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Ilori church of St. George and beliefs related to it
No full textThe church named after St. George of Ilori is considered as one of the most important worshiping places for all of Western Georgia. As the main, most powerful shrine of Samegrelo-Abkhazia, it was loaded with various functions. On St. George's holidays, especially in November, many worshipers gathered here from all over the Western Georgia to ensure the protection. The miracle was connected to the place. On the eve of
the holiday the church was locked and on the next morning the people were coming to see an ox inside the locked territory, which was considered to be brought by St. George himself. According the color and position of the ox the future was foreseen. The ox was slaughtered and shared. St. George of Ilori was considered to be a healer and judge. Several rites connected to St. George are discussed in the pape
Representation Of Presiding Prince Of Kartli Stephanoz I In Georgian Medieval Historiography: The Genre Canon And Metahistorical Context
No full textTwo principle monuments of Georgian medieval historiography – ”The Conversion of Kartli” and “The Life of Kartli” (this last one is a collection of historical writings) are providing mutually exclusive information on
presiding prince Stephanoz I (620s–630s): according to former Stephanoz was a great ruler, believer, builder of the main church of the country – Church of the Cross, while according to the latter he was infidel and did not contribute to the constructing of Church of the Cross and even more: did not add anything to already existed churches. Many other details also including the chronology are represented differently. Which one from these sources is reliable? As it was turned out the positive portrait was written with approval of presiding prince Stephanoz II (was in power in the middle years of theseventh century) – the grandson and namesake of presiding prince Stephanoz I. The author of the negative portraits is Juansher Juansheriani who was duke of the king Archil (second half of seventh century – first two decades of eighth century). These results caused another question: why did Juansher Juansheriani depicts Stephanos I so negatively? For answering this question there were considered two pre-suppositions: Juanhser Juansheriani had borrowed his information from incorrect sources or he had intentionally misinterpreted the sources because of certain motivations. The research has revealed facts making obvious that the historian based his representation on both – incorrect as well as correct sources. Incorrect information he used; correct evidences were ignored or misinterpreted by him. The reason of misinterpretations was prejudice emerged on the social soil. Juansher Juansheriani belonged to the centrifugal feudal opposition which felt deep dispathy to the rulers like Stephanos I– who had an ambition to be full right suzerain of his subjects, including the highest stratum of feudal aristocracy like Juansher Juansheriani. Because of his classism Juansherian Juansheriani “knew” a priori that this presiding prince was “bad” person and “bad” ruler.
As today in pre-modernity too making history was firmly associated with obligation of “telling truth”. Fictional representations or misinterpretations were considered incompatible with genre identity. The world historiography provides many facts confirming how for historians of all epochs and nationalities was vital to hold firmly the genre’s principles. Medieval Georgian historians’ understanding of the purpose of history as writing of truth was similar to those being accepted worldwide. As for Juansher Juansheriani “to relate events as one would see” was declared principle.
However, this formulation of the principle of telling truth left space for subjective interpretations: it was not about revealing general truth, but truth seen from the point of particular observer. This actually was what
Juansher Juansheriani had done and because of this for him the divergence between the principle and practice was not problem.
The displayed case was very specific and it would not be correct to generalize it even to Georgian medieval historiography, not to mention the history of the pre-modern period as a whole, but knowing the cases
like this might be useful in general as they help to deeper understanding of the history writing practices in pre-modernity (maybe not only in it!) and spectrum of possible problems of source analysis emerged because of prejudicing historians
International Legal Definition of a Cyberattack
No full textIn the era of information and communication technologies, computer networks can be used to carry out modern forms of warfare. In light of technological advances, cyberattacks are becoming more sophisticated and control over IT infrastructure is being lost. States can use digital tools or enlist hacker groups to launch cyberattacks against other states. Such destructive actions damage the defence capacity, security, stability, and economic sustainability of a country, and hinder the activities of public and private organizations alike. The situation is further complicated due to the lack of a common understanding of the definition of the term „cyberattack“ among international actors. Furthermore, the existing international legal framework does not regulate the issue of cyberattacks. The Charter of the United Nations was adopted in the 20th century when the process of creating cyberspace could not have been foreseen. Therefore, this article aims to explore the legal definition of a cyberattack based on the reinterpretation of existing international norms. It is important to examine the possibilities of the development and adoption of new norms in cyberspace and clarify the responsible cyber behavior of states
Demographic Situation and Prediction of Georgia and Azerbaijan
No full textThis article, based on copious material, looks into the past, present, and future demographic situation in Georgia. The author analyzes the major social challenges of modernity related to migration processes, unemployment, and, as a consequence, a decline in the size of Georgia’s population. The study also devotes special attention to social projects aimed at improving the demographic situation in the country. At the end of 2021, the population of Georgia was 3728600 people. The demographic pyramid has a regressive or descending type. Demographic policy in Azerbaijan is a purposeful activity of state bodies and social institutions in the field of regulating the process of population reproduction in order to change or maintain the trends of population and structural dynamics. In other words, it is a policy that affects the processes of birth, death, marriage, divorce and the age structure of the population. In order to achieve the development of demographic processes in accordance with the socio-economic strategy of the country and to improve the demographic situation, the "Concept of Demographic Development of the Republic of Azerbaijan" was adopted in 1999
Teaching re-imagined as the world embraces the 4th IR: A review of literature on the changing face of teaching
No full textThis paper reviews the literature on teaching in educational institutions at the current time and its ability to match the demands of industry, and produce competent human resources for today and the future gener- ation. The study was conducted to shape and inform new-generation teachers of the aspects they need to take into consideration in order to keep themselves relevant, instrumental, and capable of supporting the future of learning, relearning, and unlearning experiences in a globalized setting as the 4th Industrial Revolution unwraps its presence.
A careful review of works obtained from Ebsco host and google scholar for the past five years(2017 – 2022) was done to establish the key shifts in paradigm, and practice as well as establish the challenges and opportunities at play. Key aspects informing the re-imagination are but not limited to digitization, Artificial Intelligence, Data ana- lytics, the Information age, the Internet of things, entrepreneurship, and employability among others.
In the face of these widely appreciated aspects of daily living, teaching as has been over the ages finds itself at crossroads. In order to be an effective tool to transform the generations as has been over the years it is key for the sector to consider a review of the way it thrives in order to support today’s expectations and also to help address the expectations of tomorrow which are largely anticipated but unknown. A review of the delivery, assessment, and practice of teaching is urgent and necessary across the globe to meet these expectations of the learners
History of foreign policy of Georgian principalities: Principality of Odishi in the first half of the XVII century in Relation to the Ottoman Empire, Persia and Europe
No full textნაშრომი შეეხება მეტად საინტერესო პერიოდს დასავლეთ საქართველოს, კერძოდ ოდიშის სამთავროს ისტორიაში, როცა ჭკვიანი და ენერგიული მმართველის — ლევან II დადიანის (1611-1657წწ.) მოღვაწეობის ხანაში, სამთავრომ მიაღწია თავისი განვითარების უმაღლეს საფეხურს და მოიპოვა დომინანტური მდგომარეობა სხვა დასავლეთ ქართულ პოლიტიკურ ერთეულებთან შედარებით. გაძლიერდა შიდა სტრუქტურები, განმტკიცდა მხარის თავდაცვისუნარიანობა, შეიქმნა ხელსაყრელი პირობები ეკონომიკური წინსვლისთვის, სამთავრო გახდა ცენტრი ქართული კულტურის გადარჩენა-აღორძინებისა. ძლიერი მთავარი არ სჯერდებოდა მიღწეულს და ყველანაირად ცდილობდა დასავლეთ საქართველოს ტერიტორიულ გამთლიანებასა და თავისი ძლიერი ხელისუფლებისთვის დაქვემდებარებას. წარმოდგენილ ნარკვევში შესწავლილია ოდიშის სამთავროს საგარეო პოლიტიკის ძირითადი მიმართულებები XVII ს. I ნახევარში. გაანალიზებულია მნიშვნელოვანი ფაქტები და მოვლენები. ნაშრომი გარკვეულ სამსახურს გაუწევს ისტორიკოსებს, სტუდენტებსა და ისტორიის საკითხებით დაინტერესებულ ფართო მკითხველ საზოგადოებას.This paper focuses on a very interesting period in the history of Western Georgia, particularly, in the history of Odishi principality, when the intelligent and energetic Levan II Dadiani (1611-1657) ruled the principality. During his rule, the principality reached its highest level of development and gained a dominant position over other Western Georgian political units. The political structures were strengthened, the country's defense capability was enhanced, favorable conditions were created for economic progress, and the principality became the center for the preservation and revival of Georgian culture. The strong leader was never satisfied with his achievements and tried to unite the territory of Western Georgia and subordinate it under his centralised leadership. In this paper, the main directions of foreign policy in Odishi principality in the first half of the 17th century (Relations with Turkey, Iran, and Western Europe) are studied and important facts and events are analyzed. This paper will benefit historians, students, and a general readers interested in themes presented
ეთნიკური უმცირესობების წარმომადგენელი სტუდენტების აკულტურაციის ორიენტაციები: დეტერმინანტები და შედეგები
No full textსადისერტაციო კვლევაში შესწავლილია ეთნიკური უმცირესობების წარმომადგენელი აზერბაიჯანელი და სომეხი სტუდენტების აკულტურაციის პროცესი უმაღლესი განათლების კონტექსტში. კერძოდ, შესწავლილია მათი აკულტურაციის ორიენტაციები - ინტეგრაცია, სეპარაცია, ასიმილაცია და მარგინალიზაცია - ორი თეორიული პერსპექტივის (დომინანტური კულტურის მიღების და უმრავლესობასთან კონტაქტის კონცეპტუალური მოდელები) მიხედვით, ასევე ორიენტაციების დეტერმინანტები და შედეგები.
აკულტურაციის ორიენტაციები შესწავლილი იყო ეთნიკური უმცირესობების წარმომადგენელ აზერბაიჯანელ და სომეხ სტუდენტებში, რომლებიც იყვნენ საშეღავათო პოლიტიკის ფარგლებში უმაღლესი განათლების სისტემაში ამოქმედებული პროგრამის “1+4” მონაწილეები. კვლევაში ასევე მონაწილეობა მიიღეს ქართველმა სტუდენტებმა. საერთო ჯამში კვლევაში მონაწილეობა მიიღო 714 (233 აზერბაიჯანელმა, 279 ქართველმა და 202 სომეხმა) სტუდენტმა.
კვლევის ოთხი ჰიპოთეზა დაეფუძნა აკულტურაციის განხილულ კონცეფციებს. აკულტურაციის ორივე კონცეპტუალური მოდელის მიხედვით კვლევაში მონაწილე ეთნიკური უმცირესობის ორივე ჯგუფში დომინანტური ინტეგრაციის ორიენტაცია აღმოჩნდა, რაც პირველი ჰიპოთეზის დაშვებას წარმოადგენდა...In this paper the process of acculturation of Azerbaijani and Armenian students representing ethnic minorities is studied in the context of higher education. Acculturation orientations - integration, separation, assimilation and marginalization - are studied according to two theoretical perspectives (conceptual models of adoption of the dominant culture andcontact with the mainstream society), and orientation determinants and results assessed. Acculturation orientations were studied among Azerbaijani and Armenian students, who were enrolled in the "1 + 4" program in the higher education system. The study also covered Georgian students. A total of 714 students (233 Azerbaijanis, 279 Georgians and 202 Armenians) participated in the study.
The four research hypotheses were based on reviewed concepts. According to both conceptual models of acculturation applied in the study, integration was found as dominant orientation in both ethnic minority groups, which proved an assumption of the first hypothesis..