Filozofia Chrześcijańska
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Eriugeny koncepcja powrotu: dzieło natury czy łaski?
Full text linkThis paper tackles upon John Scottus Eriugena’s concept of the return while presenting it against the background of the Neoplatonic teaching about return (epistrophe). The return belongs to the conceptual triad: mone-proodos-epistrophe which used to serve Neoplatonic thinkers to describe the structure of reality and its dependence on the First Cause. In the system of Eriugena who bequeathed that very teaching from the Christian Neoplatonists (Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus the Confessor, Gregory of Nyssa), we talk about the return on metaphysical and mystical level in addition to the general return (reditus generalis) and the return of the elects (reditus specialis). Eriugena indicates the cyclical processes in the whole nature but at the same time he stresses that the return is caused by divine grace and the very condition of its possibility is the fact of taking fl esh (incarnatio) and taking human nature (inhumanatio) by Jesus Christ.This paper tackles upon John Scottus Eriugena’s concept of the return while presenting it against the background of the Neoplatonic teaching about return (epistrophe). The return belongs to the conceptual triad: mone-proodos-epistrophe which used to serve Neoplatonic thinkers to describe the structure of reality and its dependence on the First Cause. In the system of Eriugena who bequeathed that very teaching from the Christian Neoplatonists (Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus the Confessor, Gregory of Nyssa), we talk about the return on metaphysical and mystical level in addition to the general return (reditus generalis) and the return of the elects (reditus specialis). Eriugena indicates the cyclical processes in the whole nature but at the same time he stresses that the return is caused by divine grace and the very condition of its possibility is the fact of taking fl esh (incarnatio) and taking human nature (inhumanatio) by Jesus Christ
Religia a poszukiwania metafi zyczne współczesnego człowieka
Full text linkContemporary post-metaphysical culture undertook the express fi ght against absoluteness and universality by propagating and defending pluralism. It seemed that if instead of the quest for what is universal and absolute there will be almost infi nite magnitude of views, opinions, meanings etc., everybody will fi nd something for himself what will be his own meaning. The loss of the reference to what is absolute and universal led though to the loss of concrete goals, values and meanings. But we cannot “manage diversity” if we lack this reference. What is more, the world becomes closed and limited and it recedes to the static and locked-in state in which admittedly everything is in fl ux, views are being liberally changed, meanings accepted and rejected depending on the moment, but actually everything is motionless in the closed world. If we know all of this and deeply experience the crisis of the meaning of existence that stems from the rejection of metaphysics and from the surrender of culture to the most important questions and to boot fragmentation of reality becomes dangerous and destructive, then the revival of metaphysical thinking becomes the need of our world. The man itself is not enough; neither the culture that tantalises itself with selfsuffi ciency; both of them lose the meaning of their existence. Man cannot indefi nitely recede from the world. On the contrary, he has to place this world within some meaningful order. All these needs are metaphysical. The quest for the foundation of all meaning has been the essence of metaphysics for ages. That is why we experience not only longing for metaphysics but we also enter the way of the search for it. However, before the quest for metaphysics there are metaphysical quests which purpose is to recall questions and to slowly teach the man these questions anew. For we are bonded with the absolute – not necessarily with the “existence of the absolute” but inescapably with “questions about it”.Contemporary post-metaphysical culture undertook the express fi ght against absoluteness and universality by propagating and defending pluralism. It seemed that if instead of the quest for what is universal and absolute there will be almost infi nite magnitude of views, opinions, meanings etc., everybody will fi nd something for himself what will be his own meaning. The loss of the reference to what is absolute and universal led though to the loss of concrete goals, values and meanings. But we cannot “manage diversity” if we lack this reference. What is more, the world becomes closed and limited and it recedes to the static and locked-in state in which admittedly everything is in fl ux, views are being liberally changed, meanings accepted and rejected depending on the moment, but actually everything is motionless in the closed world. If we know all of this and deeply experience the crisis of the meaning of existence that stems from the rejection of metaphysics and from the surrender of culture to the most important questions and to boot fragmentation of reality becomes dangerous and destructive, then the revival of metaphysical thinking becomes the need of our world. The man itself is not enough; neither the culture that tantalises itself with selfsuffi ciency; both of them lose the meaning of their existence. Man cannot indefi nitely recede from the world. On the contrary, he has to place this world within some meaningful order. All these needs are metaphysical. The quest for the foundation of all meaning has been the essence of metaphysics for ages. That is why we experience not only longing for metaphysics but we also enter the way of the search for it. However, before the quest for metaphysics there are metaphysical quests which purpose is to recall questions and to slowly teach the man these questions anew. For we are bonded with the absolute – not necessarily with the “existence of the absolute” but inescapably with “questions about it”
Polemika Xaviera Zubiriego z fenomenologiczną koncepcją religii
Full text linkZubiri does not accept the classical phenomenological concept of religion which unites religion with sacrum. He is constructing his own metaphysical concept of religion which he unites with the power that has reality. According to Zubiri, religion has its origin in power of the real which allows a person to have personal life. Zubiri’s concept of religion allows to evaluate particular religions acknowledging that they may be more or less true. It is impossible for phenomenology of religion.Zubiri does not accept the classical phenomenological concept of religion which unites religion with sacrum. He is constructing his own metaphysical concept of religion which he unites with the power that has reality. According to Zubiri, religion has its origin in power of the real which allows a person to have personal life. Zubiri’s concept of religion allows to evaluate particular religions acknowledging that they may be more or less true. It is impossible for phenomenology of religion
Chrześcijaństwo pozakonfesjonalne i Søren Kierkegaard
Full text linkAccording to Søren Kierkegaard, the development of Christianity is a history of going away from it, or at least of mitigating the criteria of belonging to it. Dane proposes two models of the trans confessional faith: (1) The recognition of the earthly life of Jesus Christ, of his death and resurrection, and nothing more. (2) The recognition of the faith as that which was defi ned above in the fi rst point and, additionally, on this basis of the choice of the Bible, which is possible as the secondary act related to the faith but not as its starting point. Moreover, all the interpretations of the beyond-confessional faith should be subjectively considered by a single individual. Kierkegaard mentions here some mystical elements. All the religious relationships should be personal in character. As far as the questions of faith and reason are concerned, the standpoint of Paulinism – either/or – is binding. Kierkegaard demands that the existing churches recognise themselves as representing the mitigated forms of Christianity; otherwise they have to undergo criticism. For him, the fi rst two centuries of the existence of Christianity are the ideal ones, and the personal model is the „witness of the truth”, of which he gives the detailed description. The increasing phenomenon of the trans-confessional faith has its roots in the civilisational changes (the secularization) as well as in the intensive manifestation, in the history of Christianity, of the practices which are inconsistent with the biblical background
Czy Joachim z Fiore był mistykiem? Kilka uwag na temat apokaliptycznej duchowości kalabryjskiego opat
Full text linkThe article attempts to examine the presence of mystical elements in the writings of the Calabrese exegete, Joachim of Fiore (circ. 1135-1202). The fi rst part constitutes an overview of 12th century characteristic elements of apocalyptic spirituality, as seen by Joachim. This spirituality is infl uenced by both personal refl ections of this author and his intensive studies as well as current events, especially the crisis in the Church and the crusaders’ movement, as well as spreading heresies in the West and the progressive expansion of Islam. The second part of the article analyzes two intuitions of mystical nature which Joachim of Fiore experienced during his stay at the Cistercian Casamari Abbey. He elaborates on them in his major writings – Expositio in Apocalypsim and Psalterium decem cordarum. The nature of these intuitions and their later infl uence on this author’s writings allow the conclusion that we are dealing here with an experience that is mystical in nature, which, in turn, opened before Joachim some interpretative horizons that had been previously inaccessible in matters concerning the understanding (intelligentia) of inspired Writings.The article attempts to examine the presence of mystical elements in the writings of the Calabrese exegete, Joachim of Fiore (circ. 1135-1202). The fi rst part constitutes an overview of 12th century characteristic elements of apocalyptic spirituality, as seen by Joachim. This spirituality is infl uenced by both personal refl ections of this author and his intensive studies as well as current events, especially the crisis in the Church and the crusaders’ movement, as well as spreading heresies in the West and the progressive expansion of Islam. The second part of the article analyzes two intuitions of mystical nature which Joachim of Fiore experienced during his stay at the Cistercian Casamari Abbey. He elaborates on them in his major writings – Expositio in Apocalypsim and Psalterium decem cordarum. The nature of these intuitions and their later infl uence on this author’s writings allow the conclusion that we are dealing here with an experience that is mystical in nature, which, in turn, opened before Joachim some interpretative horizons that had been previously inaccessible in matters concerning the understanding (intelligentia) of inspired Writings
Warunki doświadczenia mistycznego według Pseudo-Dionizego Areopagity. Ujęcie filozoficzne
Full text linkPseudo-Dionysius the Areopagita is one of the most interesting theologians and philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was, probably, a Christian neoplatonist, a Syrian monk, who lived and worked in a circle of the latest neoplatonist school, e.g. Proclus and/or Damascius. He was called the Father of Christian apophatic mystics. His concept of mystical experience shows two fundamental aspects. Pseudo-Dionysius points (and this is traditional to mystical experience), that this kind of experience starts from the purifi cation, and through the illumination, culminates in union with the First Principle. The mystical experience, in Pseudo-Dionysius also compatible with contemplation, is – on the one hand – triple movement of the soul (the straight, the circle, and the spiral) and – on the other hand – is the deifi cation of man, the union with God in His Energies, but not in His Essence. The deifi cation is the transformation of the human nature – he is still a human, a creation, but is transformed like – in patristic tradition – God became the man, so the man can become God, but only in deifi cation.Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagita is one of the most interesting theologians and philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was, probably, a Christian neoplatonist, a Syrian monk, who lived and worked in a circle of the latest neoplatonist school, e.g. Proclus and/or Damascius. He was called the Father of Christian apophatic mystics. His concept of mystical experience shows two fundamental aspects. Pseudo-Dionysius points (and this is traditional to mystical experience), that this kind of experience starts from the purifi cation, and through the illumination, culminates in union with the First Principle. The mystical experience, in Pseudo-Dionysius also compatible with contemplation, is – on the one hand – triple movement of the soul (the straight, the circle, and the spiral) and – on the other hand – is the deifi cation of man, the union with God in His Energies, but not in His Essence. The deifi cation is the transformation of the human nature – he is still a human, a creation, but is transformed like – in patristic tradition – God became the man, so the man can become God, but only in deifi cation
Kontemplacja Boga u św. Augustyna w perspektywie ewolucji jego filozofii
Full text linkThe article is a brief survey of the view of Augustine on the contemplation of God from the point of view of the evolution of his thought, since the early period, when it was dominated by Plotinus and his Neoplatonism, until the mature phase, when the emphasis on the Scripture became much more signifi cant. Augustine’s mysticism seems to be a synthesis of a more metaphysical, Neoplatonic experience of God as the ground of being with a relational, love mysticism, based on the experience of God as “Thou”. Even though the relational dimension is present in Augustine’s mysticism from the very beginning it becomes much more important in his later works.The article is a brief survey of the view of Augustine on the contemplation of God from the point of view of the evolution of his thought, since the early period, when it was dominated by Plotinus and his Neoplatonism, until the mature phase, when the emphasis on the Scripture became much more signifi cant. Augustine’s mysticism seems to be a synthesis of a more metaphysical, Neoplatonic experience of God as the ground of being with a relational, love mysticism, based on the experience of God as “Thou”. Even though the relational dimension is present in Augustine’s mysticism from the very beginning it becomes much more important in his later works
Filozofia i współczesne poszukiwania orientacji
Full text linkThe crisis of culture is connected with the loss of orientation. It is a phenomenon that is easily discerned in the contemporary culture. For example in science there is a pursuit for innovations rather than for the truth; in religion one increasingly focuses on the rites rather than on the faith and sacredness; in art it is a craft and commercialisation rather than the beauty and creation that takes a lead. The present paper deals with the problems connected with the decline of orientation in the contemporary culture and with the philosophical attempts to redeem it.The crisis of culture is connected with the loss of orientation. It is a phenomenon that is easily discerned in the contemporary culture. For example in science there is a pursuit for innovations rather than for the truth; in religion one increasingly focuses on the rites rather than on the faith and sacredness; in art it is a craft and commercialisation rather than the beauty and creation that takes a lead. The present paper deals with the problems connected with the decline of orientation in the contemporary culture and with the philosophical attempts to redeem it
Ekstasis i epektasis jako dwa elementy opisujące doświadczenie mistyczne według Grzegorza z Nyssy
Full text linkThis text is an attempt to analyze fundamental aspects of Gregory of Nyssa’s mystics. In a way of neoplatonic tradition, Gregory speaks on the God as transcendent the world, both – the material and the spiritual, and transcends the human knowledge. God is unknowable. In this kind of understanding, there are two fundamental aspects of Gregory of Nyssa’s conception of mystical experience: ekstasis and epectasis. First, classical in the western kind of mysticism, is known as „a stay beyond the materiality”. Human soul must desert the body and in this way see God. Second, because God is transcendent and unknowable, the human soul must go an unending way to God. It never reaches God Himself.This text is an attempt to analyze fundamental aspects of Gregory of Nyssa’s mystics. In a way of neoplatonic tradition, Gregory speaks on the God as transcendent the world, both – the material and the spiritual, and transcends the human knowledge. God is unknowable. In this kind of understanding, there are two fundamental aspects of Gregory of Nyssa’s conception of mystical experience: ekstasis and epectasis. First, classical in the western kind of mysticism, is known as „a stay beyond the materiality”. Human soul must desert the body and in this way see God. Second, because God is transcendent and unknowable, the human soul must go an unending way to God. It never reaches God Himself