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Facing the Third Country Agreement: The Precarious Life of Asylum Seekers Entering Canada through the US
No full textThe 2002 Third Country Agreement between Canada and US requires asylum seekers to apply for refuge in the first country they land in. Through this agreement, Canada positions the US as a safe country for asylum seekers. However, with the election of Donald Trump and subsequent anti-immigration policies, this agreement is being questioned. This paper explores the politics of human rights by looking at the precarity of asylum seekers’ lives and unpacks the transformation of these identities. I argue the Third Country Agreement increases asylum seekers’ precarity, creating a unique group of refugees working towards social recognition and institutional support
The Beautiful and the Monstrous: Femininity in Beowulf and Marie de France\u27s Lai de Lanval
No full textThis essay considers how Grendel’s Mother fromBeowulf (ca. 1000) and the Fairy Queen from Marie deFrance’s Lai de Lanval (ca. 1170–ca. 1215) function withintheir respective texts as examples of subversive femininity,challenging dominant patriarchal structures. Engagingwith previous scholarship that considers the feminism ofthese characters, I investigate how Grendel’s Mother andthe Fairy Queen rebel against the contemporary valuesof their societies by holding courts, accruing wealth, andappropriating male roles, and yet ultimately submit to theneeds of male protagonists
Social Science Evidence in Poverty-Related Charter Claims: An Example in Bedford v Canada
No full textSocial science can be a useful tool for courts when deciding upon issues relating to poverty, as it can provide information about the societal realities of the matter in question. This paper explores the use of social science evidence in poverty law-related Charter claims, looking at the specific example of Bedford v Canada (Attorney General). Bedford was a Charter application that ultimately struck down three provisions in the Criminal Code as unconstitutional because they interfered with sex workers’ abilities to protect themselves against violence. Social science evidence played a vital role in the decision, demonstrating its effectiveness in these types of claims. The Supreme Court of Canada also made two important rulings in Bedford that increased the Court’s recognition of the legitimacy of social science facts. This paper concludes that social science evidence is an essential aspect of many poverty-related Charter claims and that a solution should be found for ensuring that there is funding available for impoverished persons bringing these claims
ASSESSING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CARE QUALITY AND HOUSEHOLD CHORE RULES IN RESIDENTIAL CARE INSTITUTIONS IN JAPAN
No full textThe performance of household chores by children in Japanese residential care institutions has been widely accepted as a practice that fosters children’s independence and self-sufficiency. However, children coming from neglectful or dysfunctional families often require sensitive, individualized care, which they did not receive from their family of origin. While a shift away from large-scale institutions has begun, with smaller units or group homes now accounting for 40% of all care institutions, it is not clear that family-like, individualized care has been achieved in these smaller group homes. This study involved 61 participants aged 10 to 15 years and their care workers from six residential care institutions in the greater Tokyo area. It explored what aspects of care quality were related to the presence of certain characteristics of traditional management-oriented care: fixed rules for household chores and lack of choice in daily living. Care workers were asked whether children washed their own dishes, did their own laundry, chose their own clothes when shopping, and had mandatory events to attend in the residential care institutions. Care quality was assessed using the Early Adolescent HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of Environment) developed for Japanese residential care institutions (EA-HOME-JP). The findings suggest that care workers should re-examine their intentions in setting and applying household chore rules while exploring which aspects of child care, including regulatory activities and modeling, should be emphasized in order to actualize family-like and individualized care in institutions
DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE CHILD CARE SYSTEM IN LITHUANIA
No full textThe reform of the child care system in Lithuania started with the Ministry of Social Security and Labor approving the Strategic Guidelines for Deinstitutionalization in 2012, followed by the Transition from Institutional Care to Community-Based Services in 2014. The strategic aim of the reform was to create a system including a comprehensive range of services that would enable every child and their family or guardians to receive individual services as well as community assistance according to their needs. The process of transformation of institutional care was designed in two steps: creation of the necessary conditions for the transformation, which took place in 2014 to 2017, and development of infrastructure in the regions, planned for 2017 to 2020, but now extended to 2023. The goal of this article is to discuss the deinstitutionalization process by presenting legal regulations, information about the conceptualization and scope of the project, and evidence based on documents and statistical and secondary data analysis. I will also discuss possible contradictions between analytical and political discourses, and quantitative and qualitative evidence
POLICE STUDIES PROGRAM FOR YOUTH AT RISK: THE ROLE OF POLICE DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND PERSONAL MORALITY IN EXPLAINING POLICE LEGITIMACY
No full textThis study examined a unique police studies intervention program by comparing two groups of youth-at-risk in two types of residential youth schools. The experimental group included 129 youths who had attended a police studies program, while the control group included 167 youths who had attended a different intervention program, without police studies. We hypothesized that the experimental group would have more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and distributive justice and higher levels of personal morality than the control group would. Moreover, we hypothesized that the relationship between the type of the intervention program and perceptions of police legitimacy would be explained by youths’ personal morality and perceptions of police distributive justice. The study showed that the experimental group had more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and higher personal morality than did the control group, but there were no differences in perceived police distributive justice between the two groups. In addition, while personal morality partly mediated the link between the type of intervention program and perceptions of police legitimacy, perceived police distributive justice did not. Empirical and theoretical implications are discussed