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Chińskie imperium ratuje euroland przed kryzysem
Get PDFSince 2007 the world has been dealing with financial and economic crisis. From that moment a period of enormous loans for indebted countries, especially for PIGS countries, has started. It is also the period of budget savings within the social, pension and wage area. Workers’ enslavement and a high unemployment rate caused mass demonstrations spreading from one neighboring country to another. The only solution to stabilize the situation in many countries was the infusion of an enormous amount of money in order to deal with multibillion debt. That is why, the EU has decided to help the European economies and the Euro zone. There has also been a real need for a bigger bailout. China has turned out to be a country that helped and stimulated many EU economies. The Asian country has given the financial support to countries belonging to PIGS. What is more, thanks to some investments China has started an ‘economic invasion’ in Europe. However, Chinese help is not disinteresting as it wants to achieve some political goal
Tolerancja jako fundament europejskiej tożsamości
Get PDFMuslim culture in Europe (mainly in the European Union) and the issue of tolerance, which plays a major role in the relationship between different cultures. The main point of this article is to isolate and describe the types of tolerance (and their incentive substrate). What is more an indication of their use in solving problems arising in multicultural societies, as well as outline the substance of the European cultural identity (its advantages and disadvantages, the ratio of “their” and “foreign” to her - consequences resulting from this). An important aspect of this paper is the influx of immigrants from Africa and Near East countries - related problems, conflicts, threats and the perspective of coexistence. The whole discussion is conducted in relation to the position on the “Other” occupied by modern liberal democracy
Mediatyzcja polityki. Koneiczność, zagrożenie czy alternatywa?
No full textThe main problem described in this paper is an attempt to create the definition of a mediated political communication process. Three dimensions of this social phenomenon have been distinguished. Firstly, understood as necessity (media saturation, journalists as the fourth authority, theory of agenda setting). Secondly, understood as a threat (info-tainment, post-politics) and last but not least, perceived as an alternative (the future of political communication)
Kreowanie dyskursu publicznego w Polsce – rola mediów krytycznych wobec Prawa i Sprawiedliwości
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to solve the problem, whether the media is responsible for the decline in the quality of a public debate. The comparison of media transmission has led to the conclusion that media was especially critically oriented towards PiS what brought about its politicization. The idea of Marcin Król is used in order to describe the reasons of media manipulation. The measure that could lead to the end of such conflicts has been suggested. That is deliberative democracy
Separatyzm językowy w Hiszpanii
Get PDFLanguage is one of the most important features distinguishing a nation. Its role and position in the public sphere determines the level of autonomy of every stateless nation. After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, Spain experience a revival of such nations as Catalans, Basques and Galicians. This revival has resulted in the natives’ demandsfor their languages to be recognized as official ones and be granted this particular status. This article describes the latest efforts and problems in this domain, the linguistic situation of the particular regions, as well as the legal status of each. The main aim of this article is to characterize these phenomena and to reveal in what way these demands have affected the structure of the Spanish state
Zasada incompatibilitas w samorządowym prawie ustrojowym (relacje samorządowiec-parlamentarzysta) i projekt przekształcenia Senatu w Izbę Samorządową
Get PDFThe problem of Senate as a self-government chamber and self-government person – parliament deputy relations were shown in the political history of the Polish Third Republic many times. In 2001, when self-government laws were introduced into the political system of self-government, there was an institution of incompatibilitas (incompatibility of self-governmental and parliamentarian seats). It influenced the subsequent public debate about the role of Senate and the emerging plans to transform it into a self-government chamber
Opozycja antysystemowa we współczesnych państwach totalitarnych - rzeczywistość czy abstrakcja?
Get PDFThis article analyses the problem of anti-systemic opposition’s existence in a totalitarian state. Different concepts concerning the genesis of totalitarianism as well as the features of this system were presented in the paper. Then, the idea of the opposition in a totalitarian state was defined. At the same time, it was emphasized that defining the oppositional quality in a democratic and totalitarian state is completely disparate. Next, an analysis of anti-systemic opposition’s occurrence in the states such as the Republic of Cuba and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was made. This analysis helped to answer the question concerning the conditions which must exist in a totalitarian state so that the anti-systemic opposition could appear
Wojna hybrydowa jako nowe zjawisko w sztuce wojennej XXI wieku
No full textThis article provides an insight into a new type of war - a hybrid war, which manifest itself through actions of Russia on the area of Eastern Ukraine. The author makes an attempt to classify hybrid war among other armed conflicts defined in the study of international security and relations, simultaneously trying to determine characteristic features of this phenomenon. The author hypothesize that deeper research into the problem may result in the necessity of creating new evaluative framework other than the one used for the conventional conflicts