Przegląd Strategiczny
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Joanna Dobrowolska-Polak, Ludzie w cieniu wojny. Ludność cywilna podczas współczesnych konfliktów zbrojnych, Poznań 2011, ss. 224
Get PDFPeter Warren Singer, Wired for War The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century, Penguin Press, Nowy Jork 2009, ss. 512.
Get PDFOblicza terroryzmu islamskiego w Indonezji na początku XXI wieku. Casus Dżama’a Islamija
Get PDFThis article addresses four main questions. The rise of radical Islamic movements in Southeast Asia, the challenge to international security from them, especially from Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), the links between JI and the Salafi-jihadi Global Movement. The article suggests first, that the roots of Jemaah Islamiyah can be traced to the ethno-religious struggle in Indonesia in 1950s; and second, that JI is a part of a pan-Southeast Asian jihadi network with strong ties to al Qaeda. At the onset of the XXI century Jemaah Islamiyah had developed a powerful operational capability, culminating in the 2002 Bali bombing. In Indonesia there is little support for such hardline Islamic movements. JI however continues to jeopardize stability in this country because its essential goal to establish an Islamic state resonates with many young Indonesians.W artykule analizie poddano cztery główne kwestie. Należą do nich: wzrost popularności islamskich organizacji radykalnych w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego związane z ich aktywnością, w tym w szczególności ze strony organizacji Dżama\u27a Islamija (DI), relacje pomiędzy DI a globalnym ruchem dżihadystycznym. W artykule wskazano między innymi na historyczne korzenie Dżama\u27a Islamija, związane z walką motywowaną czynnikami etniczno-religijnymi, toczoną w Indonezji już w latach pięćdziesiatych XX wieku. Zwrócono także uwagę na fakt, iż DI jest obecnie częścią panazjatyckiej sieci dżihadystycznej, powiązanej z Al-Kaidą
Maszyny wojny. Technologia militarna w społecznej historii stosunków międzynarodowych
Get PDFDespite close connections between technology and international relations, there are few works in international relations studies that would make an attempt to theoretically connect both of these two spheres of social reality.The main aim of the article is a historization of military technology in a social history of international relations. The author presents the process of historical growth of importance of military technology in functioning of societies and its destructive influence on social life. He convinces one that new technologies are developed, not „discovered” by human beings. Inventions reflect specific interests, owning proper resources to develop them and the existence of determined institutional support. In this understanding, science, technology and innovations are functions of human choices, interests, ideas, institutions and resources.In the first part of the article, the author presents relations between science, technology and innovations, as well as main attitudes in international relations studies in the context of comprehending these relations. Problems caused by technological development are also discussed. In the second part of the article, the author presents the meaning of military technology in international relations through its historization. By showing different contexts of „war machines” (horse, chariot, cavalry, cannons, conventional and nuclear weapon, information technology),one can observe the influence of military technology on international relations in the process of uneven and related development of different societies in different times from antiquity to the present day. In particular, the results of transformation of relations between armed forces and scientific institutions after World War II into permanent structures of society and government are shown. On the example of United States of America, the author points negative consequences of forming bureaucratic national security services for many aspects of social life. Finally, referring to James Der Derian’s analysis, the author presents transformative influence of information technology on international relations.Mimo ścisłych związków między technologią i stosunkami międzynarodowymi istnieje niewiele prac w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, które podejmują próbę teoretycznego połączenia obu tych sfer rzeczywistości społecznej. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest historyzacja technologii militarnej w społecznej historii stosunków międzynarodowych. Autor przedstawia proces historycznego wzrostu znaczenia technologii militarnej w funkcjonowaniu społeczeństw i jej destruktywny wpływ na życie społeczne. Przekonuje, że nowe technologie rozwinaje są przez istoty ludzkie, a nie "odkrywane". Dokonane wynalazki odzwierciedlają określone interesy, posiadanie adekwatnych zasobów do ich dokonania i istnienie określonego instytucjonalnego wsparcia. W takim rozumieniu nauka, technologia i innowacje są funkcją ludzkich wyborów, interesów, idei, instytucji i zasobów
Artur Wejkszner, Ewolucja terroryzmu motywowanego ideologią religijną na przykładzie salafickiego ruchu globalnego dżihadu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM, Poznań 2010, ss. 520.
Get PDFGeostrategiczne aspekty „problemu kaliningradzkiego” Geostrategic aspects of the „Kaliningrad problem”
No full textAfter the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad Oblast, which currently constitutes a part of the Russian Federation, has become an exclave neighboring Poland and Lithuania. After these two countries joined the EU in 2004, the Kaliningrad Oblast has become an "isle in the EU". One of the outcomers of this situation involves regular statements of politicians from Moscow and Kaliningrad reassuring that on account of its geostrategy Kaliningrad is a permanent part of Russia. A special name has even been cointed to address this matter: the Kaliningrad issue. There are two main geopolitical concepts: the region is Russia\u27s westernmost military outpost, and a pilot region for collaboration with the EU. Although different concepts have emerged concerning the increased independence and authonomy of this region, its inclusion in Russia is beyong doubt.After the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad Oblast, which currently constitutes a part of the Russian Federation, has become an exclave neighboring Poland and Lithuania. After these two countries joined the European Union in 2004 the Kaliningrad Oblast has become an ‘isle in the EU’. One of the outcomes of this situation involves regular statements issued by politicians from Moscow and Kaliningrad reassuring that on account of its geostrategy the region is a permanent part of Russia. A special name has even been coined to address this matter – the Kaliningrad issue. There are two main geopolitical concepts: the region is Russia’s westernmost military outpost; and a pilot region for collaboration with the European Union. Although, different concepts have emerged concerning the increased independence and autonomy of this region, its inclusion in Russia is beyond doubt
Radosław Fiedler, Od przywództwa do hegemonii. Stany Zjednoczone wobec bliskowschodniego obszaru niestabilności w latach 1991-2009, Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM, Poznań 2010, ss. 416.
Get PDFCzarnomorski wymiar bezpieczeństwa europejskiego
Get PDFThis article examines geopolitical, geoeconomical and geostrategical tendencies, vulnerabilities, risks and threats in theWider Black Sea Area. The research reveals the existence of a „Soft War” opposing the U.S. and E.U. on one side to the Russian Federation and its allies from Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the other side, which can easily become the Second ColdWar. It involves access to energy resources and distribution, the Russian efforts to maintain and extend its hegemony using regional instability, secessionist enclaves, sabotage and paramilitary violence, terrorism and criminality. The article also examinesWestern regional interests. For many centuries, from a geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic point of view, the Black Sea and Balkan area’s importance was based mainly on the region’s role as a point of intersection between great powers that played a critical role in Europe’s history. This area was a link and a frontier, a buffer zone and a transit corridor, betweenWest and East or North and South. The region represents a point of linkage for commercial nets and areas rich in energy resources, but also a black hole in the Western historical consciousness. In the political environment the area is part of the wider Black Sea area and includes the Euro-Asian energy corridor linking the Euro-Atlantic system with Caspian energy supplies. Today the Black Sea and Balkan area is characterized by transformations caused by separation from communism and the Soviet sphere of influence, and by transition from isolation to the values of democracy and free trade. Some of the states from this region are now NATO and European Union members, and others are trying to become eligible by fulfilling NATO and E.U. conditions. At the same time, Russia is trying to build a politico-military and economic block in order to regain its position as a major regional player and a great world power.W artykule dokonana została analiza tendencji geopolitycznych, geoekonomicznych i geostrategicznych, wrażliwości, ryzyka i zagrożeń dla Obszaru Czarnomorskiego. Badania wskazują na istnienie tzw. "miękkiej wojny" przeciwstawiającej Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki i Unię Europejską z jednej strony, Federację Rosyjską i jej sojuszników z Szanghajskiej Organizacji Współpracy z drugiej, mogącą stać się "drugą zimną wojną". Obejmuje ona kwestie dostępu do surowców energetycznych i ich dystrybucji, rosyjskich wysiłków na rzecz utrzymania i rozszerzenia swej hegemonii przy wykorzystaniu regionalnej niestabilności, secesjonistycznych enklaw, sabotażu i paramilitarnej przemocy, terroryzmu i przestępczości. W artykule przeanalizowano także zachodnie interesy o zasięgu regionalnym
Terrorist attacks versus acts of illegal interference in civil aviation. Implications for the functioning of airport critical infrastructure
Get PDFWhat makes the attacks on aviation transport so attractive is the fact that the act of aggression aimed at means of transport has an impact not only on the craft and vehicles themselves, but also on the critical infrastructure, the passengers, the crew and is followed by the wide interest of media due to the spectacular side of the event. The distinction between a terrorist act and illegal interference act may raise the suspicion of various implications for the functioning of critical infrastructure of an airport, first and foremost the designing of security and protection systems. As it may seem, providing safety will be adequate to anti-terrorist activities whereas the protection of civil aviation will be assigned to the prevention of acts of illegal interference. Such a course of thinking would imply the division or at least conduction of parallel actions. In practice, those areas overlap one another and widen the range of possible actions or use of certain instruments, for example legal ones. Also, the differences in prevention systems against terrorist acts and illegal interference acts are only slight