Przegląd Strategiczny
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Cenniejsze niż złoto? Metale ziem rzadkich w światowej strategii gospodarczej
Get PDFNext to oil and gas there are which have increasing importance for industrial development – rare earth elements. Without them, much of the world’s modern technology would be vastly different and many applications would not be possible. They are key component of in a large assortment of advanced military and civilian technologies and key to the emergence of green technology such as the new generation of wind powered turbines and plug-in hybrid vehicles. There are 17 rare earth elements which moderately are abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. Although they are not concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable economically. 97 percent of the world’s rare earth elements are produced in China. Increasing global demand and Chinese reductions in export quotas over the past six years have led to international concerns about future supply shortages. China’s request for rare earths is also growing, what causes even more problems for importers of these resources. Even those countries which were largely self-sufficient in these critical materials over the past decade have become dependent upon imports from Beijing. In addition, this monopoly over rare earths has led to fears of China using its dominance as leverage to influence other nations’ foreign policies. Considering example of Japan, these anxieties are not groundless. This paper is designed to present te phenomenon of rare earth elements and their importance for international economy. It also explores ways of facing Chinese monopoly by other states.Next to oil and gas there are which have increasing importance for industrial development – rare earth elements. Without them, much of the world’s modern technology would be vastly different and many applications would not be possible. They are key component of in a large assortment of advanced military and civilian technologies and key to the emergence of green technology such as the new generation of wind powered turbines and plug-in hybrid vehicles. There are 17 rare earth elements which moderately are abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. Although they are not concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable economically. 97 percent of the world’s rare earth elements are produced in China. Increasing global demand and Chinese reductions in export quotas over the past six years have led to international concerns about future supply shortages. China’s request for rare earths is also growing, what causes even more problems for importers of these resources. Even those countries which were largely self-sufficient in these critical materials over the past decade have become dependent upon imports from Beijing. In addition, this monopoly over rare earths has led to fears of China using its dominance as leverage to influence other nations’ foreign policies. Considering example of Japan, these anxieties are not groundless. This paper is designed to present te phenomenon of rare earth elements and their importance for international economy. It also explores ways of facing Chinese monopoly by other states
Związki polityki i ekonomii w badaniu stosunków międzynarodowych
No full textThe objective of this article is to present the development of the International Political Economy (IPE) as the sub-discipline of the international relations. It deals with the influence of political decisions on the economy, and the economic situation on the political activities of the states. The genesis of the IPE can be traced in the 1970s. when the major changes in the world economy occurred. The greater attention was paid to the impact of those events on the international relations and the policy of particular states. The pioneer books were published then: theoretical ones and the works which presented the international relation from a new perspective. The article includes also the basic definitions, the scope of the research as well as the methodology applied in the IPE. The theories (based on mercantilism, liberalism and structuralism) and the new approaches: ecological, feminist critique etc. are also presented. In the last part of the text the concepts of the role of the economic factor in foreign and domestic policy of the nation states are analyzed.The objective of this article is to present the development of the International Political Economy (IPE) as the sub-discipline of the international relations. It deals with the influence of political decisions on the economy, and the economic situation on the political activities of the states. The genesis of the IPE can be traced in the 1970s. when the major changes in the world economy occurred. The greater attention was paid to the impact of those events on the international relations and the policy of particular states. The pioneer books were published then: theoretical ones and the works which presented the international relation from a new perspective. The article includes also the basic definitions, the scope of the research as well as the methodology applied in the IPE. The theories (based on mercantilism, liberalism and structuralism) and the new approaches: ecological, feminist critique etc. are also presented. In the last part of the text the concepts of the role of the economic factor in foreign and domestic policy of the nation states are analyzed
The Terrorism Virus: Contemporary Traits and Mechanisms
Get PDFIn order to present and understand the nature of modern terrorism it is important to realize its key properties as well the mechanisms that shape terrorism. Selected properties and mechanisms shaping modern terrorism which can be exemplified by the following: evolutionary nature of terrorism, asymmetry of terrorism, interferentiality of terrorism, multitude of components of terrorism, diffusion of terrorism, duality of terrorism, positive dimension of terrorism, terrorist as the system, diversity of terrorist activity goals, changeability of terrorist threat, the broad and narrow dimension of terrorism, counter-anti-terrorism, the confrontational and cooperational character of relations, calculation and operational strategy, disintegrational nature of terrorism, multidisciplinarity of terrorism, horizontal and vertical dimension of terrorism and a the few other traits or mechanisms
Turcja w Unii Europejskiej? Bilans korzyści i kosztów
Get PDFThe aim of this article is the comprehensive analysis of possible benefits and disadvantages of Turkey’s European Union membership from the point of view of both of the sides of the accession process, and the attempt to predict the probable consequences of two political scenarios: accession of Turkey to the EU which is equivalent to being a full member with the same rights as remaining 27 countries, or the fiasco of Turkey’s accession process to the UE. The first part of this article contains the analysis of economic, political and sociocultural benefits that both of the sides will gain and the balance of the costs that each side will have to bear. The analysis that is being carried out in the second part of this article is concerned with possible consequences of ‘worst and best scenario’ fulfillment. However, as it is being shown in this part of article, between two mentioned above extremes there is one more possible way of progress of events: heavily supported by the chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Angela Merkel ‘privileged partnership’ for Turkey instead of full EU membership. How it has been repeatedly said by Turkish political leaders, none form of partnership should be even considered because offers of cooperation different from full EU membership are insult to Turkey. However, taking into consideration the fact that EU is still being affected by economic and political crisis, it may have not possibility to offer Turkey anything more than remaining the ‘status quo’. Possible results of this progress of events like Turkey’s turn to the Islamic neighbouring countries and European Union’s loss of a chance of attaching great importance to global geopolitics, are also taken into consideration.The aim of this article is the comprehensive analysis of possible benefits and disadvantages of Turkey’s European Union membership from the point of view of both of the sides of the accession process, and the attempt to predict the probable consequences of two political scenarios: accession of Turkey to the EU which is equivalent to being a full member with the same rights as remaining 27 countries, or the fiasco of Turkey’s accession process to the UE. The first part of this article contains the analysis of economic, political and sociocultural benefits that both of the sides will gain and the balance of the costs that each side will have to bear. The analysis that is being carried out in the second part of this article is concerned with possible consequences of ‘worst and best scenario’ fulfillment. However, as it is being shown in this part of article, between two mentioned above extremes there is one more possible way of progress of events: heavily supported by the chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Angela Merkel ‘privileged partnership’ for Turkey instead of full EU membership. How it has been repeatedly said by Turkish political leaders, none form of partnership should be even considered because offers of cooperation different from full EU membership are insult to Turkey. However, taking into consideration the fact that EU is still being affected by economic and political crisis, it may have not possibility to offer Turkey anything more than remaining the ‘status quo’. Possible results of this progress of events like Turkey’s turn to the Islamic neighbouring countries and European Union’s loss of a chance of attaching great importance to global geopolitics, are also taken into consideration
Anna Wojciuk, Dylemat potęgi. Praktyczna teoria stosunków międzynarodowych, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2010, pp. 2861.
Get PDFPublic health security in crisis situations. Basic Premises and strategic objectives
Get PDFIn recent years the approach to public health has changed, making the adoption of a uniform definition difficult. This is forced by the growing number of extraordinary dangers: terrorist attacks, natural disasters, dangerous invading microbial and virus diseases, bioterrorist, chemical and radiation threats, transport accidents and disasters. These threats create crisis situations which are very complicated and define new challenges for the authorities and public health leaders as well as for officials and health inspectors. In the speculation below, an attempt has been made to present a new pyramid of leadership in the public health sector in crisis situations, the assumptions and strategic objectives of a health security strategy are stated
J. Michalak, International Security Threats in the Biological Realm, Scientific Publishers Press Ltd, Łódź 2005, pp. 128.
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Nauki społeczne w programie badań Dalekiej Północy
No full textHigh North is undergoing rapid changes. Climate change influences the environment which in turn brings about serious consequences to the life of inhabitants of that region, starting with transport and ending with their daily activities which used to focus on simple survival. These alterations bring forth several difficult queries about current and future challenges, as well as limits of probable risk taking. It is hardly surprising since we are facing possible events which might cause serious political, social, economic and cultural disruptions for individuals and whole communities inhabiting those areas.With view to minimize potential and irreparable losses, as well as the emerging sources of probable conflicts in various fields, it is of vital importance that the currently reigning supreme research in the broadly understood natural sciences be supplemented by social sciences as soon as possible. The point is to make natural and social paths of changes in the North become the subject of comprehensive scientific and scholarly research.High North is undergoing rapid changes. Climate change influences the environment which in turn brings about serious consequences to the life of inhabitants of that region, starting with transport and ending with their daily activities which used to focus on simple survival. These alterations bring forth several difficult queries about current and future challenges, as well as limits of probable risk taking. It is hardly surprising since we are facing possible events which might cause serious political, social, economic and cultural disruptions for individuals and whole communities inhabiting those areas.With view to minimize potential and irreparable losses, as well as the emerging sources of probable conflicts in various fields, it is of vital importance that the currently reigning supreme research in the broadly understood natural sciences be supplemented by social sciences as soon as possible. The point is to make natural and social paths of changes in the North become the subject of comprehensive scientific and scholarly research
Rola prawa międzynarodowego w rozwoju nauki o stosunkach międzynarodowych
Get PDFInternational relations as an independent new discipline has been created by a process of separation from international law. The theory of international relations very rightly stressed that States’ conduct neither can be fully determined nor can be viewed and analyzed exclusively by a prism of legal norms. Nevertheless, such approach can be criticized when it leads to underestimation, neglect or even rejection of any role for international law in international relations. In fact none international order can exist without principles, norms, procedures and institution based and created by international law. The end of the Cold War has created new opportunities for development and evolution of international law. One can observe profound changes concerning the notion of sovereignty, subjectivity, responsibility. The principle of non-intervention is replaced by the UN principle „responsibility to protect”. Individuals responsible for international crimes due to the creation of many international tribunals are brought to criminal responsibility. An era of impunity comes to the end. Notion of international community and subjects of international law needs in 21st century a redefinition. Despite great increase of numbers and importance of non-state actors States preserve their dominant position. United Nations system should be reformed. All intergovernmental, international organizations should put human beings of the center of their activities. The role and importance of international law in 21st century is on rise. This is due to the need to meet new challenges and threats confronting international community. That why, international agreements and regulations are indispensible. International law is also under influence of new processes in particular globalization, regionalization and integration, including the European Union. Studies of international relations cannot be properly developed and brought adequate and just results without taking into account international law. By the same token international law without taking into account broadly understood international relations is threaten to be dogmatic and disconnected from reality.International relations as an independent new discipline has been created by a process of separation from international law. The theory of international relations very rightly stressed that States’ conduct neither can be fully determined nor can be viewed and analyzed exclusively by a prism of legal norms. Nevertheless, such approach can be criticized when it leads to underestimation, neglect or even rejection of any role for international law in international relations. In fact none international order can exist without principles, norms, procedures and institution based and created by international law. The end of the Cold War has created new opportunities for development and evolution of international law. One can observe profound changes concerning the notion of sovereignty, subjectivity, responsibility. The principle of non-intervention is replaced by the UN principle „responsibility to protect”. Individuals responsible for international crimes due to the creation of many international tribunals are brought to criminal responsibility. An era of impunity comes to the end. Notion of international community and subjects of international law needs in 21st century a redefinition. Despite great increase of numbers and importance of non-state actors States preserve their dominant position. United Nations system should be reformed. All intergovernmental, international organizations should put human beings of the center of their activities. The role and importance of international law in 21st century is on rise. This is due to the need to meet new challenges and threats confronting international community. That why, international agreements and regulations are indispensible. International law is also under influence of new processes in particular globalization, regionalization and integration, including the European Union. Studies of international relations cannot be properly developed and brought adequate and just results without taking into account international law. By the same token international law without taking into account broadly understood international relations is threaten to be dogmatic and disconnected from reality