Przegląd Strategiczny
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Wpływ doświadczeń z konfliktu gruzińsko-rosyjskiego z 2008 roku na wizję współczesnego bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Wybrane płaszczyzny
No full textThe aim of this article is to highlight a structure of war between Georgia and Russia over South Ossetia separatist republic. The Author describes background of the conflict by showing main interdependencies in the region. Simultaneously, the Author presents main rivarly directions in Russian and Georgian policy which were main reasons behind the outbreak of military conflict in 2008. This article also contains considerations about potential influences of war on the security status in the region.Celem artykułu jest ukazanie struktury wojny toczonej przez Gruzję i Federację Rosyjską na terytorium separatystycznej republiki Południowej Osetii. Autor przedstawił tło konfliktu przez nakreślenie głównych zależności w regionie. Jednocześnie Autor zaprezentował podstawowe kierunki rywalizacji w rosyjskiej i gruzińskiej polityce, które później stały się przyczyną wybuchu otwartego konfliktu zbrojnego w 2008 r. Artykuł zawiera także rozważania na temat wpływu wojny na stan bezpieczeństwa w regionie
Christina Hellmich, Al-Qaeda. From Global Network to Local Franchise, Zed Books, London-New York 2011, ss. 212.
Get PDFEwolucja metod terrorystycznych
Get PDFThe peculiar succession of ideology inherited from predecessors resulted in a continuity of methods used by terrorists. Each subsequent variety of this phenomenon derives in some way from the activities of its predecessors, albeit introducing its own modes of operation. And thus anarchists who resorted to the idea of tyrant assassination used individual attacks, generally aimed at heads of states. This method was adopted by the twentieth century leftist radicals, but being unable to assassinate wellprotected state leaders, they started to direct violence against less prominent figures, people, who fulfill functions of secondary importance in the state. However, when such attacks did not trigger the desired response, they reinforced the impact, implementing kidnappings instead of assassinations. Terrorist of the extreme right, on the other hand, focused on extended attacks, a method rejected by the extreme leftists. They would direct violence against completely random people holding no connection whatsoever to the cause for which the terrorists were fighting. This method, in turn, was taken over by religious fundamentalists with the precise goal of killing completely innocent people. In fact, the innocence of victims was deemed the essence of new terrorism. This change that consists in total separation of victims and the addresses of the attacks has resulted in quite a drastic transformation of terrorism, its metamorphosis from a method of struggle against a stronger adversary into a macabre communication strategy.The peculiar succession of ideology inherited from predecessors resulted in a continuity of methods used by terrorists. Each subsequent variety of this phenomenon derives in some way from the activities of its predecessors, albeit introducing its own modes of operation. And thus anarchists who resorted to the idea of tyrant assassination used individual attacks, generally aimed at heads of states. This method was adopted by the twentieth century leftist radicals, but being unable to assassinate wellprotected state leaders, they started to direct violence against less prominent figures, people, who fulfill functions of secondary importance in the state. However, when such attacks did not trigger the desired response, they reinforced the impact, implementing kidnappings instead of assassinations. Terrorist of the extreme right, on the other hand, focused on extended attacks, a method rejected by the extreme leftists. They would direct violence against completely random people holding no connection whatsoever to the cause for which the terrorists were fighting. This method, in turn, was taken over by religious fundamentalists with the precise goal of killing completely innocent people. In fact, the innocence of victims was deemed the essence of new terrorism. This change that consists in total separation of victims and the addresses of the attacks has resulted in quite a drastic transformation of terrorism, its metamorphosis from a method of struggle against a stronger adversary into a macabre communication strategy
System kontroli i regulacji międzynarodowego handlu uzbrojeniem
Get PDFThe international arms trade constitutes an important factor that shapes global security system. For many countries, greater international control over export sales is essential to strengthen international stability. The article identifies and analizes main control and regulation instruments in international arms trade: arms embargoes imposed by the UN Security Council; the UN Register of Conventional Arms; informal regimes through the example Wassenaar Arrangement; regional regimes through the example of the European Union regulations; national regulations on arms export. It also describes international efforts to create legally-binding arms trade regime with global scope. Their main goal is a treaty that requires strong national laws against the selling and brokering of illegal arms deals.Międzynarodowy handel bronią stanowi istotny czynnik kształtujący system bezpieczeństwa na świecie. Większość państw uznaje konieczność utrzymywania ścisłej kontroli obrotu materiałami wojskowymi. W artykule analizie poddano najważniejsze formy kontroli i regulacji międzynarodowego handlu bronią: sankcje w postaci embarga na broń wprowadzane przez RB ONZ; Rejestr Uzbrojenia Konwencjonalnego ONZ; porozumienia nieformalne na przykładzie Porozumienia z Wassenaar; reżimy regionalne na przykładzie instrumentów Unii Europejskiej; narodowe regulacje eksportowe. Omówiono również przebieg prac nad stworzeniem globalnego reżimu kontroli handlu uzbrojeniem, jakie toczą się na forum ONZ. Celem tych działań jest ustanowienie traktatu zapobiegającego nielegalnej sprzedaży uzbrojenia
Krzysztof Lalik, Kurdystan iracki u progu XXI wieku, Wyd. Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2009, ss. 361.
Get PDFZmiany polityczne w świecie arabskim Anno Domini 2011. Próba oceny z perspektywy strategicznego bezpieczeństwa Izraela
Get PDFThe end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011 in Arab countries marked its place in history as the Arab Spring or the Arab Awakening, since during this period mass social, political and economic protests could be observed in almost all the countries in the region. Due to the nature, dynamics and the issues underlying the Arab-Israeli conflict, each and every material change in Arab countries is and has to be important for Israel and the whole Middle East. Considering the phenomenon being analyzed from the perspective of the Arab-Israeli conflict and Israel’s external and internal situation, in my opinion it is particularly important to attempt to answer the following question: Has the Arab Spring changed Israel’s strategic situation, and if so, to what extent? Looking at the ensuing situation from the perspective of Israel and also the Arab-Israeli conflict, at the very beginning we can have doubts or an opinion even less optimistic than in Europe about the nature of these changes. The Arab Spring may be regarded by Israel and also by the analysts related with the country as the beginning of the „era of uncertainty”. This is mainly connected with the changes regarding political regimes and the possibility of coming to or sharing power with Islamic movements and parties hostile towards Israel. The collapse of political regimes was accompanied by failures of the ruling political parties connected with these regimes.The gap was filled by dozens of new parties, with religious and Islamic parties being particularly strong. Time will show its long-term consequences. Israel cannot afford unjustified optimism and false opinions, and that is why it has to be prepared for negative scenarios since both the country’s elites and society are aware of that there may be no second chances in event of failure.The end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011 in Arab countries marked its place in history as the Arab Spring or the Arab Awakening, since during this period mass social, political and economic protests could be observed in almost all the countries in the region. Due to the nature, dynamics and the issues underlying the Arab-Israeli conflict, each and every material change in Arab countries is and has to be important for Israel and the whole Middle East. Considering the phenomenon being analyzed from the perspective of the Arab-Israeli conflict and Israel’s external and internal situation, in my opinion it is particularly important to attempt to answer the following question: Has the Arab Spring changed Israel’s strategic situation, and if so, to what extent? Looking at the ensuing situation from the perspective of Israel and also the Arab-Israeli conflict, at the very beginning we can have doubts or an opinion even less optimistic than in Europe about the nature of these changes. The Arab Spring may be regarded by Israel and also by the analysts related with the country as the beginning of the „era of uncertainty”. This is mainly connected with the changes regarding political regimes and the possibility of coming to or sharing power with Islamic movements and parties hostile towards Israel. The collapse of political regimes was accompanied by failures of the ruling political parties connected with these regimes.The gap was filled by dozens of new parties, with religious and Islamic parties being particularly strong. Time will show its long-term consequences. Israel cannot afford unjustified optimism and false opinions, and that is why it has to be prepared for negative scenarios since both the country’s elites and society are aware of that there may be no second chances in event of failure
Islamski Front Wyzwolenia Moro i Abu Sajjaf. Ewolucja islamskiej aktywności terrorystycznej na Filipinach
Get PDFThe main aim of this article is to show the evolution of Islamic terrorism in the Philippines. This country has been plagued by insurgencies throughout the history. The Muslim secessionist movement in the Southern Philippines is rooted in the centuries-old resistance of Muslim Filipinos against Spanish colonization. The destruction of the traditional patterns of authority, destruction of communal autonomy and the introduction of a new religion fueled the resistance of the Muslims in Mindanao.The Muslim secessionist movement is comprised at the onset of the XXI century of two main groups: The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Abu Sayyaf Group. These groups with links to Al Qaeda have established the Islamic foothold in the Southern Philippines in past two decades.The Moro Islamist Liberation Front (MILF) have been the vanguard of the Islamic movement in the Bangsamoro homeland in Mindanao and the neighbouring islands. The MILF was officially formed in 1984. Its founder, Hashim Salamat, supported by ethnic Maguindanaos from Mindanao, split few years earlier from the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). In January 1987, the MNLF signed an agreement relinquishing its goal of independence for Muslim regions and accepting the government’s offer of autonomy. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front refused to accept the accord. MILF has been non active as a terrorist organization since 2003.Abu Sayyaf was founded by a Philippine veteran of Afghan-SovietWar. It has gone through several iterations since its emergence in 1991. It devolved from an Islamist militant organization bent on creating a separate Muslim state in the southern Philippines to a loose collection of kidnap-for-ransom gangs after the 1998 death of founder Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani. Now a much leaner group than it was Abu Sayyaf continues to exist as several different factions.The main aim of this article is to show the evolution of Islamic terrorism in the Philippines. This country has been plagued by insurgencies throughout the history. The Muslim secessionist movement in the Southern Philippines is rooted in the centuries-old resistance of Muslim Filipinos against Spanish colonization. The destruction of the traditional patterns of authority, destruction of communal autonomy and the introduction of a new religion fueled the resistance of the Muslims in Mindanao.The Muslim secessionist movement is comprised at the onset of the XXI century of two main groups: The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Abu Sayyaf Group. These groups with links to Al Qaeda have established the Islamic foothold in the Southern Philippines in past two decades.The Moro Islamist Liberation Front (MILF) have been the vanguard of the Islamic movement in the Bangsamoro homeland in Mindanao and the neighbouring islands. The MILF was officially formed in 1984. Its founder, Hashim Salamat, supported by ethnic Maguindanaos from Mindanao, split few years earlier from the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). In January 1987, the MNLF signed an agreement relinquishing its goal of independence for Muslim regions and accepting the government’s offer of autonomy. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front refused to accept the accord. MILF has been non active as a terrorist organization since 2003.Abu Sayyaf was founded by a Philippine veteran of Afghan-SovietWar. It has gone through several iterations since its emergence in 1991. It devolved from an Islamist militant organization bent on creating a separate Muslim state in the southern Philippines to a loose collection of kidnap-for-ransom gangs after the 1998 death of founder Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani. Now a much leaner group than it was Abu Sayyaf continues to exist as several different factions
Marzena Górzyńska, Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki wobec Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego, Wyd. Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2010, ss. 170.
Get PDFBezpieczeństwo – teoretyczny wymiar ponadczasowej wartości
Get PDFCommon awareness of threats and dangers, which has become an integral part of nature and mankind, has caused the situation when determination to guarantee safety makes this value timeless. According to H. Kissinger the notion of safety is nowadays ‘the foundation of every human action’. That is why, in literature, one can see a very wide scope of safety categories in its defining. The aim of the article is the attempt to explain the notion and to show the essence of safety. Taking into consideration ambiguity of the notion of safety, attention has been directed to its description as the state. At the same time, safety has been described as a process where the state of safety and its organization are subjects of dynamic transformations proportionally to changes in safety conditions. Importance of geopolitical evolution and the progress of science and technology in the last decade of 20th century for transformation of views concerning creation of contemporary national security has been stressed. Realities of 21st century cause that safety of society depends mainly on global and national security. That is why the synthesis of contemporary description of national security has been presented, taking into consideration social category, functional and structural meaning. The attempt of theoretical presentation of the term of safety leads to fundamental conclusions. Firstly, safety undergoes the laws of social systems movements. Secondly, the phenomenon should be analysed thoroughly, noticing its subjective, objective and spatial diversity.Common awareness of threats and dangers, which has become an integral part of nature and mankind, has caused the situation when determination to guarantee safety makes this value timeless. According to H. Kissinger the notion of safety is nowadays ‘the foundation of every human action’. That is why, in literature, one can see a very wide scope of safety categories in its defining. The aim of the article is the attempt to explain the notion and to show the essence of safety. Taking into consideration ambiguity of the notion of safety, attention has been directed to its description as the state. At the same time, safety has been described as a process where the state of safety and its organization are subjects of dynamic transformations proportionally to changes in safety conditions. Importance of geopolitical evolution and the progress of science and technology in the last decade of 20th century for transformation of views concerning creation of contemporary national security has been stressed. Realities of 21st century cause that safety of society depends mainly on global and national security. That is why the synthesis of contemporary description of national security has been presented, taking into consideration social category, functional and structural meaning. The attempt of theoretical presentation of the term of safety leads to fundamental conclusions. Firstly, safety undergoes the laws of social systems movements. Secondly, the phenomenon should be analysed thoroughly, noticing its subjective, objective and spatial diversity