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Nanowire Tunnel FET with Simultaneously Reduced Subthermionic Subthreshold Swing and Off-Current due to Negative Capacitance and Voltage Pinning Effects
No full textNanowire tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) have been proposed as the most advanced one-dimensional (1D) devices that break the thermionic 60 mV/decade of the subthreshold swing (SS) of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) by using quantum mechanical band-to-band tunneling and excellent electrostatic control. Meanwhile, negative capacitance (NC) of ferroelectrics has been proposed as a promising performance booster of MOSFETs to bypass the aforementioned fundamental limit by exploiting the differential amplification of the gate voltage under certain conditions. We combine these two principles into a single structure, a negative capacitance heterostructure TFET, and experimentally demonstrate a double beneficial effect: (i) a super-steep SS value down to 10 mV/decade and an extended low slope region that is due to the NC effect and, (ii) a remarkable off-current reduction that is experimentally observed and explained for the first time by the effect of the ferroelectric dipoles, which set the surface potential in a slightly negative value and further blocks the source tunneling current in the off-state. State-of-the-art InAs/InGaAsSb/GaSb nanowire TFETs are employed as the baseline transistor and PZT and silicon-doped HfO2 as ferroelectric materials.NANOLA
Coordination Numbers of K+ and Na+ Ions Inside the Selectivity Filter of the KcsA Potassium Channel: Insights from First Principles Molecular Dynamics
No full textQuantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) Car-Parrinello simulations were performed to estimate the coordination numbers of K+ and Na+ ions in the selectivity filter of the KcsA channel, and in water. At the DFT/BLYP level, K+ ions were found to display an average coordination number of 6.6 in the filter, and 6.2 in water. Na+ ions displayed an average coordination number of 5.2 in the filter, and 5.0 in water. A comparison was made with the average coordination numbers obtained from using classical molecular dynamics (6.7 for K+ in the filter, 6.6 for K+ in water, 6.0 for Na+ in the filter, and 5.2 for Na+ in water). The observation that different coordination numbers were displayed by the ions in QM/MM simulations and in classical molecular dynamics is relevant to the discussion of selectivity in K-channels.LCB
Differentially Private Stochastic Coordinate Descent
No full textIn this paper we tackle the challenge of making the stochastic coordinate descent algorithm differentially private. Compared to the classical gradient descent algorithm where updates operate on a single model vector and controlled noise addition to this vector suffices to hide critical information about individuals, stochastic coordinate descent crucially relies on keeping auxiliary information in memory during training. This auxiliary information provides an additional privacy leak and poses the major challenge addressed in this work. Driven by the insight that under independent noise addition, the consistency of the auxiliary information holds in expectation, we present DP-SCD, the first differentially private stochastic coordinate descent algorithm. We analyze our new method theoretically and argue that decoupling and parallelizing coordinate updates is essential for its utility. On the empirical side we demonstrate competitive performance against the popular stochastic gradient descent alternative (DP-SGD) while requiring significantly less tuning.DC
Jaringan Komputer: Teori, Konsep, dan Implementasi
No full textBuku "Jaringan Komputer: Teori, Konsep dan Implementasi" ini dirancang sebagai referensi komprehensif bagi mahasiswa dan praktisi yang ingin memahami dunia Jaringan Komputer secara mendalam. Buku ini mengulas mulai dari dasar-asar arsitektur jaringan, model OSI, dan perangkat jaringan hingga topik lanjutan seperti 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), Virtualisasi dan keamanan jaringan. Setiap BAB dilengkapi dengan teori yang mendasar, studi kasus nyata, diagram ilustratif, serta hasil riset terbaru
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI STRES KERJA ANGGOTA BAWASLU KABUPATEN SUMEDANG DALAM MENGAWAL TAHAPAN PEMILU
Get PDFThe purpose of this research is to identify the elements that influence the work stress of Sumedang Regency Bawaslu members monitoring the election stages. Qualitative research was employed. Purposive sampling was used, with commissioners, staff, and technical implementers included. Data reduction, data presentation, data presentation, conclusion drawing/verification, and triangulation are all data collection procedures. The study\u27s findings indicate that, from an environmental standpoint, it has little influence because, as implementing agencies, the RI Bawaslu and the Provincial Bawaslu have foreseen the timetable of operations and the budget. From an organizational standpoint, it is highly influential in terms of the workload and tasks that each member has, and it\u27s just that each member already has work resilience due to previous election experience. From a personal standpoint, influence is a sign of individual characteristics, as Bawaslu interacts with a variety of groups, including political organizations, contestants, and the general public. The research findings are expected to strengthen monitoring on social media, facilities and infrastructure, and office layout so that members ar
COSMOGRAIL: the COSmological MOnitoring of GRAvItational Lenses XI. Techniques for time delay measurement in presence of microlensing
No full textMeasuring time delays between the multiple images of gravitationally lensed quasars is now recognized as a competitive way to constrain the cosmological parameters, and it is complementary with other cosmological probes. This requires long and well sampled optical light curves of numerous lensed quasars, such as those obtained by the COSMOGRAIL collaboration. High-quality data from our monitoring campaign call for novel numerical techniques to robustly measure the delays, as well as the associated random and systematic uncertainties, even in the presence of microlensing variations. We propose three different point estimators to measure time delays, which are explicitly designed to handle light curves with extrinsic variability. These methods share a common formalism, which enables them to process data from n-image lenses. Since the estimators rely on significantly contrasting ideas, we expect them to be sensitive to different bias sources. For each method and data set, we empirically estimate both the precision and accuracy ( bias) of the time delay measurement using simulated light curves with known time delays that closely mimic the observations. Finally, we test the self-consistency of our approach, and we demonstrate that our bias estimation is serviceable. These new methods, including the empirical uncertainty estimator, will represent the standard benchmark for analyzing the COSMOGRAIL light curves.LASTR
Modeling enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates using fluorescent confocal microscopy II: Pretreated biomass
No full textIn this study, we extend imaging and modeling work that was done in Part I of this report for a pure cellulose substrate (filter paper) to more industrially relevant substrates (untreated and pretreated hardwood and switchgrass). Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, we are able to track both the structure of the biomass particle via its autofluorescence, and bound enzyme from a commercial cellulase cocktail supplemented with a small fraction of fluorescently labeled Trichoderma reseii Cel7A. Imaging was performed throughout hydrolysis at temperatures relevant to industrial processing (50°C). Enzyme bound predominantly to areas with low autofluorescence, where structure loss and lignin removal had occurred during pretreatment; this confirms the importance of these processes for successful hydrolysis. The overall shape of both untreated and pretreated hardwood and switchgrass particles showed little change during enzymatic hydrolysis beyond a drop in autofluorescence intensity. The permanence of shape along with a relatively constant bound enzyme signal throughout hydrolysis was similar to observations previously made for filter paper, and was consistent with a modeling geometry of a hollowing out cylinder with widening pores represented as infinite slits. Modeling estimates of available surface areas for pretreated biomass were consistent with previously reported experimental results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.LPD