Przegląd Politologiczny
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Państwowa, narodowa, społeczna, partyjna? Nauczanie historii w szkołach publicznych – studium przypadku
No full textA canon of historical monuments, national holidays, names of streets, the provision of state financing to certain scientific and research centers, supporting initiatives to commemo- rate events and individuals, and building museums are only selected aspects of the historical policy of a state, approached as a detailed policy. This paper concerns another aspect of this policy, namely non-academic state education. A long-term educational reform was launched on September 1, 2009. It provides for the changes to be fully implemented by September 2014. They will concern a number of fields, but there is one that has become the core of a pe- culiar political conflict – the reform in teaching history. The paper presents the conflict, its turning points and, first and foremost, its rhetoric – the character of statements, selection of vocabulary and ways of evoking the right associations employed by both parties to the con- flict. The paper also discusses the assumptions of the reform and indicates the most important legal acts and statements by the Minister of National Education, thereby providing a legal framework for the arguments of the conflicting parties.A canon of historical monuments, national holidays, names of streets, the provision of state financing to certain scientific and research centers, supporting initiatives to commemo- rate events and individuals, and building museums are only selected aspects of the historical policy of a state, approached as a detailed policy. This paper concerns another aspect of this policy, namely non-academic state education. A long-term educational reform was launched on September 1, 2009. It provides for the changes to be fully implemented by September 2014. They will concern a number of fields, but there is one that has become the core of a pe- culiar political conflict – the reform in teaching history. The paper presents the conflict, its turning points and, first and foremost, its rhetoric – the character of statements, selection of vocabulary and ways of evoking the right associations employed by both parties to the con- flict. The paper also discusses the assumptions of the reform and indicates the most important legal acts and statements by the Minister of National Education, thereby providing a legal framework for the arguments of the conflicting parties
Kompetencje samorządu zawodowego lekarzy w zakresie odpowiedzialności zawodowej w Polsce
Get PDFThe subject of this study is the analysis of one of the competences of the professional self-governing bodies of medical doctors, namely the exercising of professional liability. Both the analysis of historical provisions and modern regulations confirms that the competence of exercising professional liability is one of the most significant rights and responsibilities of the professional self-governing body of doctors. It should be remembered that the binding law on the chambers of medical doctors stipulates that it is a professional self-government’s task to represent individuals who perform the profession of doctor and dentist, and to exercise care that these professions are performed within the limits of public inter- est and for its protection. Therefore, it seems that exercising of professional liability is the fundamental priority in the realm of ensuring appropriate performance of the profession.The subject of this study is the analysis of one of the competences of the professional self-governing bodies of medical doctors, namely the exercising of professional liability. Both the analysis of historical provisions and modern regulations confirms that the competence of exercising professional liability is one of the most significant rights and responsibilities of the professional self-governing body of doctors. It should be remembered that the binding law on the chambers of medical doctors stipulates that it is a professional self-government’s task to represent individuals who perform the profession of doctor and dentist, and to exercise care that these professions are performed within the limits of public interest and for its protection. Therefore, it seems that exercising of professional liability is the fundamental priority in the realm of ensuring appropriate performance of the profession
Głosowanie elektroniczne – nowe wyzwanie dla demokracji?
No full textThe notion of democracy poses a significant challenge and problem in modern considerations on history, philosophy and politics. At present, in the face of the so-called information revolution, democracy has undoubtedly undergone profound and easily visible transformations. It can be said that the application of IT to exercise democratic power has brought about a revolution that will span a period of many years, given the different potential differing states have to spread the new technologies. The development of information and communications technology (ICT) has introduced new notions related to democracy, such as teledemocracy, technopolitics or electronic democracy (e-democracy). The subject of this paper, electronic voting (e-voting) is among the highly significant instruments of e-democracy. Electronic voting is the fulfillment of the principle of national sovereignty as it can be applied in the procedures of both indirect (e-elections) and direct (e-referendum) democracy
Rosyjskie jubileusze jako zjawiska retoryczno-ironiczne
Get PDFThe objective of the paper is to present Russian anniversaries that commemorate important historical events as phenomena with a dual, rhetorical and ironic character. Rhetoric and irony are used with reference to individuals as well as imagined communities, such as nations. The memory of some historical events, or the lack of such memory, as well as the manners of referring to these events or ignoring them, result in the transformation of what community members think about themselves and their entanglement in common existence and fate. Therefore, changes of remembrance and oblivion, recollection or forgetting can integrate or disintegrate, intensifying the pride or shame of one’s national identity, which eventually results in satisfaction or frustration, and sometimes in a sense of superiority or inferiority. Pride and satisfaction are produced by rhetoric, while shame and frustration – by irony. Sometimes rhetorical-ironic playing with the past assumes particular significance, becoming an exceptionally important factor in social and political life. This phenomenon strongly intensified in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, becoming a veritable ‘anniver- sary-mania’, and in 2012, which President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, de- clared the Year of Russian History. The periods analyzed in the paper are around one hundred years apart. Russian society has totally changed over this period, mainly as a result of the revolution, two world wars and several decades of communist rule. In 1990, the Russian Federation was established, a state with an authoritarian-democratic hybrid of a political system. Despite these transformations, modern Russians repeat numerous set behavioral patterns from the beginning of the 20th century. These patterns are used by the advocates of affirmative as well as critical approaches to the history of Russia and the current social and political situation in the country.The objective of the paper is to present Russian anniversaries that commemorate important historical events as phenomena with a dual, rhetorical and ironic character. Rhetoric and irony are used with reference to individuals as well as imagined communities, such as nations. The memory of some historical events, or the lack of such memory, as well as the manners of referring to these events or ignoring them, result in the transformation of what community members think about themselves and their entanglement in common existence and fate. Therefore, changes of remembrance and oblivion, recollection or forgetting can integrate or disintegrate, intensifying the pride or shame of one’s national identity, which eventually results in satisfaction or frustration, and sometimes in a sense of superiority or inferiority. Pride and satisfaction are produced by rhetoric, while shame and frustration – by irony. Sometimes rhetorical-ironic playing with the past assumes particular significance, becoming an exceptionally important factor in social and political life. This phenomenon strongly intensified in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century, becoming a veritable ‘anniver- sary-mania’, and in 2012, which President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, de- clared the Year of Russian History. The periods analyzed in the paper are around one hundred years apart. Russian society has totally changed over this period, mainly as a result of the revolution, two world wars and several decades of communist rule. In 1990, the Russian Federation was established, a state with an authoritarian-democratic hybrid of a political system. Despite these transformations, modern Russians repeat numerous set behavioral patterns from the beginning of the 20th century. These patterns are used by the advocates of affirmative as well as critical approaches to the history of Russia and the current social and political situation in the country
Liberalizm a szanse pokoju na świecie. Refleksje Karla Jaspersa
Get PDFThe paper touches on the topic of optimism, allowing for a thesis of the peaceful coexistence of states to be proposed. This type of thinking was represented by the German philosopher and psychiatrist Karl Jaspers. Jaspers took the view that philosophy brings about political consequences that need to be observed and examined. He was influenced by Max Weber, from whom he adopted the idea of the salvation of Western heritage, embodied in the spirit of liberalism, freedom and diversity of private life. According to Jaspers, Germans should abandon their desire for military supremacy in favor of the dissemination of such universal ideas as freedom. In the interwar period Jaspers wrote a book about the spiritual situation of his times where he touched on the issue of the outcomes of technological progress for the existential dimension of man, who enjoys freedom on the one hand, and is responsible for himself on the other. He concluded by saying that in the face of such technical developments warfare poses a threat to biological survival and to freedom, since it destroys human self-responsibility. Jaspers noticed the problem of an individual being threatened by alienated social institutions, and as a consequence he proposed the thesis of the depersonalization of individual existence. The totalitarian system Jaspers had experienced encouraged him to revise the theoretical aspects and to develop a competitive, libertarian solution. Jaspers strongly emphasized individualism and the responsibility of individuals whose present influences the future. Jaspers’ ideas may be deemed to be remote from realism, since liberalism is a golden mean, neither preventing international wars nor appeasing political national arenas.The paper touches on the topic of optimism, allowing for a thesis of the peaceful coexistence of states to be proposed. This type of thinking was represented by the German philosopher and psychiatrist Karl Jaspers. Jaspers took the view that philosophy brings about political consequences that need to be observed and examined. He was influenced by Max Weber, from whom he adopted the idea of the salvation of Western heritage, embodied in the spirit of liberalism, freedom and diversity of private life. According to Jaspers, Germans should abandon their desire for military supremacy in favor of the dissemination of such universal ideas as freedom. In the interwar period Jaspers wrote a book about the spiritual situation of his times where he touched on the issue of the outcomes of technological progress for the existential dimension of man, who enjoys freedom on the one hand, and is responsible for himself on the other. He concluded by saying that in the face of such technical developments warfare poses a threat to biological survival and to freedom, since it destroys human self-responsibility. Jaspers noticed the problem of an individual being threatened by alienated social institutions, and as a consequence he proposed the thesis of the depersonalization of individual existence. The totalitarian system Jaspers had experienced encouraged him to revise the theoretical aspects and to develop a competitive, libertarian solution. Jaspers strongly emphasized individualism and the responsibility of individuals whose present influences the future. Jaspers’ ideas may be deemed to be remote from realism, since liberalism is a golden mean, neither preventing international wars nor appeasing political national arenas
Pojęcie supranarodowości w polu integracji europejskiej z perspektywy hermeneutyki Hansa-Georga Gadamera
No full textThe principal objective of this paper is to emphasize the accuracy of applying the hermeneutical perspective developed by Hans-Georg Gadamer in the field o f European integration processes, taking particular account of the possibilities this perspective brings to explaining the multidimensional notion of supranationality. It is simultaneously proposed that this notion accounts for the exceptionality o f European integration process, and it is therefore not feasible to comprehend it accurately without considering it in depth. For these reasons, firstly, the European integration process is approached from the presupposedly universal perspective of a hermeneutic experience developed by H.-G. Gadamer. Next, the issue of the interpretation of the concept of supranationality from the point of view of Gadamer’s hermeneutic reasoning is presented, providing the foundation for the multidimensional naturę of the notion of supranationality to be presented.Zasadniczym celem niniejszego tekstu jest próba podkreślenia adekwatności zastosowania optyki hermeneutycznej autorstwa Hansa-Georga Gadamera w przestrzeni procesu integracji europejskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem możliwości, jakie przynosi ta perspektywa dla przybliżenia wielowymiarowej istoty pojęcia supranarodowość. Jednocześnie postulowana jest niniejszym teza, że pojęcie to stanowi o wyjątkowości europejskiego procesu integracyjnego i tym samym trudno o wyobrażenie sobie właściwego jego rozumienia bez pogłębionej nad nim refleksji. Z powyższych względów na początku uwaga poświęcona zostanie ujęciu europejskiego procesu integracyjnego z zakładającej uniwersalność perspektywy doświadczenia hermeneutycznego autorstwa H.-G. Gadamera. Następnie ukazana zostanie kwestia interpretacji koncepcji supranarodowości z punktu widzenia rozumu hermeneutycznego Gadamera, by na tej podstawie zaprezentować pojęcie supranarodowości w jego wielowymiarowym kształcie
Wzory aktywności politycznej kobiet
No full textThe article aims at presenting women’s and men’s political activity, both in its formal aspect (conventional political activity) - manifesting itself in participating in elections or belonging to a political party - and informal actions (unconventional political activity) - connected with direct influence on the political sphere. On the basis of research, including that of the current author, the evolution of women’s presence in politics is shown. The main manners of explaining the differences in intensity, as well as the chosen forms of political activity among women and men, are also put forward.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie aktywności politycznej kobiet oraz mężczyzn, tak konwencjonalnej, objawiającej się uczestnictwem w wyborach czy przynależnością do partii politycznej, jak i niekonwencjonalnej, związanej z bezpośrednim oddziaływaniem na sferę polityczną. Na podstawie badań, w tym również badań własnych, pokazana zostanie ewolucja uczestnictwa kobiet w polityce. Przedstawione zostaną również główne sposoby wyjaśniania zróżnicowania intensywności oraz wybieranych form aktywności politycznej wśród kobiet i mężczyzn
Spór o multipleks. Telewizja Trwam kontra Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji
Get PDFThe digitalization of terrestrial television in Poland is one of the largest media projects in recent years. The process combines social, economic and technical matters. Digitalization signifies a huge technical leap forward and offers extensive new opportunities when broadcasting television signals. Digital broadcasting is offered by three multiplex platforms. Among the candidates to use the first one (MUC-1) is Telewizja Trwam, owned by the Lux Veritatis foundation. The National Broadcasting Council (KRRiT) which assigns the concessions to use the multiplex rejected the application by Telewizja Trwam, associated with Fr. Tadeusz Rydzyk. The owner of Telewizja Trwam claimed the decisions of the KRRiT were baseless. There quickly emerged accusations of discrimination against a Catholic broadcaster, and, by this token, of scorn directed toward Polish Catholics. The dispute between Telewizja Trwam and the KRRiT has involved many groups and individuals – ranging from the supporters of the media associated with Fr T. Rydzyk, to journalists, politicians, and to the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Poland. The purpose of this paper is to present this dispute, its background and the arguments of both parties. As the dispute was still unresolved when this paper was completed (in late February 2013), the author tried to suggest possible scenarios for its outcome and to draw conclusions for the future.The digitalization of terrestrial television in Poland is one of the largest media projects in recent years. The process combines social, economic and technical matters. Digitalization signifies a huge technical leap forward and offers extensive new opportunities when broadcasting television signals. Digital broadcasting is offered by three multiplex platforms. Among the candidates to use the first one (MUC-1) is Telewizja Trwam, owned by the Lux Veritatis foundation. The National Broadcasting Council (KRRiT) which assigns the concessions to use the multiplex rejected the application by Telewizja Trwam, associated with Fr. Tadeusz Rydzyk. The owner of Telewizja Trwam claimed the decisions of the KRRiT were baseless. There quickly emerged accusations of discrimination against a Catholic broadcaster, and, by this token, of scorn directed toward Polish Catholics. The dispute between Telewizja Trwam and the KRRiT has involved many groups and individuals – ranging from the supporters of the media associated with Fr T. Rydzyk, to journalists, politicians, and to the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Poland. The purpose of this paper is to present this dispute, its background and the arguments of both parties. As the dispute was still unresolved when this paper was completed (in late February 2013), the author tried to suggest possible scenarios for its outcome and to draw conclusions for the future
Odnajdywanie prostoty w złożoności. Wybrane zastosowania gier 2×2 w badaniach zjawisk politycznych
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to explore the use of 2×2 games in the study of political phenomena. Basic theoretical issues are discussed and sample applications presented. The theoretical issues include the Nash equilibrium, Pareto optimality and axioms defining the Nash arbitration scheme. Two categories of examples using 2×2 games in political studies are presented: games with symmetrical payoffs and games with non-symmetrical payoffs. In the former category, the relationships between individual payoffs are the same for both players, while in the latter, they are established separately for each participant of the game. The analyses are based on interaction schemes of the Chicken-and-Stag-Hunt type. Game models applied are strategic in form. The payoffs for players are presented graphically (as polygons) in coordinate systems. The analyses conducted present the undisputed advantages of using game-theory models in political science studies. Firstly, game-theory models reduce the phenomena analyzed to their bare essentials and, hence, help researchers focus on the key aspects of each phenomenon. Secondly, the language of mathematics used in game theory is characterized by outstanding accuracy and intersubjective communicability. Finally, the application of game theory tools does not require in-depth knowledge of mathematics.W artykule poruszono problematykę wykorzystania gier 2×2 w badaniach zjawisk politycznych. Omówiono zarówno podstawowe zagadnienia teoretyczne, jak i przykładowe zastosowania. Wśród zagadnień teoretycznych wyróżniono: równowagę Nasha, optymalność w sensie Pareto oraz aksjomaty charakteryzujące schemat arbitrażowy Nasha. Przykłady użycia gier 2×2 w badaniach politologicznych zaprezentowano, stosując podział na gry o wypłatach symetrycznych i gry o wypłatach asymetrycznych. W tych pierwszych relacje między poszczególnymi wypłatami są takie same dla obu graczy, natomiast w tych drugich są ustalane osobno dla każdego z uczestników gry. W analizach wykorzystano gry o schematach interakcji typu: chicken i polowanie na jelenia. Modele gier przyjęły postać strategiczną. Wypłaty graczy odzwierciedlono graficznie (w formie wieloboków) na układach współrzędnych. Przeprowadzone analizy ukazują niewątpliwe zalety stosowania modeli teoriogrowych w badaniach politologicznych. Po pierwsze, modele teoriogrowe redukują analizowane zjawiska do niezbędnego minimum, pozwalając tym samym skoncentrować się badaczom na kluczowych aspektach zjawisk. Po drugie, język matematyki, którym posługuje się teoria gier, odznacza się niezwykłą precyzją oraz intersubiektywną komunikowalnością. Po trzecie wreszcie, stosowanie narzędzi teorii gier nie wymaga od badaczy znajomości rozbudowanego i skomplikowanego aparatu matematycznego