Przegląd Strategiczny
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Petropolityka i bezpieczeństwo energetyczne we współczesnym świecie
Get PDFThis article analyzes energy security in the context of the regional and global levels. The starting point in analyzing policies pursued by Russia, Venezuela and the Gulf States has become „the first law of petropolitics” according to which, the higher the average price of oil and gas on world markets, the lower is the conviction of the governments of the necessity of internal political and economic reforms, and their foreign and security policy is more confrontational. In the author’s opinion, both the controversy surrounding the Nord Stream project as well as the violent protests in the Middle East, support the hypothesis about the need to promote compliance with the rules of democracy and solidarity between countries as a mechanism for ensuring energy security on a global scale.W niniejszym artykule dokonano analizy bezpieczeństwa energetycznego zarówno w kontekście regionalnym, jak i globalnym. Punktem wyjœcia w analizie polityki prowadzonej przez Rosję, Wenezuelę i państwa Zatoki Perskiej stało się „pierwsze prawo petropolityki”, zgodnie z którym im wyższa jest średnia cena ropy naftowej i gazu na rynkach swiatowych, tym niższe jest przeświadczenie rządów o konieczności przeprowadzenia wewnętrznych reform politycznych i gospodarczych, a ich polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa jest bardziej konfrontacyjna. W opinii autora artykułu zarówno kontrowersje wokół projektu Nord Stream, jak również gwałtowne protesty na Bliskim Wschodzie określane mianem „Arabskiej Wiosny”, przemawiają za poparciem hipotezy o potrzebie dążenia do przestrzegania reguł demokracji i solidarności pomiêdzy pañstwami jako mechanizmu zapewniaj¹cego bezpieczeñstwo energetyczne w skali globalnej
Strategiczne partnerstwo Unia Europejska-Indie – w oczekiwaniu na przełom
Get PDFOn August 1, 1994 the Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of India on partnership and development entered into force. On June 16, 2004, in the tenth anniversary of the partnership, the European Commission presented the communication „An EU-India Strategic Partnership” in order to intensify cooperation with India. The Republic of India was regarded as a regional and global leader, being able to have equal relations with EU members. This paper is to analise signs of cooperation aimed at stategic partnership, and to present that despite legal and institutional frameworks of cooperation, no comprehensive concept of partnership was implemented. Moreover, years of relations have showned that partners are not equal, as well as that course and speed of cooperation are shaped unilaterally by the European Union.On August 1, 1994 the Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of India on partnership and development entered into force. On June 16, 2004, in the tenth anniversary of the partnership, the European Commission presented the communication „An EU-India Strategic Partnership” in order to intensify cooperation with India. The Republic of India was regarded as a regional and global leader, being able to have equal relations with EU members. This paper is to analise signs of cooperation aimed at stategic partnership, and to present that despite legal and institutional frameworks of cooperation, no comprehensive concept of partnership was implemented. Moreover, years of relations have showned that partners are not equal, as well as that course and speed of cooperation are shaped unilaterally by the European Union
Odnawialne źródła energii w świetle globalnego kryzysu energetycznego. Wybrane problemy, red. Franciszek Krawiec, Wydawnictwo Difin S.A., Warszawa 2010, ss. 195.
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Terroryzm. Materia ustawowa?, red. Krzysztof Indecki, Piotr Potejko, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego Centralny Ośrodek Szkolenia im. Gen. Stefana Roweckiego „Grota” w Emowie, Warszawa 2009, ss. 186.
Get PDFHistoryzacja pojęcia „równowaga siły” w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych
Get PDFThe paper focuses on a major question: should we abandon balance of power theory or seek to amend it in light many recent challenges? Author also raises crucial conceptual concerns: how should we define concepts such as „balancing”, „the balance of power”, and „balance of power theory”? Article elaborates a distinction between three related theories: balance of power theory, theories of power balances, and theories of balancing. In section II author discuss the concept balance of power in works of Edmund Burke. In section III he presents a survey of three historical international systems: ancient Middle Eastern system, the Greek city-state system and ancient China system. The weight of historical evidence casts significant doubt on the balancing efforts. This evidence shows that balancing processes rarely blocked the emergence of a prominent power or undermined it once it came into being. The balancing dynamics often failed in the face of the logics of domination. The balance of power theory is metaphor for the peculiar, impersonal form through which our collective human agency is expressed in the history of international relations. If and when it do disappear it will be through a process of social transformation, not one of cognitive reformulation. Balance of power theory must not any longer be the integrating theory of international relations.The paper focuses on a major question: should we abandon balance of power theory or seek to amend it in light many recent challenges? Author also raises crucial conceptual concerns: how should we define concepts such as „balancing”, „the balance of power”, and „balance of power theory”? Article elaborates a distinction between three related theories: balance of power theory, theories of power balances, and theories of balancing. In section II author discuss the concept balance of power in works of Edmund Burke. In section III he presents a survey of three historical international systems: ancient Middle Eastern system, the Greek city-state system and ancient China system. The weight of historical evidence casts significant doubt on the balancing efforts. This evidence shows that balancing processes rarely blocked the emergence of a prominent power or undermined it once it came into being. The balancing dynamics often failed in the face of the logics of domination. The balance of power theory is metaphor for the peculiar, impersonal form through which our collective human agency is expressed in the history of international relations. If and when it do disappear it will be through a process of social transformation, not one of cognitive reformulation. Balance of power theory must not any longer be the integrating theory of international relations
Rosyjsko-białoruska współpraca militarna w XXI wieku
Get PDFBelorussian military cooperation with Russia causes the partial isolation of Lukashenko’s land from the West-European environment. The possibility of Belorussian membership in NATO has been curbed, up to the moment of close cooperation with the eastern ally. Only becoming independent from Russia could contribute to the rapid rapprochement between Belarus and West-European organizations and could hammer out a regular cooperation. Russian authorities are exploiting the military activities while achieving goals of foreign policy. In this way the plans during the energetic conflicts with Belarus and deployment of missile defense elements in Poland and Czech were accomplished. The exploitation of the military policy by Russia is perceived as a bargaining card which is used for achieving main national aims. Mr Lukashenko, with the help of bilateral cooperation may stay in power, which is mostly grounded on the recognition from the army. Mutual cooperation in the area of defense is very close, however, the president of Belarus is constantly refusing Russian authorities, who take the initiative to incorporate Belarusian country as one of the provinces, in order to maintain the external sovereignty of this country.Belorussian military cooperation with Russia causes the partial isolation of Lukashenko’s land from the West-European environment. The possibility of Belorussian membership in NATO has been curbed, up to the moment of close cooperation with the eastern ally. Only becoming independent from Russia could contribute to the rapid rapprochement between Belarus and West-European organizations and could hammer out a regular cooperation. Russian authorities are exploiting the military activities while achieving goals of foreign policy. In this way the plans during the energetic conflicts with Belarus and deployment of missile defense elements in Poland and Czech were accomplished. The exploitation of the military policy by Russia is perceived as a bargaining card which is used for achieving main national aims. Mr Lukashenko, with the help of bilateral cooperation may stay in power, which is mostly grounded on the recognition from the army. Mutual cooperation in the area of defense is very close, however, the president of Belarus is constantly refusing Russian authorities, who take the initiative to incorporate Belarusian country as one of the provinces, in order to maintain the external sovereignty of this country
Małgorzata Budyta-Budzyńska, Socjologia narodu i konfliktów etnicznych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2010, ss. 317.
Get PDFGazprom i jego wpływ na współczesne bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Unii Europejskiej. Wybrane problemy
Get PDFEnergy production, especially gas trade issues, is one of the essential elements of collaboration between the European Union and Russian Federation. Epitomizing the Russian presence in Europe, there is Gazprom. In the article, the authors analise the Gazprom phenomenon and wonder whether its expansion in the EU is co-operative or dominating in character.Energetyka, a przede wszystkim problemy związane z handlem gazem są jednym z podstawowych elementów współpracy Unii Europejskiej i Federacji Rosyjskiej. Uosobieniem rosyjskiej obecności w Europie jest m.in. Gazprom. Autorzy analizują fenomen Gazpromu oraz zastanawiają się nad tym, czy jego ekspansja w UE ma charakter kooperacyjny czy dominujący
Hybrydowy model globalnego terroryzmu
Get PDFThe goal of this study is to present various aspects of so-called global terrorism and to indicate the relations that occur among them. To this end a hybrid model is applied, that approaches global terrorism as the sum total of six different elements that operate simultaneously and the direct and indirect relations operating between them. The six elements encompass the globalrange of terrorism, global fear and stereotypes that accompany terrorism, the global nature of terrorist ideas, global terrorist strategy and tactics, global consequences of terrorism and global counterterrorism activities. The gist of the concept is to emphasize that the global dimension of modern terrorism applies to its highly diversified manifestations and it should not be reduced only to the supra-regional range of operations of selected terrorist organizations, such as al-Qaeda.Celem opracowania jest ukazanie różnych aspektów tzw. globalnego terroryzmu oraz wskazanie zachodzących pomiędzy nimi interakcji. Posłużono się w tym przypadku modelem hybrydowym traktującym terroryzm globalny jako sumę składową 6 różnorodnych i występujących równocześnie elementów oraz funkcjonujących między nimi bezpośrednich lub pośrednich relacji. Do wspomnianych elementów zaliczono: globalny zakres występowania terroryzmu, globalny strach i stereotypy towarzyszące terroryzmowi, globalny charakter terrorystycznych idei, globalną strategię i taktykę terrorystów, globalne skutki terroryzmu oraz globalne przeciwdziałanie zagrożeniu terrorystycznemu. Istotą zaprezentowanej koncepcji jest podkreślenie faktu, iż globalny wymiar współczesnego terroryzmu dotyczy różnorodnych jego przejawów i nie należy sprowadzać go tylko np. do ponadregionalnego działania wybranych organizacji terrorystycznych takich, jak choćby Al-Kaida