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This New Honest Monastery of New Athos (Akhali Atoni)
No full textუწინ საქართველოს სამეფო ხელისუფლებას ეკლესია-მონასტრები მრავლად ჰქონდა. ერის ცხოვრებაში კულტურის შემტანი მაშინ სარწმუნოება იყო. XIX ს-ის სამონასტრო ცხოვრება დიდად განსხვავდებოდა განვითარებული შუა საუკუნეების პერიოდისაგან, თუმცა, მონასტრის მთავარი დანიშნულება, როგორც სამზრუნველო სავანისა, არ შეცვლილა. ნაშრომში ასახულია XIX საუკუნის 70-იან წლებში, სოხუმში ნიკოფსიის//ანაკოფიის ადგილას დაარსებული მონასტრის - ამ არაქართული კულტურის კერის დანიშნულება. მას რუსული სახელმწიფოს ხელისუფლების განმტკიცების გარდა, მისიონერული მიზნებიც ჰქონდა. მაგალითად, აფხაზეთი მართლმადიდებლურ სარწმუნოებას დაბრუნებოდა. რაც მთავარია, სოხუმის ახალი ათონის მონასტერში არსებული მკაცრი ტიპიკონი, რაც წესრიგს განაპირობებდა, ძველი ათონის ტიპიკონის მსგავსი იყო. სწორედ ხანგრძლივი პრაქტიკული გამოცდილება გახდა იმ წარმატების საწინდარი, რასაც ახალი ათონის მძლავრმა მონასტერმა უმოკლეს დროში მიაღწია. მათი მოღვაწეობის
უანგარობის შეფასება საკვლევი საკითხის მიზანს წარმოადგენდა.Royal government of Georgia had numerous churches – monasteries in the past. At that time, belief was a bringer of culture in the people’s life. Monastery life of XIX century is greatly different from the period of developed middle centuries, however, main purpose of monastery as monastery shelter was not changed. The most important is to make it exact for whom and what did “New Athos Monastery established on the former territory of Nikopsia” – center of non-Georgian culture, Anakopia, Sokhumi cared. Despite of strengthening the Russian state power in the region, it is clear it had missionary purposes too. Namely, to make Abkhazia back to Orthodox Christian faith. Above mentioned monastery had typicon similar to Old Athos (Dzveli Atoni), which used to determine order. Exactly long-term practical experience became a guarantee of success that the powerful monastery of New Athos (Akhali Atoni) achieved in the shortest time. It left an important trace in monastery life of Russia. Purpose of the research question was evaluation of disinterestedness of their work for public good
ცელულოზის შემცველი ნარჩენებისგან მიღებული სორბენტები წყლის გასაწმენდად
No full textAs a rule, ions of some heavy metals are always found in natural and waste waters. The purpose of this work was to study the sorption properties of carbon material obtained from secondary raw materials (hazelnut and walnut shells) according to the technology we have developed; determination of its applicability in the purification of drinking and waste water, in which ions of several heavy metals are simultaneously present. The salts of lead, cobalt, iron and cadmium, as the most important pollutants of the water basin, were the adsorbates.
Studies of solutions of various concentrations of metal ions showed that in the presence of all four ions, the maximum adsorption rate and the degree of extraction are achieved at a solution concentration of 0.0025 M Me+2 in 30 min, as for the effect of pH on the degree of sorption, the experimental results showed that the best values are achieved at pH 3 for cobalt ions and pH 3 ÷ 5 for copper, lead and iron ions.
It was found that the nature of sorption by these absorbers is the same: for a given metal, hydrated ions are adsorbed in the same way on different absorbers.
The larger the crystal radius of an ion with the same charge, the better it is adsorbed (sorption capacity for Pb++ ions is maximum, and minimum for Co++ ions)
Interpretations of Ibsen’s Works in the Latest Georgian Theater
No full textOne of the main themes of Ibsen’s dramaturgy is the confrontation between the individual and the society. This theme, of course, is constant and very relevant today. Perhaps that is why, in the light of today’s reality, young creators stage plays of the brilliant Norwegian playwright to express their messages and position. This time I will focus on Ghosts, staged at the Liberty Theater by Saba Aslamazishvili, and Hedda Gabler, staged at the experimental stage of the Rustaveli Theater by Tata Popiashvili. Ghosts is a very dramatic and effective performance. Ibsen is interested in genetic heredity, how the behavior of ancestors, the sins committed by them affect and reflect on offspring. A sense of duty is opposed to the personal interests of a person, the social moral norms - to the feelings and life of a person. What is more important - enjoying every minute of life or strictly established norms of life. Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler is much more than just an eccentric protagonist, she is a person protesting against the narrow-minded world around her. The existence of a character like Hedda in such a world is nonsense, absurd. Everyone tries to put her in some simple social framework (wife, girlfriend, mother), but due to her rebellious, freedom-loving nature she cannot fit into these frameworks. Saba Aslamazishvili staged Ibsen’s Ghosts at the Liberty Theater. The performance of the play at first glance differs from the director’s handwriting. In my opinion, the young director has proven that he is able not only to work on plays of different genres, but also can and is interested in working with different theatrical forms. This time, without any épatage, he created Ghosts using the methods of classical, psychological theater. Tata Popiashvili offered an interesting interpretation of Hedda Gabler on the experimental stage of the Rustaveli Theater. The director worked with Guram Ghonghadze on Ibsen’s text. A very good new translation of the play was made. The director edited a stage text, maid Berta was cut out. From a rather long play she left only the part which clearly expresses the concept of the performance. Everything in the performance serves to show the personality of Hedda Gabler. Saba Aslamazishvili and Tata Popiashvili offered some interesting interpretations of Ibsen’s plays and associated the problems posed in the play with the acute issues of modern society. The young directors have left the questions open in their performances. Each spectator has to give the answers by himself
ანტისამთავრობო გამოსვლები შიდა ქართლის მთიანეთში 1918-1921 წლებში
No full textნაშრომში განხილულია საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკის დროს შიდა ქართლის მთიანეთში (ე.წ. „სამხრეთ ოსეთში”) დაწყებული ანტისამტავრობო გამოსვლები, რომელთა მასშტაბის იქამდე გაიზარდა, რომ აღნიშნული ტერიტორიის საქართველოსგან გამოყოფას და რუსეთთან შეერთებას მოითხოვდნენ.
კვლევისათვის მნიშვნელოვანია დაპირისპირების სრული ანალიზი, ამიტომ განხილულია, როგორც პოლიტიკური, ეკონომიკური, ისე სამხედრო მოვლენები, რაც სრული სურათის აღქმაში გვეხმარება.
აღნიშნული მიმართულებით საკმაოდ დიდი მასალა არსებობს საქართველოს ცენტრალურ არქივში, შინაგან საქმეთა სამინისტროს არქივში, ხელნაწერთა ეროვნულ ცენტრი. მათი დიდი ნაწილი ან თანამედროვე პერიოდშია გამოქვეყნებული, ან თანადროულ პრესაში. აღნიშნულ ავთენტურ მასალასთან ერთად საინტერესოა მონაწილეთა მოგონებები, განსაკუთრებით კი ორი პიროვნების, გენერალ გიორგი კვინიტაძისა და გენერალ ვალიკო ჯუღელის. მემუარების სუბიექტურობის მიუხედავად, წყაროთა შეჯერების საფუძველზე, შეგვიძლია ბევრი ფაქტი აღვადგინოთ ან/და დავაზუსტოთ, რაც დამატებითი ანალიზის საფუძველს იძლევა.
აღნიშნული საკითხი საკმაოდ მნიშვნელოვანია საქართველოს ახალი და უახლესი პერიოდის ისტორიისათვის, განსაკუთრებით თუ გავითვალისწინებთ დღევანდელ პოლიტიკურ ვითარებას, როდესაც რუსეთს ოკუპირებული აქვს ე.წ. „სამხრეთ ოსეთი” და მისგან ისმის ბრალდებები, რომ საქართველომ 1920 წელს ოსებს მოუწყო გენოციდი. წინამდებარე ნაშრომში განხილული იქნება ეს მოსაზრება და ასევე წარმოდგენილი იქნება ზოგადი სურათი, თუ რა ვითარება იყო 1918-1921 წლების საქართველოში ეთნიკური უმცირესობების უფლებების დაცვის კუთხით, როგორც კანონმდებლობისა და კონსტიტუციის მაგალითზე, ასევე პრაქტიკაში განხორციელებული ქმედებების მიხედვით.The paper discusses the anti-government rallies launched during the Democratic Republic of Georgia in the Shida Kartli highlands (so-called "South Ossetia"), the scale of which increased to the point where they demanded the separation of the territory from Georgia and unification with Russia.
A complete analysis of the controversy is important for the study, so both political, economic, and military events are discussed, which help us to perceive the full picture.
There is a lot of material in this direction in the Central Archive of Georgia, in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the National Center of Manuscripts. Most of them are published either in the modern period or in the contemporary press. Along with the authentic material, the memories of the participants are interesting, especially of two people, General Giorgi Kvinitadze and General Valiko Jugheli. Regardless of the subjectivity of the memoirs, based on a combination of sources, we can reconstruct and / or clarify many facts, which provides a basis for further analysis. This issue is quite important for the history of Georgia in the new and recent period, especially if we take into account the current political situation, when Russia has occupied the so-called. "South Ossetia" and allegations that Georgia organized genocide against Ossetians in 1920. This paper will discuss this view and also provide an overview of the situation in Georgia in terms of protection of the rights of ethnic minorities in 1918-1921, both in terms of legislation and the Constitution, as well as in practice
(Mountain Racha)
No full textUntil the 1930s (before collectivization), a primitive way of farming and cattle breeding prevailed in the mountainous Racha. Difficult living conditions and the scarcity of agricultural resources inclined the population to handicrafts and labor migration. In the socialist period, certain changes took place: as a result of an increase in the share of mechanization, local tools of labor were completely out of use; At those times, new agricultural cultures were established and old ones disappeared; In the conditions of collectivization and industrial development, traditional relations were broken; All this happened against the backdrop of strong migration and urban processes.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the former Soviet republics, including Georgia, faced a fundamentally changed reality. The country turned out to be unprepared for complex socio-economic processes and the restoration of independence. The critical situation has arisen in almost all spheres of life. This affected the life of the population of Zemo Racha especially sharply. As a result, most of the villages were almost deserted. The complete shutdown of communications with neighbors along the border, the disruption of traditional economic ties, termination of previously operating smallbusinesses, the difficult demographic situation, etc., creates an unfavorab economic perspective for Mountain Racha
Matani Tskhrakara - The Issue of Dating
No full textDetermination of the date of erection of Matani “Tskhrakara~ church was of special significance for the understanding of the development of Early Christian Georgian architecture. Based on studies undertaken by G. Chubinashvili as early as 1920-1920s and later on, in 1950s, the church was ascribed to the 5th c., similar to Dzveli Shuamta basilica. New observations carried out on the church proved that, due to its structural, artistic and functional characteristics, it shows closer affinity with the architecture of the Transitional Period, namely, 8th-9th cc. and not of earlier epoch. For the first researcher of the church, decisive factor for the determination of the date of its construction was similarity of the plan layout of Matani church with Early Christian basilica in Dzveli Shuamta, while Akhmeta “Gvtaeba~ church, dated to the 6th c. by that time, which was referred to for the comparative analysis, served as an additional argument. In 1980s, I. Elizbarashvili has studied a group of churches, which she identified as the two-nave church typological group and, within this group, convincingly dated Akhmeta church to the 8th c.
Our study has clearly shown crucial differences revealed by the comparative analysis of Dzveli Shuamta and Matani churches, which definitely point to the later period of construction of the latter. Great affinity of various elements of Matani church and of the tendency manifested in them with such monuments of the Transitional Period as Akhmeta “Gvtaeba~ church, Baikho Trinity church, Davati church of the Virgin, Nedzisi “Bziana~ church, Sakdrioni church of St. George, three-nave basilica in Sno Akhaltsikhe, Tskhvarichamia “Didi Sakdari~, Bagiantkari church, Tabakini, Tsirkoli, Kabeni churches, Telovani church of Holy Cross, Nekresi domed church, Vachnadziani Kvelatsminda church, etc. give grounds to ascribe Matani church to the Transitional Period, namely, 8th-9th cc
(According to Folklore Data)
No full textThe article deals with the relationship of the population of the Racha section of the Central Caucasus with the neighboring North Caucasians and attempts to reinterpret some folklore samples in this context. I have tried to analyze some popular folk poems that echo the historical, cultural and social relations between Rachans, Ossetians and Dvals; and show their mutual relationship.
Due to its geographical location, the mountainous Racha was economically dependent mainly on the north; the struggle for existence forced the inhabitants of the region to engage in crafts and trade and cross the Caucasus.
Rachans also established friendly and family ties with the highlanders of the North Caucasus. They sent their children to each other to raise them in order to learn the language and traditions, which was based on an interest in rapprochement and friendship between different ethnic groups.
The Rachan folklore reflects rivalry between the locals and their neighboring non-Georgian tribes to some extent. In the considered folklore samples, several epochal layers are clearly visible; the paper proposes reinterpretation of some established opinion about several historical events
Interdisciplinary Features of the Study of Fragmentary Manuscript Scroll Written on Parchment
No full textWe will discuss the features of interdisciplinary research on two samples of fragmentary scrolls on parchment
The folk remedies for the sheep treatment
No full textThe paper presents the ethnographic data concerning sheep diseases and their traditional treatment. The research is based on ethnographic data of Tusheti (East mountainous part of Georgia), discusses the habits of sheep farming, describes the deceases and their treatment methods and represents the transformations in nowadays sheep farming.
The folk remedies were elaborated for the particular deceases. The paper demonstrates the special treatment that had been developed over time. Currently, sheep are vactinaited by shepherds if necessary. Remedies for various diseases are also easily available. In fact, the old tools and attitudes of folk treatment are not used any more in practice and have been moved to the memory
Phenolic compounds comprehended in the composition of biologically active supplement “Sanavardo”
No full textჩატარებულია რქაწითელის ჯიშის ყურძნისგან ახალი ტექნოლოგიით დამზადებული ბიოლოგიურად აქტიური დანამატის (ბად) „სანავარდო“ ზოგიერთი ფენოლური კომპონენტის კვლევა. გამოვლენილია მდიდარი და მრავალფეროვანი ფენოლური ნაერთების სპექტრი, რომელიც წარმოდგენილია: საერთო ფენოლების-10გ/ლ; ოლიგომერული პროანტოციანიდინების - 3,2 გ/ლ; პოლიმერული პროანტოციანიდინების -5,1 გ/ლ; კატექინების - 800მგ/ლ; ფენოლმჟავების, მათ შორის: გალის, პროტოკატექის, 4-ოქსიბენზოის, პარა-კუმარის, ფერულის, იასამნის, ვანილინის სახით. ბად-ის ფენოლური კომპონენტები, რომლებიც ხასიათდება მაღალი ბიოლოგიური აქტივობით, განაპირობებს მის ანტიოქსიდანტურ, ანტიბაქტერიულ, ანტივირუსულ, ანტისიმსივმურ, ანტიანთებით მოქმედებას და შესაბამისად,
ბად-ის ფუნქციურ დანიშნულებას პრევენციული და სამკურნალო-პროფილაქტიკური თვალსაზრისით.A study was held about some phenolic components of the biologically active additive (BAD) "Sanavardo" that is made from Rkatsiteli grapes on the base of a new technology. A rich and varied spectrum of phenolic
compounds has been identified, which are presented in the form of proanthocyanidins (oligomeric and polymeric), common phenols, catechins and phenolic acids.
New COVID-19 infection problems proved that the use of natural biologically active compounds and the development of the latest technology for the production of biologically active supplements (BAD) with therapeutic and preventive action are the actual direction of the 21st century. The latest experiments made is clear that phenolic compounds have very strong antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral effects and various directions of biological influence, those have an effective results on Covid 19 treatment and even in the postcovid syndrome. Grape phenolic substances are characterized as high biologically active in various directions and their content in wines and other products of grape origin is determined in the terms of therapeutic and preventive features. It is experimentally determined that products with a total composition of polyphenols are characterized by synergism of antioxidant activity.
On the base of above mentioned items, the new technologies of biologically active supplements of grape origin have been developed. For instance, the "Georgian Vitae rimas XXI" bud that is developed by me that can be named as diverse and rich phenolic spectrum. It can be presented as the form of stilbenoids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, those are reliable and real source of prevention various diseases, besides it provides number of vital and functional nutrients in food. It also fulfills the body with prominent substances and elements.
Studies have shown that even short-term course of proanthocyanidins has a influential effect on the functioning of the vascular system. Proanthocyanidins involves dilation of blood vessels, they can also affect the ongoing processes during oncological diseases, the immune system, the inhibitory effect of procyanidin B4 on the growth and development of breast cancer, and proanthocyanidins even positively effect in reducing
atherosclerotic changes and retinopathy development and during diabetes mellitus. Phenolic acids widely distribute form plant compounds that are characterized by high antioxidant activity. The biological activity of
phenolic acids reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood and even inhibits HIV infection. Besides, Phenolic acids have anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti-tumor effects. Catechins restore blood microcirculation,
improve the elasticity of blood vessels, it also has hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effects. Anthocyanins have antioxidant and P-vitamin activity and form chelate complexes with metals. Anthocyanidins can also play an important role in reduction of malignant cell proliferation and number of other oncogenic signals.
So, we can conclude that it is relevant and important to use grape components during the production of biologically active supplements. The main aim of the research was to investigate some phenolic substances of
Bud made from Rkatsiteli grapes with the new technology that is formed by me. "Sanavardo" which is made from Rkatsiteli grapes with new technology was used as the object of the research as the biologically active
nutritional supplement. During the experiment the total phenols, oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins, catechins and phenolic acids were determined.
The experiment results prove that the bud contain a rich spectrum of phenolic compounds: total phenols - 10g/l; oligomeric proanthocyanidins - 3.2 g/l; Polymeric proanthocyanidins - 5.1 g/l; catechins - 800 mg/l;
Phenolic acids, including: gallic, protocatechuic, 4-oxybenzoic, para-coumaric, ferulic, licorice, vanillic. These phenolic compounds are characterized by high antioxidant function and has curative-prophylactic
features, in diseases such as: cancer, cardiovascular pathologies, allergies, diabetes, etc. Scientific studies made it clear that biologically active phenolic substances has an important results not only preventing, but
also curative-prophylactic function