Filozofia Chrześcijańska
Not a member yet
174 research outputs found
Sort by
Samopoznanie umysłu w chrześcijaństwie i buddyzmie
Full text linkThe article compares the understanding of self-knowledge of the mind in Tibetan Buddhism (in the schools of Mahamudra and Dzogchen) with the ancient, PlatonicChristian philosophy. It argues that in both traditions there are two aspects of the experience of self-knowledge: the impossibility of grasping the mind as an object and theceaseless, unavoidable awareness of the mind’s cognitive activity. The fi rst of those aspects is called by the Tibetan tradition “emptiness”, while the second – lucidity ofthe mind’s nature. In Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine of Hippo we can see a diff erence of accent in terms of the signifi cance of those two motifs, but it seems that bothphilosophers understand self-knowledge in a very similar way. Recognizing those two aspects is what brings the Buddhist and the Western traditions close to each other,while a fundamental diff erence between them lies in the fact that in the latter, selfknowledge of the mind opens a path to the experience of the infi nite mind of God, ofwhich the fi rst is an image, while in Buddhism the concept of God does not appear at all. Individual self-knowledge is treated as the experience of the nature of one, universaland absolute mind.The article compares the understanding of self-knowledge of the mind in Tibetan Buddhism (in the schools of Mahamudra and Dzogchen) with the ancient, PlatonicChristian philosophy. It argues that in both traditions there are two aspects of the experience of self-knowledge: the impossibility of grasping the mind as an object and theceaseless, unavoidable awareness of the mind’s cognitive activity. The fi rst of those aspects is called by the Tibetan tradition “emptiness”, while the second – lucidity ofthe mind’s nature. In Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine of Hippo we can see a diff erence of accent in terms of the signifi cance of those two motifs, but it seems that bothphilosophers understand self-knowledge in a very similar way. Recognizing those two aspects is what brings the Buddhist and the Western traditions close to each other,while a fundamental diff erence between them lies in the fact that in the latter, selfknowledge of the mind opens a path to the experience of the infi nite mind of God, ofwhich the fi rst is an image, while in Buddhism the concept of God does not appear at all. Individual self-knowledge is treated as the experience of the nature of one, universaland absolute mind
„Słuchajcie słowa JHWH”1 Abraham Abulafi a i Luis de León – mistyka języka
Full text linkAbraham Abulafia, a 13th-century Sephardic Kabbalist and brother Luis de León, a 16th-century Spanish theologian, develop in their exegesis a mystic of language that can be divided into mysticism of words and mysticism of letters. The love of the Hebrew language and the conviction that it is the language of God lead both of them to believe that each of its parts is sacred. Abraham Abulafia, wanting to penetrate the secrets of the Holy Scriptures, develops a hermeneutic method of reading it, in which the adept, after special preparation, delves into the inspired text to transform into the divine letter of the Hebrew alphabet. United with the Creator, he becomes capable of prophesying, and it is the main goal of the prophetic or ecstatic kabbalah developed by the Sephardic sage. Luis de León does not go that far, but by identifying the name with God, he comes to the conclusion that the letters, having a double function, encompass the whole of existence, becoming self-sufficient. In the texts of a Catholic religious from a family of converts, and in particular in the treatise Meditations on the Divine Name, one can find numerous traces of the Sephardic method, which proves that the cultural heritage of the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 survived in the minds of their grandchildren. The author, taking on the above-mentioned text by Luis de León, Light of Intellect and Book of the Sign of Abraham Abulafia, presents the mysticism of the language, with particular emphasis on the mysticism of the word and letters, which combine to form numerous forms of God’s names. Both Abraham Abulafia and Brother Luis de León, in their understanding of the Scriptures, were both faithful to tradition – for example, when they reached for the authority of another Sephardic, Abraham ibn Ezra – as innovative, in keeping with the spirit of Jewish exege- sis in which, as succinctly expressed by the Hasidic rabbi Nachman from Bracław: „It is forbidden to grow old!”Abraham Abulafia, sefardyjski kabalista z XIII wieku i brat Luis de León, hiszpański teolog z XVI wieku, rozwijają w swoich egzegezach mistykę języka, którą podzielić można na mistykę słowa i mistykę liter. Umiłowanie języka hebrajskiego i przeświadczenie, że jest on językiem Boga, prowadzą obu do przekonania o świętości każdej z jego części. Abraham Abulafia, chcąc przeniknąć tajniki Pisma Świętego, rozwija hermeneutyczną metodę jego odczytu, w której adept, po specjalnym przygotowaniu, zagłębia się w natchniony tekst, by przemienić się w boską literę alfabetu hebrajskiego. Zjednoczony ze Stwórcą staje się zdolny do prorokowania, a ono jest głównym celem kabały prorockiej, inaczej zwanej ekstatyczną wypracowanej przez sefardyjskiego mędrca. Luis de León nie posuwa się aż tak daleko, lecz utożsamiając imię z Bogiem, dochodzi do wniosku, że litery, pełniące podwójną funkcję, obejmują w sobie całość istnienia, stając się samowystarczalnymi. W tekstach katolickiego zakonnika, pochodzącego z rodziny konwertytów, a w szczególności w traktacie O imionach Chrystusa, znaleźć można liczne ślady metody Sefardyjczyka, co świadczy o tym, że kulturowe dziedzictwo wygnanych z Hiszpanii w 1492 roku Żydów, przetrwało w świadomości ich wnuków. Autorka, biorąc na warsztat wymieniony tekst Luisa de León oraz Światło Intelektu i Księgę Znaku Abrahama Abulafii, przedstawia mistykę języka, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem mistyki słowa oraz liter, które łącząc się ze sobą tworzą liczne formy imion Boga. Zarówno Abraham Abulafia jak i brat Luis de León w swoim rozumieniu Pisma Świętego byli jednocześnie wierni tradycji – na przykład kiedy sięgali do autorytetu innego Sefardyjczyka, Abrahama ibn Ezra – jak nowatorscy, zgodnie z duchem żydowskiej egzegezy, w której, jak to zwięźle wyraził chasydzki rabin Nachman z Bracławia: „Zabronione jest się starzeć!”
Zarys filozofii i bytu duchowego z pozycji tomizmu
Full text linkFrom the Thomistic point of view, the outline of philosophy of spiritual being takes into account three basic dimensions of the spirit. The first deals with the existence of independent personal beings, i.e. individual substances: God, angelic beings and human souls. The second is related to the fundamental phenomena of the inner life of a person, that is powers of the soul, their acts and objects. The last form of the spirit deals with personal external activity in the course of which all kinds of extra-mental beings are created. These include, above all, the multiple forms of the so-called spiritual culture, present nowadays mainly in science, art, morals and religion.From the Thomistic point of view, the outline of philosophy of spiritual being takes into account three basic dimensions of the spirit. The first deals with the existence of independent personal beings, i.e. individual substances: God, angelic beings and human souls. The second is related to the fundamental phenomena of the inner life of a person, that is powers of the soul, their acts and objects. The last form of the spirit deals with personal external activity in the course of which all kinds of extra-mental beings are created. These include, above all, the multiple forms of the so-called spiritual culture, present nowadays mainly in science, art, morals and religion
O przeznaczeniu zła w myśli Leszka Kołakowskiego
Full text linkIn Leszek Kołakowski’s thought, a devil is not abstract but real. What does he know about it? What do we know? How much of it do we know? It seems that Kołakowski knows it well – he speaks with it, discusses it, and defines it. As if they both were friends. ‘The devil by Kołakowski’ seems to be human-friendly and supportive. Thus, the article poses the following questions: What is the role of evil as defined by Kołakowski in human world and life? How does it work? What is its destiny?In Leszek Kołakowski’s thought, a devil is not abstract but real. What does he know about it? What do we know? How much of it do we know? It seems that Kołakowski knows it well – he speaks with it, discusses it, and defines it. As if they both were friends. ‘The devil by Kołakowski’ seems to be human-friendly and supportive. Thus, the article poses the following questions: What is the role of evil as defined by Kołakowski in human world and life? How does it work? What is its destiny
Światło z Bezkresu – pochodzenie pleromy według dzieła Ocarot Chaim („Skarbce życia”) rabina Chaima Vitala – wstęp, tłumaczenie, komentarz
Full text linkThe presented text contains an introduction, translation and commentary on the stages of the manifestation of the deity and the pleromatic emanation presented in the Ocarot chajim (Treasures of Life) treatise by rabbi Chajim Vital, a disciple of Isaac Luria. This work is the most systematic display of Lurianic metaphysics. In the introduction, the author situates the position of the treaty in the broader context of Lurianic literature. Then he discusses the diff erences and similarities between the ancient Hebrew concept of prophetic spirit transmission, and the Gnostic, Platonic and Neoplatonic understanding of the process of emanation. The translated source text and commentary analyze the act of self-contraction of infi nity and the emergence of a plerome as given in the form of a dialectical game of linear and circular sefi rots until the final emergence of megaanthropos – Adam Qadmon.The presented text contains an introduction, translation and commentary on the stages of the manifestation of the deity and the pleromatic emanation presented in the Ocarot chajim (Treasures of Life) treatise by rabbi Chajim Vital, a disciple of Isaac Luria. This work is the most systematic display of Lurianic metaphysics. In the introduction, the author situates the position of the treaty in the broader context of Lurianic literature. Then he discusses the diff erences and similarities between the ancient Hebrew concept of prophetic spirit transmission, and the Gnostic, Platonic and Neoplatonic understanding of the process of emanation. The translated source text and commentary analyze the act of self-contraction of infi nity and the emergence of a plerome as given in the form of a dialectical game of linear and circular sefi rots until the final emergence of megaanthropos – Adam Qadmon
Żydowska metoda hermeneutyczna na podstawie egzegezy Pieśni nad Pieśniami Abrahama Ibn Ezra i brata Luisa de León
Full text linkThe aim of these article is to present the more important rules of Jewish exegesis developed mainly by Hillel on the example of a commentary on the Song of the Songsof Abraham Ibn Ezra and Luis de León. The text tries to show how traditional Jewishhermeneutics is used in the innovative commentaries of a scholar from Tudela from the XIth century and a theologian from Belmonte from the XVIth century and how the first infl uenced the second. Interpretative methods developed in the most important centers of Judaic thought of the beginning of our era have been used for centuries to explain biblical texts, especially such as Song of Songs, which is recognized by both Old Testament and New Testament commentators as one of the most diffi cult and most mystical Scriptures.The aim of these article is to present the more important rules of Jewish exegesis developed mainly by Hillel on the example of a commentary on the Song of the Songsof Abraham Ibn Ezra and Luis de León. The text tries to show how traditional Jewishhermeneutics is used in the innovative commentaries of a scholar from Tudela from the XIth century and a theologian from Belmonte from the XVIth century and how the first infl uenced the second. Interpretative methods developed in the most important centers of Judaic thought of the beginning of our era have been used for centuries to explain biblical texts, especially such as Song of Songs, which is recognized by both Old Testament and New Testament commentators as one of the most diffi cult and most mystical Scriptures
Fenomenologia liturgii Jean -Yves’a Lacoste’a jako filozofia mistyki
Full text linkPhenomenology of liturgy is the main philosophical project of Jean-Yves Lacoste, a contemporary French thinker, up to this time not well known in Poland. Liturgy is hereby understood in a broader sense, as a mode of life, which consist of facing God, understood as a subject and a promise of relationship. Therefore, it seems to be both a philosophical and mystical experience, which is why it is going to be considered here as philosophy of mysticism. The paper examines Lacoste’s undertaking of the task of thinking, his way to philosophy of mysticism, as well as the relation between philosophical and mystical experience in his thought. Finally, a question will emerge: is mysticism in its core a way of experiencing time?Fenomenologia liturgii to główny filozoficzny projekt Jean-Yves Lacoste’a, mało jeszcze w Polsce znanego współczesnego francuskiego myśliciela. Liturgię rozumie bardzo szeroko: to dla niego taki sposób życia, który jest trwaniem wobec Boga, którego pojmuje jako podmiot i obietnicę relacji. Wydaje się zatem, że jest ona zarazem doświadczeniem filozoficznym, jak i mistycznym, dlatego będzie tutaj poddana analizie jako filozofia mistyki. Przebadana zostanie przy tej okazji postawa Lacoste’a wobec zadania myślenia, jego droga do filozofii mistyki oraz sposób, w jaki opisuje relacje między doświadczeniem mistycznym a filozoficznym. Wreszcie na koniec pojawi się pytanie o to czy mistyka u swoich źródeł jest pewnym sposobem przeżywania czasu
El texto de El ser sobrenatural como contexto próximo para entender la noología, la metafísica y la visión de Dios sobre Zubiri
Full text linkThe philosophy of Xavier Zubiri is recognized as one of the most diffi cult to understand because there is something unclear in it. Therefore one may guess that there is a hidden presumption done by Zubiri. Zubiri in the self-presentation of his philosophical backgrounds acknowledges that his philosophy owes most to the phenomenology of Husserl and metaphysics of Heidegger. He also admits of being infl uenced by Aristotle to a certain degree. Zubiri starts his analyses from perception of things, with which he fulfi lls phenomenological requirement of beginning philosophy with the description of reality. As the fi nal step he ads metaphysics, which explains the description of reality. Following this code of interpretation of Zubiri’s philosophy it is difficult to grasp its core meaning. What is this hidden supposition? In The Supernatural Being: God and Deifi cation in Saint Paul’s Theology, which he wrote in the 30s’ and 40s’ of the 20th century, Zubiri presents early Christian Neoplatonic theology. In the same work Zubiri also states that it is possible to discover the same ideas following the way up, i.e. departing from the creatures and ascending to God. And this will be the hidden supposition of his philosophy. This paper tries to show the philosophy of Zubiri can be understood as a kind of proof that the Neoplatonic vision of the reality presented in The Supernatural Being: God and Deifi cation in Saint Paul’s Theology is true and can be discovered by reason alone, i.e. departing only from description of facts.The philosophy of Xavier Zubiri is recognized as one of the most diffi cult to understand because there is something unclear in it. Therefore one may guess that there is a hidden presumption done by Zubiri. Zubiri in the self-presentation of his philosophical backgrounds acknowledges that his philosophy owes most to the phenomenology of Husserl and metaphysics of Heidegger. He also admits of being infl uenced by Aristotle to a certain degree. Zubiri starts his analyses from perception of things, with which he fulfi lls phenomenological requirement of beginning philosophy with the description of reality. As the fi nal step he ads metaphysics, which explains the description of reality. Following this code of interpretation of Zubiri’s philosophy it is difficult to grasp its core meaning. What is this hidden supposition? In The Supernatural Being: God and Deifi cation in Saint Paul’s Theology, which he wrote in the 30s’ and 40s’ of the 20th century, Zubiri presents early Christian Neoplatonic theology. In the same work Zubiri also states that it is possible to discover the same ideas following the way up, i.e. departing from the creatures and ascending to God. And this will be the hidden supposition of his philosophy. This paper tries to show the philosophy of Zubiri can be understood as a kind of proof that the Neoplatonic vision of the reality presented in The Supernatural Being: God and Deifi cation in Saint Paul’s Theology is true and can be discovered by reason alone, i.e. departing only from description of facts.Filozofia Xavier Zubiriego jest jedną z trudniejszych do zrozumienia, ponieważ zawiera pewne niezrozumiałe elementy. Dlatego zasadnym jest przypuszczenie, że może zawierać ona pewne ukryte założenie, które nie jest ujawnione ani przez Zubiriego, ani przez kontynuatorów jego myśli. Zubiri, omawiając wpływy różnych nurtów na jego myśl, przywołuje jedynie fenomenologię Husserla i metafizykę Heideggera. Przyznaje się także do sięgania do myśli Arystotelesa. Zubiri zaczyna swoje analizy od percepcji rzeczy, przez co czyni zadość fenomenologicznemu wymogowi rozpoczynania refleksji filozoficznej od opisu rzeczywistości. Końcowym etapem tej refleksji jest metafizyka, która wyjaśnia opisywaną rzeczywistość. Jednakże podążając tym tropem, jest trudną rzeczą do końca zrozumieć istotę jego filozoficznej refleksji. Co jest tym ukrytym założeniem? W dziele El ser sobrenatural: Dios y la deifi cación en la teología paulina, które Zubiri napisał w latach 30. i 40. XX wieku Zubiri interpretuje wczesno chrześcijańską neoplatońską teologię. W tym samym dziele Zubiri stwierdza, że jest możliwe dojście do podobnego rozumienia rzeczywistości poczynając od analizy rzeczy wznosząc się ku Bogu. I właśnie to będzie ukrytym założeniem jego filozofii. Tezą tego artykułu jest to, że filozofia Zubiriego może być rozumiana jako pewna próba wykazania, że neoplatońska wizja rzeczywistościu kazana w El ser sobrenatural: Dios y la deifi cación en la teología paulina jest prawdziwa i można do niej dojść na drodze dociekań rozumowych, to znaczy zaczynając od odpisu faktów
Filozofia Chrześcijańska a obraz świata. Uwagi z perspektywy socjologii filozofii
Full text linkIn this article, I present a proposal to study Christian philosophy understood as a research tradition from the perspective of the sociology of philosophy. For a sociologist of philosophy, Christian philosophy is a specific empirical phenomenon that we can learn by discovering the mechanisms of its functioning. The article focuses on the issue of accepting the image of the world that defines the identity of Christian philosophy. The task of the sociology of philosophy is to discover the mechanisms that influence the context of acceptance of this image of the world. The sociology of philosophy distances itself from assessing the truth or falsehood of the content of theses advocated by individual philosophers. Although each philosophy develops according to the principles of the so-called immanent logic, it is, however, certain social and psychological factors that influence what a given philosopher accepts as obvious and beyond discussion. In the article, I showed that the acceptance of the image of the world is a consequence of upbringing that takes place in a specific social group (e.g. family, school) which shares certain axiological ideas and descriptive beliefs. Thanks to the upbringing, in the future student of philosophy, who always remains a child of his time and culture, the mental and emotional ground is prepared for the acceptance of an already more speculative image of the world, which the adept gets acquainted with during professional university studies (philosophy or theology) under the supervision of recognized by him authorities. The mind, shaped by specific educational processes, is able to carry out a personal and holistic act of epistemic faith in a specific picture of the world that is given to it through theories and educational practice. Acceptance and involvement in the image of the world enables the formulation of specific argumentation strategies within it, the task of which is (i) explication, (ii) explanation and (iii) justification of the objective consequences of the image of the world. We adopt argumentative practices through training, we learn them both orally and in writing, of course under the supervision of those who have practically tried these arguments themselves. The student simply believes teachers and textbooks. Up to a certain point, this belief is rational. The image of the world as a whole, consisting of content-descriptive and normative beliefs, is not subject to any final rational justification. The accepted theses are assigned a different epistemological status; from theses endowed with unconditional obviousness, the correlate of which is not only subjective experience, but also objective reality, to those that can be subjected to a more or less creative revision by means of various kinds of interpretative procedures. No picture of the world is ultimately captivating. It is always possible to change the image of the world to a different one that better suits our intellectual needs and emotional sensitivity. This change takes the form of a specific conversion in certain situations.W artykule przedstawiam propozycję badania filozofii chrześcijańskiej rozumianej jako tradycja badawcza z perspektywy socjologii filozofii. Dla socjologa filozofii, filozofia chrześcijańska to określone zjawisko empiryczne, które możemy poznać odkrywając mechanizmy jego funkcjonowania. W artykule koncentruję się na zagadnieniu akceptacji obrazu świata, który określa tożsamość filozofii chrześcijańskiej. Zadaniem socjologii filozofii jest odkrycie mechanizmów, które wpływają na kontekst akceptacji tego obrazu świata. Socjologia filozofii dystansuje się od oceny prawdziwości czy fałszywości treściowej tez głoszonych przez poszczególnych filozofów. Choć każda filozofia rozwija się według zasad tzw. immanentnej logiki, to jednak określone czynniki społeczne i psychologiczne mają wpływ na to, co dany filozof akceptuje jako oczywiste i nie podlegające żadnej dyskusji. W artykule wykazałem, że akceptacja obrazu świata jest konsekwencją wychowania, które dokonuje się w określonej grupie społecznej (np. rodzina, szkoła) wyznającej określone idee aksjologiczne i przekonania deskryptywne. Dzięki wychowaniu w przyszłym adepcie filozofii, który zawsze pozostaje dzieckiem swojego czasu i kultury, zostaje przygotowany umysłowy i emocjonalny grunt pod akceptację już bardziej spekulatywnego obrazu świata, z którym adept zapoznaje się podczas fachowych studiów uniwersyteckich (filozoficznych lub teologicznych) pod okiem uznawanych przez niego autorytetów. Ukształtowany za pomocą określonych procesów wychowawczych umysł, jest w stanie dokonać osobistego, i całościowo angażującego aktu wiary epistemicznej w określony obraz świata, który jest mu podawany poprzez teorie i praktykę edukacyjna. Akceptacja i zaangażowanie w obraz świata umożliwia formułowanie w jego ramach określonych strategii argumentacyjnych, których zadaniem jest (i) eksplikacja, (ii) objaśnienie i (iii) uzasadnienie przedmiotowych konsekwencji obrazu świata. Praktyki argumentacyjne przejmujemy poprzez trening, uczymy się ich w mowie i piśmie, oczywiście pod okiem tych, którzy sami wcześniej te argumenty praktycznie wypróbowali. Uczeń po prostu wierzy nauczycielom i podręcznikom. Do pewnego etapu wiara ta jest racjonalna. Obraz świata jako pewna całość, na którą składają się treściowe przekonania deskryptywne i normatywne nie podlega żadnemu ostatecznemu racjonalnemu uzasadnieniu. Zaakceptowanym tezom przedmiotowym przypisuje się różny status epistemologiczny; od tez obdarzonych bezwarunkową oczywistością, których korelatem jest nie tylko subiektywne przeżycie, ale obiektywna rzeczywistość, do takich, które mogą być poddane mniej lub bardziej twórczej rewizji za pomocą różnych rodzajów zabiegów interpretacyjnych. Żaden obraz świata nie zniewala w sposób ostateczny. Zawsze możliwa jest zmiana obrazu świata na inny, który bardziej odpowiada naszych potrzebom intelektualnym i wrażliwości emocjonalnej. Zmiana ta przybiera w niektórych sytuacjach formę szczególnej konwersj
Fenomenologiczny paradygmat psychoterapii Gestalt
Full text linkThis article examines the influence of the assumptions of the phenomenological method on the shape of Gestalt psychotherapy. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the main ideas of Edmund Husserl’s philosophy and the basic assumptions of Gestalt psychotherapy was performer. The strenght and importance of the underlying connections are indicated by both research methods used in Gestalt therapy: the directness of experiencem „suspedding” one’s own beliefs, horizontal description, and categories related to awareness: contact intentionality and „here and now” experience.This article examines the influence of the assumptions of the phenomenological method on the shape of Gestalt psychotherapy. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the main ideas of Edmund Husserl’s philosophy and the basic assumptions of Gestalt psychotherapy was performer. The strenght and importance of the underlying connections are indicated by both research methods used in Gestalt therapy: the directness of experiencem „suspedding” one’s own beliefs, horizontal description, and categories related to awareness: contact intentionality and „here and now” experience