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EXPLORING MANUAL CORRECTION AS A SOURCE OF USER FEEDBACK IN PAY-AS-YOU-GO INTEGRATION
No full textCurrent practice in data integration typically requires extensive upfront effort, such as defining a schema mapping before a useful result can be produced. Dataspace is introduced to minimise the initial design process of data integration by automating the parts of the data integration task that need technical know-how and taking an incremental approach to components that require domain knowledge through user feedback. An imperfect integration of data is constructed quickly and at a minimal cost. This approach is promising, but open problems remain. One issue is that the continuous cycle
of feedback in dataspace may not instantly reflect expected results even after obtaining feedback from the user. Because dataspace may use the feedback to fix its underlying structure (such as matching), the outcome from the feedback is invisible to the end user. As a result, the end-user chooses to manually fix the integration results outside the confine of dataspaces. Hence, the opportunity for dataspace to gather feedback and
learn is lost. In this thesis, we aim to leverage the manual correction effort performed by the user of data, such as data scientists, on query results that they manually improve. This dis
sertation demonstrated how manual correction could be used to infer feedback values without requiring extra effort from the user. This thesis proposes a general frame work for manual correction as another source of implicit feedback. The proposed
general framework aims to determine the potential for manual correction and identify how manual correction can fit into dataspace settings. We then explore other areas of dataspace integration that can maximise the inferred value extracted from manual correction. First, we demonstrate an approach that uses manual correction to inferred feedback values for schema mapping. We compare our work with an existing practice
that uses explicit feedback for schema mapping improvement to evaluate our proposed method. Next, we explore the usage of manual correction as example pairs for automated format transformation tasks. We devise three strategies for assessing the proposed approach, and we evaluate our strategies using existing format transformation tools. Lastly, we investigate ways to reuse the iterative effort of manual correction in dealing with changing data sets through a case study on a real-world database (UniPro-tKB). Our approach to tackling changes in data involves several tasks such as detecting and storing changes and re-apply changes inferred from previous manual correction. We measure our approach over existing work that also deals with real-world database. The results from all three works confirm that a manual correction approach is cost efficient when dealing with the specific areas of data integration that we explored
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPEN-ARCHITEXTURE TEMPERATURE DATA LOGGER FOR HYDRO-DISTILLATION AGARWOOD OIL EXTRACTOR
No full textMicrocontroller based data logger system recently emerged as a powerful, flexible and cost-effective measurement solution to many innovative field applications in environmental monitoring, agriculture and solar energy. Real-time temperature is vital to
provide discrete knowledge in the process of distillation as it involves mixture boiling, evaporation and condensation at the difference in liquid phases. The development of a data logger namely OCTATherm for use in the Agarwood extraction industry is realized by designing an electronic enclosure to protect an Arduino-based microcontroller system that can acquire eight (8) thermocouples readings for monitoring the hydro-distillation
process. The accuracy and reliability of the data logger have been evaluated by assessing the hydro-distillation (HD) process on a laboratory scale by comparing its performance to the commercial data logger (HOBO UX120). Finally, the assessment in the industry with multi-boiler operate simultaneously shows that real-time monitoring of the temperature measurements at critical points of the conventional HD system can improve the yield of the extracted Agarwood essential oil by three (3) times higher from 0.027% to 0.101%. The implementation of real-time thermal management technology in the HD system in the Agarwood essential oil production industry is therefore of great importance. This developed data logger is significant to produce a real-time data acquisition and monitoring platform of temperature measurement, which aims to facilitate agriculture
industry process monitoring as well as academic research purpose in another area. The open-architecture based system design is also highlighted in which provides future upgrades of expansion and extension features of the data logger
EFFECT OF BRIEF ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) ON SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN NON-METASTATIC BREAST CANCER PATIENTS UNDER CHEMOTHERAPY
No full textIntroduction: Subjective cognitive impairment is commonly reported by breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy but the understanding about its management is limited. This study examined the efficacy of a four-session acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on subjective cognitive impairment in non-metastatic breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. This study also aimed to examine the predictors of subjective cognitive impairment and the mediation effect of psychological inflexibility and post-traumatic growth on the relationship between anxiety, depression and fatigue with subjective cognitive impairment. Methods: Data collections were done before adjuvant chemotherapy for baseline data, during chemotherapy sessions (cycle 4) for screening and one month after completed chemotherapy for post-treatment. Respondents who had a reduction in FACT-Cog scores between 6.9- to 10.6 from baseline scores were recruited into the randomized controlled trial (RCT) study which consists of two arms: ACT (30 cases) and waitlist (30 control) groups. Results: From 180 respondents at baseline, only 60 respondents reported to have significant subjective cognitive impairment during screening. Cases in the ACT group showed significant
improvement in subjective cognitive impairment, post-traumatic growth and reduction in depression, anxiety and psychological inflexibility after the ACT intervention. All outcomes except for fatigue in the waitlist group have no significant changes over time. After controlling the covariates, group differences in all variables were significant except for fatigue. About 56.8% of the variation in subjective cognitive impairment was explained by anxiety, depression, psychological inflexibility and fatigue. Relationships
between anxiety and fatigue with subjective cognitive impairment were partially mediated by psychological inflexibility. Conclusion: ACT might be considered as an
effective intervention to ameliorate subjective cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, psychological inflexibility and improve post-traumatic growth in cancer patients on chemotherapy. This study also provides evidence on the efficacy and feasibility of brief ACT intervention in overcoming subjective cognitive impairment
HUMAN RESOURCE DISCLOSURE AND PRACTICES: EFFECTS ON FIRM FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND VALUE
No full textThe digital era has augmented the importance of non-financial information, specifically Human Resource Disclosure (HRD) in annual reports. Moreover, in line with the global recognition of human capital (HC) as a valuable intangible resource, it is essential that HR practices (HRP) of public listed companies be addressed through HRD to ensure that this value is captured by the market. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the quality of HRD in Malaysia from 2010 to 2014. Next, the quality of HRD in the annual reports of 2016 was compared against the actual HRP in these companies. Additionally, this study tested the association between HRD against HRP as well as HRP with financial performance. The study also examined the value relevance of both HRP and HRD on firm value. Finally, this study analysed the mediation effect of HRD and firms’ financial performance on the association between HRP and firm value. In order to meet these research objectives, both secondary and primary data were obtained through two methods: content analysis of annual reports and a questionnaire survey. Specifically, the analysis on the trend of quality of HRD was based on 1,175 firm-years’ data. The measures of association between HRP, HRD, financial performance and firm value were based on data from 93 companies. This research employed Institutional Theory, Resource Based View Theory (RBV) and semi-strong form of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) to develop the hypotheses.
Overall, the findings reveal that there is an increasing trend of HRD quality from 2010 to 2014. However the significant increase is only between 2012 and 2013. Interestingly, companies are underreporting their HRD in their annual reports, despite its positive association with HRP. Nevertheless, quality of HRD, as well as HRP, have significant positive effects on firm value. However, the association between HRP and firms’ financial performance is not statistically significant in this study. Additionally, HRD mediates the association between HRP and firm value, but not financial performance. This study provides empirical support for Institutional theory’s coercive isomorphism, through its findings on quality of HRD. More importantly, the finding from HRP on firm value is in line with RBV theory, as HR and HC are considered resources to the
companies. Finally, the mediating role of HRD in HRP and firm value relationship is consistent with the semi-strong form of EMH. The findings of this study are useful to regulators and the companies as it reveals that although regulation has resulted in an increase in quality of HRD, considerable improvement is still needed. HRD should be communicated in companies’ annual reports, because this information has been found to be value relevant to market participants. Nevertheless, it should be reassuring for stakeholders to know that despite the low level of HRD quality discovered in Malaysian companies, most of these companies have implemented effective HRP
PERCEPTIONS OF CRUISE TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT ON TOURISM-RELATED BUSINESSES A CASE STUDY IN PENANG, MALAYSIA
No full textThe modern cruise tourism industry, which started to develop and diversify from the 1960s, has evolved from small-scale adventure and luxury for the affluent to large-scale vessels equal to a global floating destination for the mass market. The industry has the potential to generate economic benefits for destination ports from the expenditure of the cruise operators, passengers and crews. However, research shows that the emergence of large cruise ships with a significant range of onboard services means that cruise companies may benefit more from passenger expenditure than businesses in the local economy at the shore. Cruise operators have shifted their focus to promoting a holiday experience on board by
providing all-inclusive resort experiences instead of making destination ports the primary attraction. In addition, the contribution of cruise passengers' expenditure in destination ports is lower compared to that of regular tourists. Consequently, this study seeks to evaluate the perceptions of cruise tourism and its impacts on tourism-related businesses in Malaysia from multiple perspectives involving the
destination stakeholders, businesses, and cruise passengers for the purpose to justify if the cruise tourism may benefit the local businesses at the cruise destination port. This study focuses on one of the most favoured stop-over cruise ports in Malaysia as a case study, namely Swettenham Pier Cruise Terminal at George Town, Penang. The cruise terminal is more than just a destination for international cruises as it acts as a catalyst for the development of the local and international
tourism industry in Malaysia. This study adopts a multi-methods research design based on a case study to build a more holistic insight into cruise tourism. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and tourism-
related businesses explores perceptions of cruise tourism development and its impact on the local economy, particularly on the tourism-related businesses. Quantitative data collected through a survey questionnaire examines the
passengers’ perceptions and behaviour at the destination.
The study identifies the growth of Penang as a cruise tourism port based on cruise ship and passenger arrivals, alongside cruise terminal expansion involving a partnership with an international cruise line. Integrative collaboration between
destination stakeholders with public and private sectors is highlighted as the main factor that contributes to cruise development. Most of the tourism-related businesses believed that cruise passenger spending had benefited their
businesses. In addition, the proximity of the location of the cruise terminal to the businesses does not necessarily mean that a business will be more highly impacted by cruise tourists. More important aspects affecting perceived
passenger propensity to visit businesses and attractions include where tour guides take passengers, onboard marketing brochures that highlight tourism-related businesses, and the ease of access to public and hired transportation for cruise passengers to travel within Penang. Cruise passengers’ perceptions of Penang as a stop-over destination are explored, particularly in relation to motivation, mobility and on-shore activities, purchase behaviour, satisfaction, and intention to return and recommend to others. The primary conclusion of this study is that integration between destination stakeholders and tourism-related businesses plays a crucial role in enticing and accommodating cruise lines and passengers, and generating more beneficial outcomes for the destination
AKTIVITI ANTIVIRUS EMPAT EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN TEMPATAN DAN SEBATIAN TERBITAN STIRILPIRON (SPD) TERHADAP VIRUS DENGGI SEROTIP 2 (DENV-2)
No full textKajian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan potensi ekstrak empat tumbuhan tempatan dan sebatian terbitan stirilpiron (SPD) sebagai agen antivirus terhadap virus denggi serotip 2 (DENV-2). Hasil ujian sitotoksik semua bahan ujian terhadap sel Vero menunjukkan nilai kepekatan 50% sitotoksiti (CC50) adalah di antara 0.0085 sehingga 36 mg/mL. Nilai ini menunjukkan kesemua bahan ujian tidak toksik terhadap sel dan selamat
digunakan. Berdasarkan ujian pengurangan pembentukan fokus, kesemua bahan ujian mempunyai aktiviti antivirus dengan indeks pemilihan (SI) diantara 8 hingga 20. Berdasarkan nilai SI yang paling tinggi, maka mod tindakan antivirus oleh SPD telah
dikaji. Kajian mod tindakan melibatkan ujian penembusan, perlekatan, sela masa penambahan, sela masa penyingkiran dan kebolehjangkitan progeni. Ujian sela masa penambahan SPD telah dilakukan pada sela masa berbeza (2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 dan 120) selepas jangkitan (j.p.j). Aktiviti SPD terhadap DENV-2 didapati paling optimum apabila diberi pada 2 j.p.j. yang menyebabkan lebih daripada 80% pengurangan pembentukan fokus. Dalam ujian sela masa penyingkiran, rawatan dengan SPD
menyebabkan 29% pengurangan pembentukan fokus seawal 2 j.p.j. dan mencapai lebih daripada 80% perencatan selepas 96 j.p.j. Ini bermaksud SPD mampu menghalang aktiviti DENV-2 pada fasa awal replikasinya. Aktiviti antivirus SPD terhadap proses perlekatan DENV-2 adalah tinggi kerana peratusan pengurangan pembentukan fokus adalah 80% oleh 25 p.M SPD. Ujian perlekatan menunjukkan bahawa SPD menghalang perlekatan DENV-2 berkadaran dengan dos yang digunakan. SPD juga mampu mencegah penembusan DENV-2 ke dalam membran sel pada fasa awal jangkitan iaitu seawal 15 minit selepas jangkitan. Ujian kebolehjangkitan progeni telah dijalankan bagi menentukan daya jangkit virion yang terhasil daripada jangkitan awal. Ini dilakukan dengan menilai keupayaan progeni virus untuk menjangkiti semula sel perumah selepas didedahkan dengan SPD. Hasil menunjukkan bahawa mekanisma tindakan SPD dalam menurunkan tahap kebolehjangkitan progeni adalah tinggi kerana nilai peratusan
perencatan tertinggi melebihi 100%. Analisis pengekspresan gen melalui transkripsi berbalik PCR masa nyata kuantitatif (qRT-PCR) menggunakan gen-gen DENV-2 terpilih dilakukan untuk melihat tahap pengekspresan gen pada fasa yang berbeza
seperti perlekatan (E), replikasi RNA (NS3), transkripsi protein (NS5) dan pemasangan progeni virus (prM). Hasil menunjukkan bahawa tahap pengekspresan gen-gen ini di dalam sel teijangkit yang dirawat dengan SPD berkurang berbanding dengan sel teijangkit tanpa rawatan. Analisis immunositokimia dan ELISA in situ digunakan untuk melihat kesan rawatan SPD terhadap pengekspresan protein E, prM, NS3 dan NS5.
Pendokkan molekul in silico mengesahkan bahawa SPD boleh berinteraksi dengan kesemua protein virus pilihan melalui ikatan hidrogen dan interaksi yang lain. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa SPD mempunyai potensi sebagai anti-DENV-2 melalui gangguan terhadap perlekatan dan penembusan virus ke dalam sel, penyahaktifan partikel virus ekstrasel, pengurangan kebolehjangkitan progeni virus dan penurunan kadar pengekspresan gen dan protein DENV-2 pada fasa replikasi virus yang berbeza
THE EFFECTS OF SOUND-COGNITIVE TRAINING INTERVENTION TO THE SENSORY GATING ABILITIES AND WORKING MEMORY SKILL IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDERS SYMPTOMS
No full textAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by the inability of the brain to locus and to filter irrelevant stimuli, affecting working memory and sensory gating functions. To date, medication is prescribed to control ADHD symptoms,
however, the prolonged use of these medications has shown some adverse effects for individuals with ADI ID. Alternatively, two non-pharmacological approaches have been proposed to help reduce ADHD symptoms, which are sound therapy interventions and systematic working memory trainings. Despite the potential use of white noise in sound therapy to reduce ADHD symptoms, it has poor melody harmonization, thus preventing children with ADHD features from participating in long training sessions. To address this issue, the present study investigated the possible use of a combination of working
memory trainings and sound therapy using various sounds, including white noise, waterfall, and Quranic recitation. The present study aimed to examine the effect of sound-working memory training intervention on sensory gating, working memory, and severity of ADHD symptoms in children with ADHD features in Kuantan, Pahang. The study was conducted in three phases. In Phase I, the Swanson. Nolan and Pelham Teachers and Parents Rating Scale of ADHD symptoms (SNAP-IV) were cross-culturally translated into Malay (M-SNAP-IV). Additionally, the Sensory Gating Scale (SGS) was also developed. The M-SNAP-IV and the new SGS were psychometrically evaluated among 702 parents and were proven to be culturally suited and valid for use in Phases 2 (participants’ selection process) and 3 (intervention). In Phase 3, 39 children aged 8-11 years old with ADHD symptoms participated, and these children were
divided randomly into five groups [white noise + working memory training (n=8); waterfall + working memory training (n=8), Al-Falihah + working memory training (n=8): working memory training alone (no sound stimulus) (n=8)], and one control
group (n=7). The training groups received repetitive computerised working memory training for 4 - 5 weeks (10- 13 sessions), while the control group did not receive any
intervention. The Corsi test (untrained working memory test), M-SNAP-IV, and SGS were used as pre- and post-intervention testing. In general, some of the findings showed a significant increase in sensory gating abilities and working memory, and significant decrease of ADHD symptoms in the training groups. Furthermore, it was found that the combination of white noise and working memory training was the best method in improving working memory performance and sensory gating ability, and in reducing ADHD symptoms. The present study also found a significant high-negative correlation between SGS and M-SNAP-IV scores, indicating that the increase of SGS score (the
severity of sensory gating deficits reduces) led to the decrease of the M-SNAP-IV score (the reduction of severity of ADHD symptoms). However, some of the findings were negative for SGS and M-SNAP-IV, for example, a significant improvement of M-SNAP-IV’s post-intervention scores was shown in the control group, which was believed to be due to random effect. To conclude, the positive findings from the current study suggested that the sound-working memory training approach has great potential as one of the future alternativesychological and behavioural approaches for ADHD intervention
THREE ESSAYS ON THE MACROECONOMICS OF MALAYSIA
No full textThis thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter examines the impact of monetary policy shocks on disaggregated loans from conventional and Islamic banks in Malaysia by employing Factor Augmented VAR (FAVAR). The results suggest that expansionary monetary policy reduces output, price level, and bank lending. The results validate the role of Islamic banks in the monetary transmission mechanism and show that loans from Islamic banks are more responsive to monetary policy shocks compared to conventional loans. We
also found strong heterogeneity across sectors and purposes loans from these two types of banks. The second chapter examines the effects of credit supply shocks on the economy of Malaysia by using Bayesian SV AR approach and implementing the sign restrictions to identify the shocks. We found that expansionary credit supply shock increases GDP growth, inflation, lending growth, and policy rate and does have substantial importance in explaining the forecast variance of macroeconomics variables in Malaysia. We further breaking down the loans to its components: households and non-financial corporations and found some differences of the responses and differences on the relative importance of credit supply shocks in both models. The third chapter studied the impacts of US Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on the
economy of Malaysia. This chapter uses a Bayesian SVAR with the sign and zero restrictions, but we expand the model with block exogeneity, as Malaysia is a small open economy. The
results show that US economic policy uncertainty exerts negative impacts on the Malaysian economy. We also found that US EPU shocks do explain considerable fractions of forecast
variance of the macroeconomic variables of Malaysia. We further expand the model to include financial stability and forward-looking economic indicator for Malaysia and found
that US EPU shock negatively affects both
KUALITI HIDUP PENJAGA PESAKIT KANSER SISTEM GASTROUSUS DI HOSPITAL KERAJAAN DAN HOSPITAL PENGAJAR, LEMBAH KLANG : SATU KAJIAN KAEDAH CAMPURAN
No full textPenjagaan pesakit kanser memberi impak kepada kualiti hidup penjaga. Oleh itu, kajian dijalankan bertujuan untuk menentukan kualiti hidup berkaitan kesihatan penjaga pesakit kanser sistem gastrousus; mengenal pasti hubung kait antara faktor penjaga, penjagaan kanser, pesakit dan kualiti hidup; menentukan faktor peramal bagi kualiti hidup penjaga; mengkaji hubungan antara kualiti hidup pesakit dan penjaga; dan meneroka bagaimana kualiti hidup yang rendah dijelaskan oleh pengalaman penjagaan pesakit kanser. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah campuran penjelasan berurutan yang dijalankan di tiga buah hospital di Lembah Klang dari Oktober 2017 sehingga Mac 2018 menggunakan persampelan rawak mudah untuk memilih pesakit. Untuk fasa pertama, seramai 323 diad (pasangan pesakit dan penjaga) kanser sistem gastrousus telah ditemu bual menggunakan borang soal selidik sosio-demografi, Indeks tekanan penjaga (CSI-M) dan Skala Multidimensi Persepsi Sokongan Sosial (MSPSS-M) yang merupakan pembolehubah tidak bersandar. Instrumen kualiti hidup penjaga-Melayu (MCQoL) digunakan untuk mengukur kualiti hidup penjaga. Manakala soal selidik pendek 12 (SF-12) adalah untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara kualiti hidup pesakit dan penjaga. Untuk fasa kedua, persampelan secara bertujuan pula dilakukan bagi fasa kualitatif untuk mendapatkan responden yang mempunyai kualiti hidup yang rendah. Hasil dari kajian menunjukkan tahap kualiti hidup penjaga adalah 80.17 + 21.58. Analisis regresi linear berganda melaporkan faktor peramal seperti: penjaga lelaki mempunyai kualiti hidup yang lebih tinggi daripada penjaga wanita (Beta = 5.165, p = 0.011); bangsa India mempunyai kualiti hidup lebih rendah daripada Melayu (Beta =-9.163, p=0.001); indeks tekanan penjaga (CSI-M) (Beta =-2.070, p<0.001); tempoh penjagaan (Beta= -0.001, p=0.025); pesakit lelaki berbanding perempuan (Beta =6.414, p=0.037) dan interaksi antara CSI-M dan jantina pesakit (Beta= -2.325, p<0.001). Di samping itu, terdapat kolerasi yang lemah di antara pesakit dan penjaga untuk domain SF-12 seperti fungsi sosial (r = 0.35, p <0.001), peranan emosi (r = 0.28, p <0.001), dan kesihatan mental (r = 0.29, p <0.001). Tema yang terbentuk daripada fasa kualitatif yang menyumbang kepada kualiti hidup yang rendah adalah pengurusan pesakit, kewangan dan tekanan; kesan kepada kesihatan fizikal, psikologi, sosial (termasuk perhubungan); kesan kepada komunikasi dan sokongan daripada ahli keluarga, organisasi dan komuniti. Kesimpulan dari kajian mendapati penjaga mengaitkan kualiti hidup yang rendah dengan bebanan pengurusan pesakit, kesan negatif daripada penjagaan dan kekurangan sokongan. Intervensi untuk pesakit dan penjaga harus diperkukuhkan berdasarkan dapatan kajian ini
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A NEW ALKALINIZATION ADDITIVE FOR ROAD SUBGRADE STABILIZATION
No full textThe stabilization of problematic soils with chemical additives has become a popular practice globally. However, the mechanical and microstructural characterization of subgrade materials stabilized by alkalinization of raw silty sand, a typical soil in British Columbia (BC), Canada, has not yet been studied. This study introduces the novel concept of using an alkaline activator, (a mixture of sodium hydroxide, SH (NaOH) and sodium silicate, SS (Na2SiO3)), along with magnesium chloride, L (MgCl2), to activate the silica and alumina components of silty sand. This chemical mixture named as a magnesium-alkalinization (MA) additive. Compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were used to assess the mechanical properties of the stabilized soil. The development of the MA additive was then used as a substitute component for
developing the new chemical additive, which utilized a local bentonite product. The additive developed from the mixture of bentonite, MgCl2, and alkaline solution was introduced for
stabilization of soil. The mechanical and physicochemical results revealed that the addition of 40% bentonite was the optimum content for improving the strength of silty sand, which was then named as the bentonite-magnesium-alkalinization additive (BMA). The investigations on the mechanism of strength improvement were carried out on the optimum designed sample, based on microstructural analysis using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microstructure analysis confirmed the formation of the cementitious products, such as calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C-(A)-S-H)
and magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) in the treated sample. Further investigations on the effect of curing temperature for BMA additive revealed the optimal development of UCS occurred when samples were cured at 60°C for 3 days. The degree of improvement was 7 times compared to natural soil. Further studies on the resilient modulus (MR) and suction (s) relationship were also performed for the silty sand stabilized with the optimum design of the BMA additive using the normalized model. As a result of the MR-s relationship analysis, seasonal variation is a crucial factor that should be considered when constructing flexible road pavement even for the stabilized soil