Journals of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla University
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    The Online Assessment System as A Means to Confront the Digital School Cheating Case of ExamsoftSoftware

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    Digital school cheating is a thorny issue that has prompted researchers and policymakers to determine its means, limit its spread, and reduce its impacts. The worrying aspect of digital school cheating lies not only in the fact that it goes against ethics and honesty and erodes the validity of assessing young learners’ knowledge, but also that it risks being embodied from a young age, especially for high school students, since this stage is crucial in developing the moral identity of young pupils. With technological advancement, cheating becomes more accessible, requiring preventive solutions and adaptation to digital tools. Online assessments, like ExamSoft, are emerging as effective ways to counter cheating. This approach aims to automate the detection of cheating during exams, thus overcoming the gaps in traditional methods and helping to maintain academic integrity La tricherie scolaire numérique est une question épineuse qui a suscité des chercheurs et des décideurs pour déterminer ses moyens, limiter sa propagation et réduire ses incidences. L’aspect inquiétant de la tricherie scolaire numérique réside non seulement dans le fait qu’elle va à l’encontre de l’éthique et l’honnêteté et érode la validité de l’évaluation des connais-sances des jeunes apprenants mais aussi elle risque d’être incarner dès le jeune âge de l’apprenant surtout pour les élèves du Cycle Secondaire car au fait cette étape s’avère importante dans le développement de l’identité morale des jeunes élèves. Avec l’avancement technologique, la tricherie devient plus accessible, nécessitant des solutions préventives et une adaptation aux outils numériques. Les évaluations en ligne, comme ExamSoft, émergent comme des moyens efficaces pour contrer la tricherie. Cette approche vise à automatiser la détection de la fraude lors des examens, surmontant ainsi les lacunes des méthodes traditionnelles et contribuant à maintenir l’intégrité académique

    Daring to Speak in FLE Class Differentiated Pedagogy in Service of Oral Expression

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     The text explores the teaching of French as a foreign language (FLE) in Algeria, highlighting the main objective of improving learners’ oral competence. The importance of this skill is emphasized, as it is crucial for effective communication in a French-speaking context. The central question addressed is the challenges faced by learners, particularly the anxiety associated with public speaking, which can hinder their progress. The results indicate that this anxiety is often caused by a lack of self-confidence and previous negative experiences. The text suggests pedagogical strategies, such as group activities and role-playing, to help reduce this anxiety and encourage active participation. In conclusion, it is essential for teachers to create a positive and inclusive learning environment to promote students’ oral expressionL’article examine l’enseignement du français langue étrangère (FLE) en Algérie, en mettant en lumière l’objectif principal qui est d’améliorer la compétence orale des apprenants. L’importance de cette compétence est soulignée, car elle est essentielle pour la communication efficace dans un contexte francophone. La question principale abordée est celle des défis rencontrés par les apprenants, notamment l’anxiété liée à la prise de parole en public, qui peut entraver leur progression. Les résultats montrent que cette anxiété est souvent causée par un manque de confiance en soi et par des expériences négatives antérieures. Le texte propose des stratégies pédagogiques, telles que des activités de groupe et des jeux de rôle, pour aider à réduire cette anxiété et à encourager une participation active. En conclusion, il est essentiel pour les enseignants de créer un environnement d’apprentissage positif et inclusif pour favoriser l’expression orale des apprenant

    La Jalousie by Alain Robbe-Grillet From Word to Feeling

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    The purpose of this article is to view how Alain Robbe-Grillet, in Jealousy managed to convey the jealous feeling without resorting to the exploitation of the psychological depth of the characters. Our immanent and interpretative approach (on the edge of the criticism of Roland Barthes and Bruce Morrissette), will show that the apparent “optical” exteriority of the materiality of objects as well as the implacable mechanics of actions have been able to produce a simulacrum of psychological interiority. Thus, in this novel, characterized by the object universe, full of insinuation and suspicion, Robbe-Grillet will have confirmed his desire to relegate the character’s status to the background. Robbe-Grillet will have confirmed his desire to relegate the character’s status to the background.L’objectif de cet article est de voir comment Alain Robbe-Grillet, dans La Jalousie est arrivé à transmettre le sentiment jaloux sans avoir recours à l’exploitation de la profondeur psychologique des personnages. Notre approche immanente et interprétative (à la lisière des critiques de Roland Barthes et de Bruce Morrissette), montrera que l’apparente extériorité « optique » de la matérialité des objets ainsi que la mécanique implacable des actions ont su produire un simulacre d’intériorité psychologique. Ainsi, dans ce roman, caractérisé par un univers chosiste, plein d’insinuation et de suspicion, Robbe-Grillet aura confirmé sa volonté de reléguer le statut du personnage au second pla

    Obstacles to Practicing Medicine Interviews with a Sample of Doctors at Mohad Abdelkader Hospital in Djelfa

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    The organizational environment in which doctors work involves the interaction of various human, material, technical, and administrative factors aimed at facilitating their work and enabling them to fulfill their role in treating patients. However, field observations have shown that doctors face difficulties in practicing their work. This study seeks to explore the main obstacles faced by doctors in their profession at Mahad Abdelkader Hospital in Djelfa. Open interviews were conducted with a sample of twenty doctors from different specialties, and the data was analyzed using content analysis. The study found that doctors encounter a range of obstacles, including administrative, legal, social, and cultural aspectstechniques et administratifs visant à faciliter leur travail et à leur permettre de jouer leur rôle dans le traitement des patients.Cependant, les observa-tions de terrain ont révélé que les médecins rencontrent des difficultés dans l’exercice de leur profession. Cette étude cherche à explorer les principaux obstacles auxquels les médecins sont confrontés dans leur pratique à l’hôpital Mahad Abdelkader à Djelfa. Des entretiens ouverts ont été réalisés avec un échantillon de vingt médecins provenant de différentes spécialités, et les données ont été analysées à l’aide de l’analyse de contenu. L’étude a révélé que les médecins rencontrent divers obstacles, notamment sur les aspects administratifs, juridiques, sociaux et culturel

    The Solitary Plume Faces The Societal Mirror Conscience and (Auto)Biographical Writing in Une si longue lettre by Mariama Bâ

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    This article analyzes Mariama Bâ’s novel Une si longue lettre, a major work of postcolonial African literature, exploring the essential links between writing, solitude and the emergence of consciousness. The aim is to demonstrate how the scriptural act, undertaken by the narrator Rama-toulaye in the solitude of widowhood and ritual confinement (iddah), functions not only as a therapeutic refuge but above all as a dynamic process of consciousness-raising. The analysis reveals that writing is born of the constraint of isolation, acting as a necessary “fulcrum” in the face of initial disarray. In the course of (auto)biographical recollection, the letter becomes a cognitive tool enabling Ramatoulaye to deconstruct her past, acquire critical lucidity about her own condition (emotional, intellectual) and reveal the social and patriarchal burdens (polygamy, customs) of changing Senegalese society. The study also highlights how writing articulates different forms of solitude (personal, that of other women) while paradoxically enabling the forging of authentic speech, thus affirming dignity and subjectivity in the face of imposed silences. In sum, the article establishes that the solitary pen is the very mechanism by which Ramatoulaye’s consciousness evolves towards a critical and emancipatory affirmationCet article analyse le roman Une si longue lettre de Mariama Bâ, œuvre majeure de la littérature africaine postcoloniale, en explorant les liens essentiels entre l’écriture, la solitude et l’émergence de la conscience. Il s’agit de démontrer comment l’acte scripturaire, entrepris par la narratrice Ramatoulaye dans la solitude du veuvage et le confinement rituel (iddah), fonctionne non seulement comme un refuge thérapeutique mais surtout comme un processus dynamique de prise de conscience. L’analyse révèle que l’écriture naît de la contrainte de l’isolement, agissant comme un « point d’appui » nécessaire face au désarroi initial. Au fil de la remémoration (auto)-biographique, la lettre devient un outil cognitif permettant à Ramatoulaye de déconstruire son passé, d’acquérir une lucidité critique sur sa propre condition (affective, intellectuelle) et de révéler les pesanteurs sociales et patriarcales (polygamie, coutumes) de la société sénégalaise en mutation. L’étude met également en lumière comment l’écriture articule différentes formes de solitude (personnelle, celle d’autres femmes) tout en permettant paradoxalement de forger une parole authentique, affirmant ainsi la dignité et la subjectivité face aux silences imposés. En somme, l’article établit que la plume solitaire est le mécanisme même par lequel la conscience de Rama-toulaye évolue vers une affirmation critique et émancipatrice

    The Auto-Ethnography Dimension in Je suis né avec du sable dans les yeux by Mano Dayak When the Desert Preserves the Identity of Bleue Man

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    In the history of literature and anthropology, the desert occupies a central place, arousing fascination and mystery. This territory, often seen as a space of loneliness and transcendence, also constitutes a foundation for nomadic societies, marking the construction of their ethnic identity. The work Je suis né avec du sable dans les yeuxby Mano Dayak explores this dimension of the desert as a space that is both real and symbolic. By oscillating between autobigraphic testimony and political account, the author uses the desert as a mirror of Tuareg culture and a vector of identity claims. In this study, we will seek to highlight the various discussions of this desert space, as an ethnographic space, while seeking to understand its political imputations.— Dans l’histoire de la littérature et de l’anthropologie, le désert occupe une place centrale, suscitant fascination et mystère. Ce territoire, souvent vu comme un espace de solitude et de transcendance, constitue également un fondement pour les sociétés nomades, marquant la construction de leur identité ethnique. L’œuvre Je suis né avec du sable dans les yeux de Mano Dayak explore cette dimension du désert en tant qu’espace à la fois réel et symbolique. En oscillant entre témoignage autobiographique et récit politique, l’auteur utilise le désert comme un miroir de la culture touareg et un vecteur de revendications identitaires. Dans cette étude, nous chercherons à mettre en évidence les diverses représentations de cet espace désertique, en tant qu’espace ethnographique, tout en cherchant à comprendre ses imputations politiques

    Translating Iconicity Semiotic Reflections on the Untranslatability of Visual Codes

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    This study is a semiotic reflection on the difficulties of iconic translation, attempting to highlight the complexity of the visual message emission process. It emphasizes the importance of conventional codes in the history of human communication, allowing individuals to formalize represen-tations specific to their social group. The earliest means of human com-munication, such as pictograms and petroglyphs, evolved into pictograms, transitioning from figurative representation to graphic representation. In a context where human communication is evolving toward a predominantly visual culture, images, symbols, and icons are becoming powerful means of communication. They can be effectively used to convey information memorably in various contexts. The reflection on methodological challenges related to the translation of iconic codes requires rethinking classical conceptual tools and preliminarily determining the corpus to be analyzed. The semiotic dynamics in the interpretation of visual codes reveals that signs can acquire new meanings in response to cultural, social, or technological developments. The concept of similis in semiotics establishes a direct and identifiable link with what it designates through analogy or similarity. Semiosis refers to the process by which a sign acquires meaning through a triadic interaction between the object, the sign, and the interpretant. The article also explores the nature of visual signs by highlighting the concept of meaning in semiotics, inspired particularly by Saussure’s theories. It distin-guishes between denotative (literal) and connotative (associative) meanings of visual elements, emphasizing the importance of iconic codes in visual communicationLa présente étude est une réflexion sémiotique sur les difficultés de la traduction iconique, elle tente de mettre en lumière la complexité du processus d’émission du message visuel. Il souligne l’importance des codes conventionnels dans l’histoire de la communication humaine, permettant aux individus de formaliser des représentations propres à leur groupe social. Les premiers moyens de communication humaine, tels que les pictogrammes et les pétroglyphes, ont évolué en pictogrammes, passant de la représentation figurative à la représentation graphique. Dans un contexte où la com-munication humaine évolue vers une culture visuelle prédominante, les ima-ges, symboles et icônes deviennent des moyens puissants de communication. Ils peuvent être utilisés efficacement pour transmettre des informations de manière mémorable dans divers contextes. La réflexion menée sur les défis méthodologiques liés à la traduction des codes iconiques nécessite de repenser les outils conceptuels classiques et de déterminer le corpus à analyser de manière préliminaire. La dynamique sémiotique dans l’inter-prétation des codes visuels révèle que les signes peuvent acquérir de nouvelles significations en réponse à des évolutions culturelles, sociales ou technologiques. Le concept de similis en sémiotique établit un lien direct et identifiable avec ce qu’il désigne par analogie ou similarité. La sémiose désigne le processus par lequel un signe acquiert du sens à travers une interaction triadique entre l’objet, le signe et l’interprétant. L’article explore également la nature des signes visuels en mettant en avant le concept de sens dans la sémiotique, inspiré notamment des théories de Saussure. Il distingue entre le sens dénotatif (littéral) et connotatif (associatif) des éléments visuels, soulignant l’importance des codes iconiques dans la communication visuell

    Cognitive Absorptionand its Relationship to some Frontal Lobe Executive Functions among Young People Who Use Smart Screen Devices: A Descriptive Study at the University of Kasdi Merbah – Ouargla

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    The following study aims to investigate the relationship between cognitive absorption and some frontal executive functions among young people who use smart screen devices. It is based on the descriptive approach, using a set of tools, namely: the cognitive absorption scale designed in the current study, the Hanoi test in the electronic version (application), linking paths test in the electronic version (application), and the visual working memory test modified by Dina Ali Samir.The sample consisted of 114 male and female students who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Their ages range between 18-36 years, and they belong to three different faculties (Faculty of Hydrocarbons - Faculty of Mathematics and Material Sciences - Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences) at the University of Ouargla, Algeria (2020/2021).The study results show the following: The prevalence of cognitive absorption is high among young people who use smart screen devices. There is no statistically significant correlation between cognitive absorption and planning function among young people who use smart screen devices. There is no statistically significant correlation between cognitive absorption and cognitive flexibility among young people who use smart screen devices. There are no statistically significant differences in cognitive absorption according to the electronic medium, but there are statistically significant differences in the dimension of (sensing control) in favor of laptop computers and the dimension of (curiosity) in favor of smart phone devices. There is a statistically significant correlation between visual working memory and cognitive flexibility among young people who use smart screen devices. The results of the study are interpreted based on the literary heritage of subject variables and previous studie

    The causal relationship between efficiency energy , renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Algeria from 1991 to 2022

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    Abstract:This stusy aims to study the causal relaionship between energy efficiency, renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Algeria during the periode 1991 to 2022 , usin the autoregressive VAR model , where the results reached the finding of a causal relationship with one vector between energy efficiency and the indenpend variable carbon dioxide , while there is no causal relationship between the other variable. Therefore energy efficiency is related to the reduction or increase of carbon dioxide emission, as less natural resources are consumed to produce the same amount of energy, leading to reduction in carbon emission

    The Impact of Environmental and Social Development on Sustainable Health Development during Crises: A Field Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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    This study examines the impact of environmental and social development on sustainable health development during crisis periods. A convenient sampling method was employed to conduct the study during the COVID-19 crisis, with data collected from a sample of 28 respondents, including doctors and paramedical assistants. Among them, 27 worked in a public hospital, while one was employed in a private hospital in a southwestern Algerian city. The study utilized the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. Descriptive statistics were conducted using SPSS version 26, while Smart PLS 4 was used for discriminant validity tests, structural model assessments, and path analysis results. The findings indicate that environmental development has a significant impact on sustainable health development, whereas social development did not show a significant effect on sustainable health developmen

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