layers. A vast diversity of potential diazotrophic and methylotrophic taxa populate oxycline and OMZ and significant correlations of their abundance is revealed at genus level
XIV International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences: a holistic view of the white continent
No full textIn February 2024, central Chile experienced one of the deadliest wildfire disasters in its history, with over 136 fatalities, thousands of homes destroyed, and extensive environmental damage. This paper analyzes the contributing factors, impacts, and lessons from the Valparaíso mega-fire, situating it within broader climatic, ecological, and governance contexts. Global warming has increased the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including heat waves and droughts. Chile is not immune to the increase in these extreme events. In addition, the El Niño episode amplified natural atmospheric variations, leading to warmer-than-usual conditions during the summer, which happened with the 2023-2024 El Niño when the mega-fire took place on February 2-4, 2024. The meteorological factors leading to the heat wave event and the favorable conditions for spreading forest fires (the 30-30-30 rule) were accurately forecast five days before, providing early warnings. Despite significant advancements in early warning systems and emergency alerts, the response to the 2024 fire revealed critical limitations in preparedness, particularly in wildland-urban interface areas. This event shows the vital need for proactive fire-forest management from the high-level authorities to residents to minimize its i mpact and to adapt strategies to address the growing threat of climate-induced wildfires
Rural gentrification and health: The case of Pucón, Chile
No full textOnce-quiet rural communities like Pucón, Chile, are facing the pressures of gentrification as urban residents seek refuge in greener settings. Drawn by the allure of natural beauty and a slower pace of life, affluent newcomers have driven up property prices, displacing long-term residents, including Indigenous communities. This influx strains local infrastructure and disrupts the social fabric. While proponents highlight economic opportunities, the social costs are mounting - rising inequality, fragmented communities, and worsening health outcomes. Mental health challenges, cardiovascular issues, and additional stressors of changing lifestyles underscore the growing inequities. Pucón exemplifies the delicate balancing act facing many rural areas: how to embrace growth and migration without undermining social cohesion, environmental sustainability, and equitable access to health
Leaf Infusion of Ribes magellanicum Poir.: A Traditional Beverage from Southern Patagonia with Strong Inhibitory Effects on α-Glucosidase
No full textInfusions of the leaves of Ribes magellanicum (Grossulariaceae) are used as a digestive in southernmost South America. This work aimed to assess the composition and activity of infusions and MeOH:H2O 7:3 extracts of R. magellanicum leaves on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome (alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and pancreatic lipase), as well as their antioxidant capacity. Samples from a longitudinal gradient from central southern Chile to the islands in the Beagle Channel were investigated. Lyophilized infusions and extracts were used for all determinations, including inhibition of the selected enzymes, total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total procyanidins (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC). The composition of the samples was assessed by HPLC-DAD. Some 99 compounds were tentatively identified by HPLC-MSn. The main phenolics were quantified using calibration curves with reference compounds. Relevant differences exist in the ratio of constituents in infusions compared to hydroalcoholic extracts. The samples were inactive towards alpha-amylase and pancreatic lipase at 100 and 50 mu g/mL, respectively. Assay-guided isolation of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors led to fractions with high activity (IC50: 0.02-0.05 mu g/mL). The strong inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and antioxidant capacity of the infusion and extracts of R. magellanicum leaves support its traditional use in southern Patagonia