Przegląd Politologiczny
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Dylematy metodologiczne badań kultury politycznej w Internecie
Get PDFThis paper concentrates on the analysis of methodological problems of studies conducted using the Internet, in particular on the issue of whether it is reasonable to apply classical research techniques. These considerations start with the reflection on the ontological parameters of the Internet: its physical, socio-psychological and information properties. Next, the paper analyzes four groups of research techniques: surveys of opinion, studies of behaviors, studies of cultural creations, and studies of the structure of the Internet. The subject of analyses involves the range and content of modifications required in order to apply individual research techniques in the Internet.This paper concentrates on the analysis of methodological problems of studies conducted using the Internet, in particular on the issue of whether it is reasonable to apply classical research techniques. These considerations start with the reflection on the ontological parameters of the Internet: its physical, socio-psychological and information properties. Next, the paper analyzes four groups of research techniques: surveys of opinion, studies of behaviors, studies of cultural creations, and studies of the structure of the Internet. The subject of analyses involves the range and content of modifications required in order to apply individual research techniques in the Internet
Polityczne aspekty zjawiska segmentacji społeczeństwa
Get PDFIn the second decade of modernization, profound differences in the effectiveness of the adaptation strategies applied by individual and collective actors have been experienced is Poland. The consequence of these differences is the phenomenon of the fragmentation of Polish society, which refers to the process of permanent differentiation of the position of individuals and social classes. The better adapted classes (e.g. business owners) are highly integrated. Medium adapted classes (e.g. administrative staff) are in a state of structural polarity. The worst adapted groups (e.g. manual workers) are in a state of decomposition. Such fragmentation leads to strong tensions at the level of social macrostructures.In the second decade of modernization, profound differences in the effectiveness of the adaptation strategies applied by individual and collective actors have been experienced is Poland. The consequence of these differences is the phenomenon of the fragmentation of Polish society, which refers to the process of permanent differentiation of the position of individuals and social classes. The better adapted classes (e.g. business owners) are highly integrated. Medium adapted classes (e.g. administrative staff) are in a state of structural polarity. The worst adapted groups (e.g. manual workers) are in a state of decomposition. Such fragmentation leads to strong tensions at the level of social macrostructures
Polityka zagraniczna USA w kontekście rozwoju współpracy ukraińsko-amerykańskiej
Get PDFThe article analyzes the main theoretical approaches to the definition of foreign policy concept of the USA at the modern stage. It considers the main tendencies of the development of the USA and Ukraine’s positions on international issues and the ways to solve problems in inter-state collaboration.Artykuł analizuje główne teoretyczne podejścia do definiowania konceptu polityki zagranicznej USA we współczesnym świecie. W tekście poruszono zagadnienia głównych tendencji w rozwoju stanowisk USA i Ukrainy w sprawach międzynarodowych i sposobów rozwiązywania problemów we współpracy obu państw
Dyskusja i spory wokół wprowadzania podwójnych nazw miejscowości na terenie Śląska Opolskiego
Get PDFThe emergence of a German minority in the western part of OEl¹sk Górny (Upper Silesia, Opolskie Region) in 1989 stirred a discussion, mainly among sociologists and political scientists, on the criteria that would make it possible to solve the issue of justifying this minority’s presence in Poland. At the same time, the leaders of those minority circles faced the task of demonstrating that they were German in ethnic and cultural terms. For both parties it became important to force the Polish Parliament to pass a “minority law” as it came to be called. The battle for the provisions of this act, with varying intensity, lasted until January 2005, when it was signed by the President of Poland and the law entered into force in May of the same year. The adoption of the law on ethnic and national minorities and regional languages enabled minorities to introduce double naming of places where they reside. Initially, this phenomenon was most intense in the Opole part of Górny OEl¹sk triggering a full range of reactions, ranging from the definitely hostile, threatening an outbreak of an ethnic conflict, to treating this phenomenon as an element enhancing the socio-cultural attractiveness of regions inhabited by minorities.The emergence of a German minority in the western part of OEl¹sk Górny (Upper Silesia, Opolskie Region) in 1989 stirred a discussion, mainly among sociologists and political scientists, on the criteria that would make it possible to solve the issue of justifying this minority’s presence in Poland. At the same time, the leaders of those minority circles faced the task of demonstrating that they were German in ethnic and cultural terms. For both parties it became important to force the Polish Parliament to pass a “minority law” as it came to be called. The battle for the provisions of this act, with varying intensity, lasted until January 2005, when it was signed by the President of Poland and the law entered into force in May of the same year. The adoption of the law on ethnic and national minorities and regional languages enabled minorities to introduce double naming of places where they reside. Initially, this phenomenon was most intense in the Opole part of Górny OEl¹sk triggering a full range of reactions, ranging from the definitely hostile, threatening an outbreak of an ethnic conflict, to treating this phenomenon as an element enhancing the socio-cultural attractiveness of regions inhabited by minorities
Społeczne zagrożenia integracji europejskiej
Get PDFEuropean integration as a social process is endangered by phenomena which can reduce, stop and downgrade this process. They occur, at least partly, out of political intentions. They become a conseąuence of existing processes in the political, industrial and psychosocial spheres. The evolution of social attitudes of an individual can take the wrong direction, and this can result in a negative influence on social systems. In this paper, special attention is placed on a few of them: atomisation, anomie and social alienation, linked to political and social problems. Atomisation can effect political participation and can lead to morał decay of the social rules of democracy. Anomie leads to adaptation reactions, which can cause withdrawal from existing values and social norms. Additionally, stratification of anomie and atomisation in terms of megatrends makes it harder to counteract their results, because the character of these phenomena leads to an indirect relationship with integration. Bearing in mind the importance of psychological functioning of individuals in a changing social environment, the issue of social alienation that at certain levels of intensity can pose a threat to European integration was also analysed.Integracja europejska jako proces społeczny pozostaje pod wpływem licznych zagrożeń, które w różnym zakresie mogą na nią oddziaływać. Przynajmniej częściowo występują one na płaszczyźnie politycznej - stając się konsekwencją zachodzących procesów ekonomicznych czy psychologicznych. Ewolucja postaw społecznych jednostek może mieć negatywne znaczenie dla europejskich społeczeństw. W niniejszym artykule szczególną uwagę autorzy poświęcają zagrożeniom płynącym z atomizacji, anomii oraz społecznej alienacji. Odniesieniem dla ich oddziaływania jest sfera społeczno-polityczna. Atomizacja może wpływać na poziom uczestnictwa politycznego i doprowadzić do upadku moralnych i społecznych zasad demokracji. Anomia wiąże się z reakcjami adaptacyjnymi, które mogą powodować wycofanie się z istniejących norm i wartości społecznych. Dodatkowo anomia i atomizacja mogą oddziaływać w ramach megatrendów sprawiając, że trudniej adaptować procesy demokratyzacyjne. Mając na uwadze znaczenie aspektu psychologicznego funkcjonowania jednostki w środowisku społecznym, analizie został poddany także problem alienacji społecznej, który w określonych wymiarach może stanowić istotne zagrożenie dla procesów integracji europejskiej
Problemy funkcjonowania public relations w Kazachstanie
Get PDFThe phenomenon of public relations has emerged in Kazakhstan on account of objective circumstances, such as the development of civic society and the pursuit of authorities to establish a dialogue with the society. The socio-political transformation of Kazakh society in the 1990s encompasses a complex combination of causes and effects that have jointly shaped the process of the emergence of PR as a new system of communication. The analysis o f this process, that has been so recent in Kazakhstan, is both interesting and highly topical. The emergence of PR in Kazakhstan as a realm of professional applied and academic activity has been conditioned by objective factors in the development of social relations, the institutions of civic society and the socio-economic mechanisms of the market economy.Instytucja public relations pojawiła się w Kazachstanie w wyniku przyczyn obiektywnych takich jak rozwój społeczeństwa obywatelskiego i dążenie władzy do nawiązania dialogu z ludnością. Transformacja społeczno-polityczna kazachstańskiego społeczeństwa lat 90. X X w. to złożony zespół przyczyn i skutków, wspólnie kształtujących proces powstawania PR jako nowego systemu komunikacji. Analiza tego procesu, który rozpoczął się w Kazachstanie tak niedawno, jest bardzo ciekawa i ze wszech miar aktualna. Pojawienie się PR w Kazachstanie jako sfery profesjonalnej działalności stosowanej i naukowej było uwarunkowane przez obiektywne warunki rozwoju stosunków społecznych, instytucji społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, a także rynkowych mechanizmów społeczno-gospodarczych
Państwo i jego ustroje w starożytnej literaturze oraz filozofii greckiej
No full textThe paper presents the political system of the Greek poleis between the 8th century BC and 2nd century AD. It analyzes the standpoints of ancient thinkers and poets from the point of view of the development of studies on the state, the manner of its description, the approach to its tasks and the limitations imposed on the state, as well as how political systems were defined, perceived and transformed, aiming towards democracy.The paper presents the political system of the Greek poleis between the 8th century BC and 2nd century AD. It analyzes the standpoints of ancient thinkers and poets from the point of view of the development of studies on the state, the manner of its description, the approach to its tasks and the limitations imposed on the state, as well as how political systems were defined, perceived and transformed, aiming towards democracy
Inwestycje systemowe we współczesnej Rosji: poszukiwania, problemy, rozwiązania
Get PDFFor Russia to exist effectively a strategy of innovative changes is needed. Innovative development takes two forms: technological and social. The current political system needs to be transformed in order to implement innovations. Currently, radical appeals and calls for modernisation do not receive mass support and are rejected by society.Dla skutecznego istnienia państwa rosyjskiego niezbędna jest strategia wprowadzająca szereg innowacyjnych zmian. Rozwój innowacyjny przejawia się w dwóch formach: technologicznej i społecznej. By wprowadzić innowacyjne rozwiązania niezbędna jest przebudowa istniejącego systemu politycznego. Tymczasem obecne - radykalne - apele i działania na rzecz modernizacji nie cieszą się wsparciem opinii publicznej, są wręcz odrzucane przez społeczeństwo
Samorząd zawodowy i gospodarczy w Polsce po 1989 roku
Get PDFOne of the greatest achievements of the socio-political transformation process in Poland is the profound decentralization of public governance. In administrative law, decentralization is perceived as a system with a larger number of independent hubs, vested with competences in terms of public law, and a single center. Therefore, decentralization is a process of delegating certain public functions which formerly were reserved for the central government to groups of citizens organized in corporations. Although local government exemplifies decentralization it is not a one-dimensional no- tion that refers exclusively to territorial relations. In the system of representation specialized self-government bodies, formed with different criteria, play a highly significant role represen- ting the interests of various groups. They are divided into self-governing bodies focused on the economy and the professions. Formal and legal homogeneity, though, does not translate into the appropriate political position of these two forms of self-governing bodies in Poland. While the professional self-governing body is clearly an association governed by public law, the so-called economic self-governing body is based on concepts that emphasize the volunta- ry nature of the ties between entrepreneurs, associated in chambers of commerce. The differences in their legal status and the resulting powers bear no influence on the fact that both economic and professional self-governing bodies are now facing equally serious threats in Poland. In both cases these are related to how the state approaches the extra-territo- rial form of decentralization. We can speak of different motivations here. The state, or rather the state administration, is excessively interested in the professional self-governing bodies and is curbing the autonomy they have traditionally been vested with. The situation is quite different with respect to the economic self-governing bodies, where the public authorities are scarcely interested in becoming involved in supporting them. It should be realized then, that the success of Polish decentralization reform will only be complete when all forms of self-government develop harmoniously irrespective of the rela- tions between their members, whose empowerment will serve democracy and strengthen civic society.One of the greatest achievements of the socio-political transformation process in Poland is the profound decentralization of public governance. In administrative law, decentralization is perceived as a system with a larger number of independent hubs, vested with competences in terms of public law, and a single center. Therefore, decentralization is a process of delegating certain public functions which formerly were reserved for the central government to groups of citizens organized in corporations. Although local government exemplifies decentralization it is not a one-dimensional no- tion that refers exclusively to territorial relations. In the system of representation specialized self-government bodies, formed with different criteria, play a highly significant role represen- ting the interests of various groups. They are divided into self-governing bodies focused on the economy and the professions. Formal and legal homogeneity, though, does not translate into the appropriate political position of these two forms of self-governing bodies in Poland. While the professional self-governing body is clearly an association governed by public law, the so-called economic self-governing body is based on concepts that emphasize the volunta- ry nature of the ties between entrepreneurs, associated in chambers of commerce. The differences in their legal status and the resulting powers bear no influence on the fact that both economic and professional self-governing bodies are now facing equally serious threats in Poland. In both cases these are related to how the state approaches the extra-territo- rial form of decentralization. We can speak of different motivations here. The state, or rather the state administration, is excessively interested in the professional self-governing bodies and is curbing the autonomy they have traditionally been vested with. The situation is quite different with respect to the economic self-governing bodies, where the public authorities are scarcely interested in becoming involved in supporting them. It should be realized then, that the success of Polish decentralization reform will only be complete when all forms of self-government develop harmoniously irrespective of the rela- tions between their members, whose empowerment will serve democracy and strengthen civic society
Demokracja bezpośrednia w Unii Europejskiej (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Traktatu Konstytucyjnego Unii Europejskiej)
Get PDFThe literature on the subject expresses the uniform opinion that direct democracy increases citizens’ interest in political matters, and that a referendum on broadly understood European integration transfers the European debate to the level of a national political discussion conducted not only by politicians, but primarily by citizens. It seems a reasonable solution, then to bring European citizens closer to making decisions by means of referenda. Recently referenda have clearly gained in importance, as evidenced by the growing number of votes cast by citizens. Western literature has named this phenomenon ‘referendomania.’ The ruling elite appealing to citizens to express their standpoint on matters of broadly understood European integration can be perceived as a certain form of evolution of the EU’s political system, where particular emphasis is placed on the involvement of common people.The literature on the subject expresses the uniform opinion that direct democracy increases citizens’ interest in political matters, and that a referendum on broadly understood European integration transfers the European debate to the level of a national political discussion conducted not only by politicians, but primarily by citizens. It seems a reasonable solution, then to bring European citizens closer to making decisions by means of referenda. Recently referenda have clearly gained in importance, as evidenced by the growing number of votes cast by citizens. Western literature has named this phenomenon ‘referendomania.’ The ruling elite appealing to citizens to express their standpoint on matters of broadly understood European integration can be perceived as a certain form of evolution of the EU’s political system, where particular emphasis is placed on the involvement of common people