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“Colonialismo climatico”: una lettura dell’attuale stato del climate law
No full textThe problem of climate change has been associated with predatory dynamics established in colonial times. This is referred to as “climate colonialism” to describe both the historical origins of the different vulnerability to environmental disasters between the global North and South and to highlight the harmful appropriation dynamics underlying some environmental policy measures. The aim is to provide a different key to assist the jurist in examining the instruments adopted to curb climate change. The last part of the article will provide an example of the application of this lens in the context of FTAs and VPAs.Il problema del cambiamento climatico è stato associato alle dinamiche predatorie instauratesi in epoca coloniale. Si parla di “colonialismo climatico”, per descrivere sia le origini storiche della differente vulnerabilità ai disastri ambientali tra Nord e Sud del mondo, sia per mettere in luce le nocive dinamiche di appropriazione alla base di alcune misure di politica ambientale. Lo scopo è quello di fornire una diversa chiave di lettura che assista il giurista nella disamina degli strumenti adottati per arginare il cambiamento climatico. L’ultima parte dell’articolo fornirà un esempio di applicazione di questa lente nell’ambito dei FTA e dei VPA
Il diritto alla verità climatica
No full textCan law lie in the face of climate system? Firstly, it is necessary to know how law uses the favor veritatis. Secondly, it is essential to examine what the laws of nature are and to consider the characteristics of natural sciences. In this way, it is possible to understand the organic and inorganic structure of the climate system and human action within it: the two elements that UNFCCC and IPCC work on. Moreover, these two premises are necessary to refute so-called climate denial and to employ law and politics in the challenge of the relationship between human action and Earth system.Il diritto può mentire di fronte al sistema climatico? In primo luogo, è necessario conoscere come il diritto utilizza il favor veritatis. In secondo luogo, è fondamentale verificare che cosa sono le leggi della natura e le caratteristiche delle scienze naturali. In questo modo, è possibile comprendere la struttura organica e inorganica del sistema climatico e l\u27azione umana al suo interno: i due elementi di cui si occupano l’UNFCCC e l’attività dell’IPCC. Inoltre, queste due premesse sono necessarie per confutare il c.d. negazionismo climatico e responsabilizzare diritto e politica nella sfida del rapporto tra azione umana e sistema Terra
Sulla female technology o Femtech. Intelligenza artificiale, salute della donna e volontà della persona
No full textTaking the Femtech phenomenon as a starting point, this contribution examines aspects of the use of artificial intelligence by women’s health technologies. In particular, the issues of algorithmic discrimination and automated decision-making based on health-related data are considered. The critical analysis of the provisions of European Union law is conducted, in the awareness of the fruitfulness of the solutions offered by technology itself (e.g. synthetic data), seeking a systemic solution that can offer protection in the concrete and specific situation of the subject. In this sense, the reflection proposes a valorisation of the individual’s will, in the light of the values of the person and his dignity.Partendo dal fenomeno Femtech, il presente contributo esamina gli aspetti legati all’impiego dell’intelligenza artificiale da parte delle tecnologie per la salute della donna. In particolare, sono prese in considerazione le problematiche della discriminazione algoritmica e della decisione automatizzata basata su dati relativi alla salute. L’analisi critica delle disposizioni del diritto eurounitario è condotta, nella consapevolezza della fecondità delle soluzioni offerte dalla tecnologia stessa (ad es. i dati sintetici), ricercando una soluzione sistemica che possa offrire una tutela nella situazione concreta e specifica del soggetto. In questo senso, la riflessione propone una valorizzazione della volontà dell’individuo, alla luce dei valori della persona e della sua dignità
The Future of the (Digital) State
No full textCan the digital revolution transform the very idea of the state and its functioning? The article investigates the ways in which technologies are influencing public institutions and their functioning, with particular regard to the contemporary and ‘democratic’ model of the state that was established in the 20th century. A first group of influences concerns the modes of exercising sovereignty and, in particular, the fundamental functions of the state. Therefore, the techniques of so-called direct democracy and their limits in pursuing the utopia of law-making by the people, the use of algorithms by judges, and the increasing spread of automated administrative decisions are examined. A second group of conditioning refers to the effects that the technological revolution has on the other two elements of the state, the people and the territory. Issues concerning the protection of fundamental rights, border crises, the relationship between technology and information and, consequently, between democracy and truth are then analyzed. From these constraints emerges a model based on ‘surveillance’, in which big data, their use and protection have acquired a strategic role. A model whose spread has undoubtedly in-creased with the pandemic, but also highlighted its limits and possible countermeasures. The digital revolution, the dominant role of Big Tech and social network, and the increasing use of artificial intelligence are profoundly affecting public institutions and civil society: what is the future of the (digital) State?Can the digital revolution transform the very idea of the state and its functioning? The article investigates the ways in which technologies are influencing public institutions and their functioning, with particular regard to the contemporary and ‘democratic’ model of the state that was established in the 20th century. A first group of influences concerns the modes of exercising sovereignty and, in particular, the fundamental functions of the state. Therefore, the techniques of so-called direct democracy and their limits in pursuing the utopia of law-making by the people, the use of algorithms by judges, and the increasing spread of automated administrative decisions are examined. A second group of conditioning refers to the effects that the technological revolution has on the other two elements of the state, the people and the territory. Issues concerning the protection of fundamental rights, border crises, the relationship between technology and information and, consequently, between democracy and truth are then analyzed. From these constraints emerges a model based on ‘surveillance’, in which big data, their use and protection have acquired a strategic role. A model whose spread has undoubtedly in-creased with the pandemic, but also highlighted its limits and possible countermeasures. The digital revolution, the dominant role of Big Tech and social network, and the increasing use of artificial intelligence are profoundly affecting public institutions and civil society: what is the future of the (digital) State
Le religioni in giudizio: il ruolo delle confessioni nelle vertenze bioeticamente sensibili
No full textThe essay examines the relation between human rights, the right to health, bio-ethics questions and religious freedom. After some preliminary remarks on methodological issues, the paper focuses on the difficulty of understanding the importance of religions in bioethical issues. The paper aims to proffer observations on the relevance of religion to full and “universal” protection of health protection for all, regardless of religious affiliation and the meanings that this implies.Il saggio esamina il rapporto tra diritti umani, diritto alla salute, questioni bioetiche e libertà religiosa. Dopo alcune osservazioni preliminari di tipo metodologico, lo studio approfondisce l’importanza di riconoscere alle religioni un ruolo fondamentale nelle questioni bioetiche: solo così si potrà avere una tutela piena e “universale” del diritto alla salute per tutti, indipendentemente dall\u27appartenenza religiosa e dai significati che ciò implica
Migrazioni e diritti. La difficile ricerca di una “valle incantata”
No full textThe article takes its inspiration from the tragic events of Cutro and Pylos in Greece and it is aimed to highlight the dramatic nature of the immigration crisis. As it is widely known, the migration phenomenon mainly develops along the central Mediterranean and the Balkans route, and it has undoubtedly made worst by the war in Ukraine. The analysis of the European and domestic legal framework, which justifies the summa divisio between refugees and ‘mere’ migrants, is conducted in order to emphasise the existence of a legal migrants’ status very often at odd with the security demands of each single state. Furthermore, the control of the migratory phenomenon is worsened by the stratification of a plurality of legislative approaches which have favoured, on several occasions, the development of a disorganised discipline, resulting in interpretational and enforcement difficulties. Not infrequently, the issue of balancing conflicting interests takes on dramatic tones. This is the case with the immigrant\u27s right to health, constantly challenged by the limits arising from the public finance, due to the costs for implementing the so called “social rights”.Alla luce dei tragici fatti di cronaca di Cutro e di Pylos in Grecia, il contributo sottolinea la drammaticità del fenomeno migratorio che si snoda lungo la rotta del Mediterraneo centrale, cui si aggiungono le conseguenze dell’evento bellico in Ucraina che ovviamente aggravano il problema. Dopo aver brevemente illustrato il quadro normativo europeo ed interno che giustifica la summa divisio tra rifugiati e “semplici” migranti, si evidenzia l’esistenza di uno statuto giuridico a favore dei migranti che si contrappone, a volte in modo conflittuale, con le esigenze securitarie degli Stati, il che impone la necessità di individuare la problematica ponderazione tra interessi contrapposti. In particolare, con riferimento al diritto alla salute nei termini del bilanciamento vi rientrano anche le esigenze della finanza pubblica in ragione dell’onerosità dei diritti sociali. Tale materia, peraltro, si caratterizza pure per la stratificazione di una pluralità di indirizzi legislativi che si sono susseguiti nel corso degli anni, favorendo, in non poche occasioni, una disorganica disciplina del fenomeno migratorio, con le conseguenti difficoltà di interpretazione e applicazione della normativa
Il diritto alla salute come presupposto per l’ingresso dello straniero e come limite al suo allontanamento
No full textThe essay analyzes the relationship between migration and health, investigating the cases of protection for health reasons or the issue of a resident permit for the entry and residence on Italian territory. The work also examines the limit for the removal of a migrant due to health reason, also in the framework of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and of the Court of Justice of the European Union. From a methodological point of view, the essay combines regulatory and jurisprudential analysis with the examination of data relating to the residence permits for medical treatment, obtained through a generalized civic access, in order to understand the impact of the reforms adopted in the recent years on the health of foreigners and in particular the number and nationalities of those who have been authorized to remain in the territory for health reasons.Il saggio analizza il rapporto tra migrazione e salute indagando i casi nei quali per motivi di salute è possibile ottenere protezione nel Paese in cui si è immigrati ovvero un titolo abilitante all’ingresso e alla permanenza sul territorio italiano. Il lavoro esamina altresì i casi nei quali, proprio per motivi di salute, è vietato l’allontanamento di uno straniero dal territorio nazionale, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza nazionale e di quella della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo e della Corte di Giustizia. Sotto il profilo metodologico, l’indagine unisce all’analisi normativa e giurisprudenziale anche l’esame dei dati relativi al rilascio di alcune tipologie di permesso di soggiorno per cure mediche, ottenuti a seguito di un accesso civico generalizzato, al fine di comprendere l’impatto delle riforme adottate negli ultimi anni sulla salute degli stranieri e in particolare il numero e le nazionalità di coloro che sono stati autorizzati a restare sul territorio per motivi di salute
Inherent Vice as All-Risk Exclusion and its Clarification from Common Law point of view
Get PDFThere is an assumption among shippers that as soon as their cargo is insured, their insurance policy would cover any loss caused under any occasion, while there are certain occasions in which insurance policy will not provide coverage. Inherent vice is an important instance in which the shipper’s claim over the cargo is not eligible. This notion is varied from the perils of the sea. It simply refers to any damage caused to the cargo due to the inherent nature of the goods as opposed to any damages inflicted on the goods by the carrier. In other words, the damage is inflicted by internal causes rather than external ones. Some examples of the aforementioned term can be deterioration due to product instability, rust forming due to metal materials/moisture, and combustion (batteries or other substances). The main reason that makes it impossible to be claimed is that it is most clearly outlined in the contract terms or there is no causation found (no exterior causation). This paper will elaborate on the extended meaning of the inherent vice which is not favored by marine insurance with the help of case law.There is an assumption among shippers that as soon as their cargo is insured, their insurance policy would cover any loss caused under any occasion, while there are certain occasions in which insurance policy will not provide coverage. Inherent vice is an important instance in which the shipper’s claim over the cargo is not eligible. This notion is varied from the perils of the sea. It simply refers to any damage caused to the cargo due to the inherent nature of the goods as opposed to any damages inflicted on the goods by the carrier. In other words, the damage is inflicted by internal causes rather than external ones. Some examples of the aforementioned term can be deterioration due to product instability, rust forming due to metal materials/moisture, and combustion (batteries or other substances). The main reason that makes it impossible to be claimed is that it is most clearly outlined in the contract terms or there is no causation found (no exterior causation). This paper will elaborate on the extended meaning of the inherent vice which is not favored by marine insurance with the help of case law
The Origin of Right to Privacy and its Migration and Evolution in Nepal
Get PDFWarren and Brandeis’ article, written more than 130 years ago, laid the foundation of the right to privacy. It mainly comprises two parts: the first is a condemnation against yellow journalism and the second is a compelling and efficacious plea for privacy laws. This paper illustrates how Warren and Brandeis differentiate the right to privacy from the property right and create a whole new chapter in the constitutional jurisprudence. Additionally, this paper analyzes the constitutional migration of the concept in the Nepalese legal system. Following doctrinal research methodology, we discuss the evolution of the right to privacy in the context of Nepal alongside three constitutional enactments and three distinct political regimes: monarchical, unitary republic, and federal republic systems. Hence, the considerations will focus on whether the migration of constitutional principles was effective by tracing a trajectory of case laws and what the recent privacy act entails. The analysis shows that privacy laws have been gradually improving in Nepal but require comprehensive revision.Warren and Brandeis’ article, written more than 130 years ago, laid the foundation of the right to privacy. It mainly comprises two parts: the first is a condemnation against yellow journalism and the second is a compelling and efficacious plea for privacy laws. This paper illustrates how Warren and Brandeis differentiate the right to privacy from the property right and create a whole new chapter in the constitutional jurisprudence. Additionally, this paper analyzes the constitutional migration of the concept in the Nepalese legal system. Following doctrinal research methodology, we discuss the evolution of the right to privacy in the context of Nepal alongside three constitutional enactments and three distinct political regimes: monarchical, unitary republic, and federal republic systems. Hence, the considerations will focus on whether the migration of constitutional principles was effective by tracing a trajectory of case laws and what the recent privacy act entails. The analysis shows that privacy laws have been gradually improving in Nepal but require comprehensive revision
Forme e riscritture del mito di Don Giovanni nella "Comédie humaine" di Honoré de Balzac
Get PDFThis article aims at analyzing the presence of the myth of Don Juan within the pages of Honoré de Blazac’s La Comédie humaine. As a sort of modern myth par excellence, the story of Don Juan takes different forms throughout Balzac’s work: for example, it is taken as a model for some of the major figures of seducers depicted in the Comédie, and in Le Cabinet des Antiques as well as in Les Secrets de la Princesse de Cadignan we might even recognize a female version of Don Juan in the character of Diane de Maufrigneuse. At the same time, however, Don Juan also becomes a key figure that epitomizes Balzac’s philosophical thought as presented in L’Elixir de longue vie, a “conte fantastique” published in 1830.L’articolo vuole prendere in esame la presenza del mito di Don Giovanni nella Comédie humaine di Honoré de Balzac. Mito moderno per antonomasia, Don Giovanni è presente nell’opera balzachiana in molteplici forme: oltre a essere il modello per alcuni dei grandi personaggi seduttori della Comédie, ne Le Cabinet des Antiques e Les Secrets de la Princesse de Cadignan si assiste a una trasformazione sostanziale di Don Giovanni, che viene proposto in versione femminile nel personaggio di Diane de Maufrigneuse. Allo stesso tempo, Don Giovanni diventa anche una figura-chiave per esprimere il pensiero filosofico di Balzac ne L’Elixir de longue vie, racconto fantastico pubblicato nel 1830