Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
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Czarty, kozły, zołzy i czarownice. Odczytanie powieści Salamandra Stefana Grabińskiego w kontekście Nocy Kupały
No full textThe paper focuses on the motifs of Kupala Night and the character of the witch present in the novel Salamandra by Stefan Grabiński. For this reason, it undertakes an analysis of the beliefs, legends and superstitions used by the author concerning both the cult of the given holiday and the accompanying witches’ sabbaths. At the same time, the author wants to present the symbolism of the summer solstice, which is so important for this work, and also to discuss the sources from which the writer drew when creating the character of the titular witch. The aim of this paper is therefore to present the image of St. John’s Night preserved in cultural memory as a time of increased activity of supernatural beings and to discuss the literary evidence of the motifs of Kupala Night and the witch in the novel by one of the most valued fantasy authors of the interwar period.The paper focuses on the motifs of Kupala Night and the character of the witch present in the novel Salamandra by Stefan Grabiński. For this reason, it undertakes an analysis of the beliefs, legends and superstitions used by the author concerning both the cult of the given holiday and the accompanying witches’ sabbaths. At the same time, the author wants to present the symbolism of the summer solstice, which is so important for this work, and also to discuss the sources from which the writer drew when creating the character of the titular witch. The aim of this paper is therefore to present the image of St. John’s Night preserved in cultural memory as a time of increased activity of supernatural beings and to discuss the literary evidence of the motifs of Kupala Night and the witch in the novel by one of the most valued fantasy authors of the interwar period
Fizjoprofilaktyka jako świadczenie zdrowotne w opinii przedstawicieli zawodów medycznych
No full textPhysioprophylaxis is a health service provided by physiotherapists as part of their professional work. The main aim of physioprophylaxis is to prevent, slow down or reverse the effects of disease and abnormal lifestyles. A total of 563 medical professionals participated in the study, including 458 women and 105 men. Data were obtained using a proprietary survey questionnaire using the PAPI method. The vast majority of respondents have not encountered the very concept of physioprophylaxis in their professional work. Among those over 40, awareness of the term is twice as low as among younger people. More than half of the respondents (59%) could not identify what the term refers to.Physioprophylaxis is a health service provided by physiotherapists as part of their professional work. The main aim of physioprophylaxis is to prevent, slow down or reverse the effects of disease and abnormal lifestyles. A total of 563 medical professionals participated in the study, including 458 women and 105 men. Data were obtained using a proprietary survey questionnaire using the PAPI method. The vast majority of respondents have not encountered the very concept of physioprophylaxis in their professional work. Among those over 40, awareness of the term is twice as low as among younger people. More than half of the respondents (59%) could not identify what the term refers to
Studenci i studentki wobec feminatywów. Analiza poziomu akceptacji żeńskich nazw zawodów i stanowisk
No full textThe debate over the feminine forms of profession and function names, which has been going on for more than a century, has been strengthened in recent years by the debate about non-discriminatory language. More institutions, including educational ones such as universities, are adopting anti-discrimination policies, of which language guidelines are a part. The article summarizes the first stage of the study, which aimed to investigate the level of acceptance of feminitives (feminine job names) referring to professions and functions (113 lexemes) in the academic community of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. The survey was conducted using the Qualtrics online platform. The task of the respondents was to provide their level of acceptance for the usage of individual feminitives on a sixpoint scale from 0 to 5. Some feminitives homonymous with common names (including drukarka, marynarka, dziekanka; ENG: female printer, female sailor, female dean) and feminitives referring to functions of high prestige (including dziekana, premiera, kapitanka; ENG: female dean, female prime minister, female captain) were rated as the least acceptable. The most prominent factor influencing the level of acceptance of feminitves is regularity of their formation and clarity as to what the correct feminine form of a given name sounds like. It is also assumed that the greater frequency of use of given lexemes in public space increases their acceptance among individual language users. Henceforth, it can be infered that inclusive communication strategies used by university institutions may contribute to greater acceptance of feminitives in the student community.The debate over the feminine forms of profession and function names, which has been going on for more than a century, has been strengthened in recent years by the debate about non-discriminatory language. More institutions, including educational ones such as universities, are adopting anti-discrimination policies, of which language guidelines are a part. The article summarizes the first stage of the study, which aimed to investigate the level of acceptance of feminitives (feminine job names) referring to professions and functions (113 lexemes) in the academic community of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. The survey was conducted using the Qualtrics online platform. The task of the respondents was to provide their level of acceptance for the usage of individual feminitives on a sixpoint scale from 0 to 5. Some feminitives homonymous with common names (including drukarka, marynarka, dziekanka; ENG: female printer, female sailor, female dean) and feminitives referring to functions of high prestige (including dziekana, premiera, kapitanka; ENG: female dean, female prime minister, female captain) were rated as the least acceptable. The most prominent factor influencing the level of acceptance of feminitves is regularity of their formation and clarity as to what the correct feminine form of a given name sounds like. It is also assumed that the greater frequency of use of given lexemes in public space increases their acceptance among individual language users. Henceforth, it can be infered that inclusive communication strategies used by university institutions may contribute to greater acceptance of feminitives in the student community
Czas w życiu osób w kryzysie bezdomności
No full textThe article addresses the issue of time in the context of individuals suffering from homelessness. It presents the results of the author’s research, carried out in Warsaw and its surrounding areas in the years 2016–2021. Methodologically, the research was carried out from a qualitative perspective and the research tool was an Individual In-Depth Interview (IDI). The research sample included 51 people – 36 men and 15 women. The aim of the research was to analyze how people living rough and people in accommodation for the homeless manage their time and whether – in this regard – there is a difference between “roofless” and “houselessness”. Important part of the research was to evaluate the impact of the organization of the homeless assistance system on the daily rhythm of its recipients. The study analyzed the temporal aspects of the assistance received, which includes distance of the support facilities and the time required to move between them, the opening hours of the facilities and the mechanisms for organizing time within them. The paper also addresses the issue of the temporal orientations of homeless people, raising questions which time framwork – past, presentist or future – dominates in analyzed group and how it affects participants in the long term.The article addresses the issue of time in the context of individuals suffering from homelessness. It presents the results of the author’s research, carried out in Warsaw and its surrounding areas in the years 2016–2021. Methodologically, the research was carried out from a qualitative perspective and the research tool was an Individual In-Depth Interview (IDI). The research sample included 51 people – 36 men and 15 women. The aim of the research was to analyze how people living rough and people in accommodation for the homeless manage their time and whether – in this regard – there is a difference between “roofless” and “houselessness”. Important part of the research was to evaluate the impact of the organization of the homeless assistance system on the daily rhythm of its recipients. The study analyzed the temporal aspects of the assistance received, which includes distance of the support facilities and the time required to move between them, the opening hours of the facilities and the mechanisms for organizing time within them. The paper also addresses the issue of the temporal orientations of homeless people, raising questions which time framwork – past, presentist or future – dominates in analyzed group and how it affects participants in the long term
Umiejętność czytania ze zrozumieniem w świetle wyników badań – implikacje dla strategii edukacyjnych
No full textThe article presents the latest research findings on the interrelationship between the type of text medium and the ability to read with understanding acquired through education. A large-scale study by researchers has shown that the kind of medium impacts reading comprehension. Researchers have proven that reading from digital media negatively affects reading comprehension in the early stages of education. Naomi S. Baron attempted to explain this phenomenon. She pointed to two different reading techniques. The study concludes that education, especially early childhood education, should provide reading instruction from printed texts, which determines the fate of textbooks, and should not be abandoned. The study of academic reading was also analysed. The study revealed a high level of affirmation of the advantages of reading in print. Nearly 92% of respondents said they concentrate best when reading in print. The results of our survey of high school graduates studying medicine, computer science, pedagogy, and physical culture sciences confirmed the need to use textbooks in the educational process. The printed text was and still is the primary didactic medium.The article presents the latest research findings on the interrelationship between the type of text medium and the ability to read with understanding acquired through education. A large-scale study by researchers has shown that the kind of medium impacts reading comprehension. Researchers have proven that reading from digital media negatively affects reading comprehension in the early stages of education. Naomi S. Baron attempted to explain this phenomenon. She pointed to two different reading techniques. The study concludes that education, especially early childhood education, should provide reading instruction from printed texts, which determines the fate of textbooks, and should not be abandoned. The study of academic reading was also analysed. The study revealed a high level of affirmation of the advantages of reading in print. Nearly 92% of respondents said they concentrate best when reading in print. The results of our survey of high school graduates studying medicine, computer science, pedagogy, and physical culture sciences confirmed the need to use textbooks in the educational process. The printed text was and still is the primary didactic medium
Dziecko w przedszkolu wobec dyrektywności i bezrefleksyjności nauczyciela – oblicza sytuacji trudnych w edukacji przedszkolnej
No full textThe research aims to show difficult situations in kindergarten that children encounter that result from teachers’ directiveness and thoughtlessness. In the difficult situations described in the study, the child is treated as an object and not only has to meet the requirements set by teachers but also faces misunderstanding of emotions, lack of respect, misunderstanding of needs resulting from the developmental period and – in some cases – violence and aggression if they cannot adapt to the applicable standards and submit to the “will” of the teacher. The author conducted participant observation, which she carried out from September to March of the 2024/2025 school year in two public kindergartens in Poznań. Participant observation in each facility was conducted twice a week during classes that the author of the study carried out with the children (each time the classes were held for half an hour for each group on one day, the classes were in the form of artistic workshops) and by participating in special events and rehearsals for these events. The researcher also stayed with the children during their activities in the kindergarten on the days when classes were conducted and accompanied the teachers.The observation was conducted based on the following criteria:− the teacher’s way of communicating with children;− the teacher’s reactivity to the children’s current needs;− the teacher’s reactions in difficult situations in contact with the child.The research results indicate that “little ones” in difficult situations often could not rely on their teacher, it was even observed that difficult situations were caused by this teacher. When the child could not adapt to the requirements placed on it, it was “disciplined”, and blackmailed, and attempts were made to underestimate its value, so it was harmed and intimidated.The research aims to show difficult situations in kindergarten that children encounter that result from teachers’ directiveness and thoughtlessness. In the difficult situations described in the study, the child is treated as an object and not only has to meet the requirements set by teachers but also faces misunderstanding of emotions, lack of respect, misunderstanding of needs resulting from the developmental period and – in some cases – violence and aggression if they cannot adapt to the applicable standards and submit to the “will” of the teacher. The author conducted participant observation, which she carried out from September to March of the 2024/2025 school year in two public kindergartens in Poznań. Participant observation in each facility was conducted twice a week during classes that the author of the study carried out with the children (each time the classes were held for half an hour for each group on one day, the classes were in the form of artistic workshops) and by participating in special events and rehearsals for these events. The researcher also stayed with the children during their activities in the kindergarten on the days when classes were conducted and accompanied the teachers.The observation was conducted based on the following criteria:− the teacher’s way of communicating with children;− the teacher’s reactivity to the children’s current needs;− the teacher’s reactions in difficult situations in contact with the child.The research results indicate that “little ones” in difficult situations often could not rely on their teacher, it was even observed that difficult situations were caused by this teacher. When the child could not adapt to the requirements placed on it, it was “disciplined”, and blackmailed, and attempts were made to underestimate its value, so it was harmed and intimidated
Ontogeneza i filogeneza sztuki: ku naturalistycznemu rozumieniu twórczości w ujęciu Ellen Dissanayake
No full textThe aim of this article is to present and critically examine Ellen Dissanayake’s ethological theory of art, which frames artistic behavior as an evolutionary adaptation. The core problem addressed is the lack of a coherent, biologically grounded framework for understanding the origins and functions of art in both ontogenetic and phylogenetic contexts. Unlike traditional conceptions that define art through its symbolic content or aesthetic objects, Dissanayake proposes the concept of “artification” – a behavior she characterizes as “making special” – as a universal and innate human tendency. The methodology is interdisciplinary and theoretical, integrating findings from ethology, evolutionary anthropology, cognitive psychology, developmental pedagogy, archaeology, and neuroscience. The analysis relies on Dissanayake’s foundational works and contemporary critiques to trace the biological and developmental roots of art-related behaviors. Key findings suggest that early artistic behaviors, such as rhythmic gestures, ornamentation, and mark-making, likely evolved as adaptive responses to environmental uncertainties. These behaviors originate in the mother-infant dyad and manifest through emotional bonding, repetitive patterns, and heightened sensory experiences – behaviors that later develop into ritualistic and artistic expressions within communal settings. The theory posits that proto-aesthetic behaviors promote social cohesion, emotional regulation, and cognitive development, ultimately contributing to reproductive success. In conclusion, Dissanayake’s model offers a compelling naturalistic account of art, positioning it not as a cultural artifact alone but as an evolutionary inheritance embedded in human nature. This reconceptualization challenges conventional art theory and calls for broader, behavior-based definitions of artistic phenomena.The aim of this article is to present and critically examine Ellen Dissanayake’s ethological theory of art, which frames artistic behavior as an evolutionary adaptation. The core problem addressed is the lack of a coherent, biologically grounded framework for understanding the origins and functions of art in both ontogenetic and phylogenetic contexts. Unlike traditional conceptions that define art through its symbolic content or aesthetic objects, Dissanayake proposes the concept of “artification” – a behavior she characterizes as “making special” – as a universal and innate human tendency. The methodology is interdisciplinary and theoretical, integrating findings from ethology, evolutionary anthropology, cognitive psychology, developmental pedagogy, archaeology, and neuroscience. The analysis relies on Dissanayake’s foundational works and contemporary critiques to trace the biological and developmental roots of art related behaviors. Key findings suggest that early artistic behaviors, such as rhythmic gestures, ornamentation, and mark-making, likely evolved as adaptive responses to environmental uncertainties. These behaviors originate in the mother-infant dyad and manifest through emotional bonding, repetitive patterns, and heightened sensory experiences – behaviors that later develop into ritualistic and artistic expressions within communal settings. The theory posits that proto-aesthetic behaviors promote social cohesion, emotional regulation, and cognitive development, ultimately contributing to reproductive success. In conclusion, Dissanayake’s model offers a compelling naturalistic account of art, positioning it not as a cultural artifact alone but as an evolutionary inheritance embedded in human nature. This reconceptualization challenges conventional art theory and calls for broader, behavior-based definitions of artistic phenomena
Trudności przyswajania języka polskiego przez dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym z doświadczeniem migracyjnym
No full textThe topic of difficulties in acquiring the Polish language by early school-age children with migration experience, particularly from Ukraine, is extremely important in the context of contemporary challenges related to migration and integration. In the face of the armed conflict in Ukraine, many children have come to Poland in search of safety and better living conditions, which has introduced them to a new, unfamiliar environment where they must not only adapt culturally but also master Polish as the language of instruction. This study aims to investigate the problems faced by early school-age children with migration experience, striving to achieve bilingualism in Ukrainian-Polish or Russian-Polish. The research was conducted in two primary schools in Poznań with a group of 34 children. The research methods included observation, interviews with teachers, and surveys among parents. According to the theory of language acquisition, this process goes through various stages – from silence, through early forms of production, to intermediate and advanced fluency. Early school-age children from Ukraine who have been attending Polish schools for three years are often able to communicate in simple sentences but have difficulties with more complex language structures, which is reflected in their academic performance. Surveys conducted among parents indicate that most of them do not know Polish well enough to actively support their children in learning. Nevertheless, parents who engage in their children’s school life can notice improvements in their language skills. It is worth emphasizing that participation in additional Polish language classes has a positive impact on language acquisition. The study shows that children with migration experience have reached a level that allows them to communicate, but they still face difficulties in learning Polish. Limited vocabulary and insufficient exposure to Polish at home affect their ability to express thoughts. The school environment and parental support in the learning process are also crucial.The topic of difficulties in acquiring the Polish language by early school-age children with migration experience, particularly from Ukraine, is extremely important in the context of contemporary challenges related to migration and integration. In the face of the armed conflict in Ukraine, many children have come to Poland in search of safety and better living conditions, which has introduced them to a new, unfamiliar environment where they must not only adapt culturally but also master Polish as the language of instruction. This study aims to investigate the problems faced by early school-age children with migration experience, striving to achieve bilingualism in Ukrainian-Polish or Russian-Polish. The research was conducted in two primary schools in Poznań with a group of 34 children. The research methods included observation, interviews with teachers, and surveys among parents. According to the theory of language acquisition, this process goes through various stages – from silence, through early forms of production, to intermediate and advanced fluency. Early school-age children from Ukraine who have been attending Polish schools for three years are often able to communicate in simple sentences but have difficulties with more complex language structures, which is reflected in their academic performance. Surveys conducted among parents indicate that most of them do not know Polish well enough to actively support their children in learning. Nevertheless, parents who engage in their children’s school life can notice improvements in their language skills. It is worth emphasizing that participation in additional Polish language classes has a positive impact on language acquisition. The study shows that children with migration experience have reached a level that allows them to communicate, but they still face difficulties in learning Polish. Limited vocabulary and insufficient exposure to Polish at home affect their ability to express thoughts. The school environment and parental support in the learning process are also crucial
Co pozostaje po katastrofie? Narracje kobiet, które doświadczyły poronienia, w odniesieniu do koncepcji aktywnej nadziei i wzrostu posttraumatycznego
No full textThe article is based on qualitative research consisting of interviews with 21 women. The topics of the conversations were the changes they experienced after experiencing the loss of an important value for them, which was pregnancy (perceived by all respondents as the beginning of their children’s lives). Women pointed to the traumatic nature of this loss. In the text, I describe the changes indicated by women, consisting in the revaluation of certain worldviews, values and relationships, as well as the creation of their own narratives and certain ritual objects. I compare them with concepts related to reactions to trauma/disaster. The first of them (the concept of post-traumatic growth) refers to the individual experiences of individuals after experiencing the collapse of the former universe of values, and the second (the concept of active hope) refers to collective reactions to the ongoing climate catastrophe.The article is based on qualitative research consisting of interviews with 21 women. The topics of the conversations were the changes they experienced after experiencing the loss of an important value for them, which was pregnancy (perceived by all respondents as the beginning of their children’s lives). Women pointed to the traumatic nature of this loss. In the text, I describe the changes indicated by women, consisting in the revaluation of certain worldviews, values and relationships, as well as the creation of their own narratives and certain ritual objects. I compare them with concepts related to reactions to trauma/disaster. The first of them (the concept of post-traumatic growth) refers to the individual experiences of individuals after experiencing the collapse of the former universe of values, and the second (the concept of active hope) refers to collective reactions to the ongoing climate catastrophe
Skuteczna polityka prorodzinna fundamentem stabilności demograficznej i społeczno-ekonomicznej Polski. Koncepcja rozwiązań systemowych
No full textLike many European countries, Poland is facing a growing demographic crisis that may soon significantly impact the country’s economic and social stability. Key contributing factors include a persistently low fertility rate, labor migration, and population aging. These phenomena result in reduced human capital, decreased economic competitiveness, and increased pressure on healthcare and pension systems. The article emphasizes the need for a long-term, responsible, and effective pro-family policy as a vital tool for addressing these challenges. The family is recognized as the foundation of demographic resilience, with a particular focus on the role of women as guardians of intangible values and the spiritual dimension of the home. The paper presents an analysis of statistical data and a review of family policy solutions implemented in Poland and selected European countries, offering systemic proposals aimed at boosting fertility and strengthening social capital.Like many European countries, Poland is facing a growing demographic crisis that may soon significantly impact the country’s economic and social stability. Key contributing factors include a persistently low fertility rate, labor migration, and population aging. These phenomena result in reduced human capital, decreased economic competitiveness, and increased pressure on healthcare and pension systems. The article emphasizes the need for a long-term, responsible, and effective pro-family policy as a vital tool for addressing these challenges. The family is recognized as the foundation of demographic resilience, with a particular focus on the role of women as guardians of intangible values and the spiritual dimension of the home. The paper presents an analysis of statistical data and a review of family policy solutions implemented in Poland and selected European countries, offering systemic proposals aimed at boosting fertility and strengthening social capital