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Réactions fiscales et politiques des communes Françaises face à la perte de leurs transferts de péréquation
No full textWe study the incentive effects of vertical equalizing transfers in France. Using areform in 2017 that tightened eligibility criteria for an urban equalization grant, we analyzehow grant loss affects municipal budget choices. Drawing on a large panel of urbanmunicipalities over the 2014–2024 period, we employ a staggered difference-in-differencesframework to identify the causal impact of grant losses. First, on average, municipalitiessubstitute grants for local tax revenues. Second, municipalities with populationsclose to the eligibility threshold engage in sorting, and those that sort to qualify forthe grant primarily reduce their current expenditure. Moreover, political factors unveilheterogeneity in responses. Left-wing municipalities increase spending and simultaneouslyraise taxes and debt. In contrast, right-wing municipalities increase taxes butconsolidate debt. Municipalities led by narrowly elected mayors pursue stronger fiscaldiscipline, reducing expenditures and debt. Political fragmentation within municipalcouncils generates patterns consistent with coalition bargaining.Nous étudions les effets incitatifs des transferts péréquateurs verticaux en France. En nous appuyant sur une réforme de 2017 ayant durci les critères d’éligibilité à la dotation de solidarité urbaine (DSU), nous analysons comment la perte de la DSU affecte les choix budgétaires des communes. À partir d’un large panel de communes urbaines sur la période 2014–2024, nous utilisons une méthodologie de doubles différences à période multiple afin d’identifier l’impact causal de la perte de DSU.Premièrement, en moyenne, les communes augmentent leurs recettes fiscales locales suite à la perte de DSU. Deuxièmement, certaines communes dont la population se situe près du seuil d’éligibilité peuvent manipuler leurs chiffres de population, et celles qui se repositionnent pour devenir ou rester éligibles réduisent principalement leurs dépenses de fonctionnement. Par ailleurs, les facteurs politiques révèlent une hétérogénéité des réponses. Les communes dirigées par la gauche augmentent leurs dépenses tout en relevant simultanément les impôts et la dette. À l’inverse, les communes de droite augmentent les impôts mais consolident leur dette. Les communes dirigées par des maires élus de justesse adoptent une discipline budgétaire plus stricte, réduisant dépenses et dette. Enfin, la fragmentation politique au sein des conseils municipaux génère des comportements compatibles avec des négociations de coalition
Advancements in Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: A Report on Opportunities and Strategic Initiatives for Better Intrapartum Care
No full textInternational audienceCardiotocography (CTG), introduced in the 1960s, was initially expected to prevent hypoxia‐related deaths and neurological injuries. However, more than five decades later, evidence supporting the evidence of intrapartum CTG in preventing neonatal and long‐term childhood morbidity and mortality remains inconclusive. At the same time, shortcomings in CTG interpretation have been recognised as important contributory factors to rising caesarean section rates and missed opportunities for timely interventions. An important limitation is its high false‐positive rate and poor specificity, which undermines reliably identifying foetuses at risk of hypoxia‐related injuries. These shortcomings are compounded by the technology's significant intra‐ and interobserver variability, as well as the subjective and complex nature of fetal heart rate interpretation. However, human factors and other environmental factors are equally significant. Advancements in fetal heart rate monitoring are crucial to support clinicians in improving health outcomes for newborns and their mothers, while at the same time avoiding unnecessary operative deliveries. These limitations highlight the clinical need to enhance neonatal outcomes while minimising unnecessary interventions, such as instrumental deliveries or caesarean sections. We believe that achieving this requires a paradigm shift from subjective interpretation of complex and nonspecific fetal heart rate patterns to evidence‐based, quantifiable solutions that integrate hardware, engineering and clinical perspectives. Such transformation necessitates an international, multidisciplinary effort encompassing the entire continuum of pregnancy care and the broader healthcare ecosystem, with emphasis on well‐defined, actionable health outcomes. Achieving this will depend on collaborations between researchers, clinicians, medical device manufacturers and other relevant stakeholders. This expert review paper outlines the most relevant and promising directions for research and strategic initiatives to address current challenges in fetal heart rate monitoring. Key themes include advancements in computerised fetal heart rate monitoring, the application of big data and artificial intelligence, innovations in home and remote monitoring and consideration of human factors
“Expanding the Lactococcal Cell Wall Polysaccharide Paradigm: Novel Structures and Metabolic Pathways in the Emerging Dairy Species <i>Pseudolactococcus laudensis</i> and <i>Pseudolactococcus raffinolactis</i> ”
No full textInternational audienceCell surface-associated polysaccharides, including cell wall polysaccharides (CWPSs), capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), and exopolysaccharides (EPSs), play vital roles in bacterial interactions with their environment, influencing critical aspects of dairy fermentations, such as phage-host dynamics. Pseudolactococcus laudensis and Pseudolactococcus raffinolactis (formerly Lactococcus laudensis and Lactococcus raffinolactis) are emerging dairy-associated species whose CWPSs remain uncharacterized. This study analyzed the complete genomes of 21 P. laudensis and seven P. raffinolactis strains to investigate the genetic diversity underlying CWPS and EPS production. Eight novel cwps genotypes (E-L) were identified, significantly expanding the known diversity within the dairy-associated (pseudo)lactococci. Notably, E and G genotypes diverge from the classical rhamnan-PSP organization, suggesting a CWPS biosynthesis pathway distinct from the dual-chain assembly found in previously studied Lactococcus. Additionally, eps loci were identified in 25 of the 28 strains, uncovering 11 distinct genotypes (I-XI) with evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Their integration into chromosomal genomic islands highlights their mobility and potential role in evolutionary adaptation. Chemical analysis revealed unprecedented CWPS structures. P. laudensis DSM 28961 (type E) presented a 6-deoxy-α-L-talan polysaccharide and a β-(1,4)-galactan, marking the first instance of D-talose replacing rhamnose and the first homopolysaccharide in (pseudo)lactococcal CWPS, respectively. These were structurally independent, confirming a novel CWPS organization and biosynthetic pathway. Conversely, P. raffinolactis DSM 20443 (type I) exhibited a typical rhamnan-PSP structure, composed of a variably glycosylated rhamnan and a glucose-lactose hexapolysaccharide, respectively. This study provides the first resolved CWPS structures for the Pseudolactococcus genus, expanding the understanding of polysaccharide biosynthesis in Lactic Acid Bacteria
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome: follow-up of the cardiovascular features in an international cohort of 29 patients with SGS
No full textInternational audienceBackground Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) shares skeletal features with Marfan syndrome (MFS), but differs in its craniofacial and neurodevelopmental features. Cardiovascular features have been specifically investigated in few of the 57 known patients with SGS described in the literature, making it difficult to determine their prevalence and characteristics. Methods We reviewed the medical records of an international cohort of 29 patients, with a particular focus on cardiovascular features. Data were compared with those of MFS. Results The sex ratio was 1.9 and median age was 23 years (range: 4–54). 13 patients (44.8%) had mitral regurgitation (MR), 11 (37.9%) had a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and 9 (31.1%) had aortic regurgitation (AR). No cases of aortic dissection were reported. None had beta-blockers as a primary prevention of aortic events. The Kaplan-Meier method revealed a 30 years risk of 47%, 33% and 22% for occurrence of MR, TAA and AR, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between variants in the Dachshund Homology Domain and the risk of aortic aneurysm (11/20 vs 0/9, p=0.036). Conclusion Patients with SGS also significantly have cardiovascular manifestations, encouraging the implementation of a follow-up and preventive cardiovascular treatment identical to that of MFS
High strength, durability, and microstructure of geopolymer concrete with flash-calcined soils cured under ambient conditions
No full textInternational audienceThis research focused on two objectives: (i) investigating the impacts of sediment substitution in the raw meal on the hydration and mechanical-microstructural properties of cement; (ii) assessing the reliability of CEMHYD3D code for modeling the properties of hydrated cement. The experimental results indicated that a maximum rate of sediment up to 7.55% had no impact on the formation of mineralogical phases of clinker, the hydration and mechanical-microstructural development of cement. The degree of hydration and strengths of cement made of sediment substitution were slightly higher than those of reference cement, whereas the critical diameter of pores of both hydrated cements was nearly identical. Comparing the modeling results with the experimental measurements showed good predictions for the degree of hydration, hydration heat as well as strength development. However, the formation of hemi-and mono-carboaluminate phases was not predicted in the model, and the porosity prediction was also limited to the capillary porosity
: Sauver la république
No full textInternational audienceHomme de la Troisième République, président du Conseil de 1899 à 1902, Waldeck-Rousseau est associé à plusieurs réformes importantes, dont les plus significatives sont la loi sur la liberté syndicale de 1884 et la loi de 1901 sur les associations. Figure marquante de la vie politique française au tournant du XXe siècle, il a joué un rôle clé dans la gestion de l'affaire Dreyfus et la réhabilitation du Capitaine.À la fin du XIXe siècle, la France républicaine se dresse contre la France catholique. Plusieurs gouvernements viennent de tomber ; la République est bousculée. Quel républicain peut prendre les rênes du gouvernement de la France ? Dans ce moment de crise, Waldeck-Rousseau rassure : élu député très jeune, il s'est déjà illustré à deux reprises au ministère de l'intérieur. S'il prend alors les traits de l'homme providentiel, il est surtout celui qu'on n'attendait pas. D'une timidité presque maladive, il a exercé ses responsabilités politiques avec un détachement et un désintéressement qui lui ont assuré une grande autorité et une popularité singulière. Ni radical, ni socialiste, il compte agir en homme du bloc central, non par seule commodité, mais parce que c'est au centre que l'on peut le mieux réaliser l'unité républicaine et coordonner tous ceux qui veulent « la République définitive ».Comment expliquer alors que celui qui a mis fin à l'affaire Dreyfus, a fait oublier les grands scandales par l'action de la justice, a tenu dans la crise sociale en parlant directement avec les ouvriers et a construit un compromis laïque fondé sur la logique associative, ait glissé aussi rapidement dans l'oubli ? C'est à cette question que répond Christophe Bellon en réinscrivant la trajectoire et l'action de cet homme dans l'histoire politique de la Troisième République
Solutions massives MIMO 5G économes en énergie et intelligentes basées sur l'apprentissage automatique pour les communications véhiculaires
No full textAs the demand for ultra-reliable, high-capacity, and low-latency wireless communication intensifies with the evolution of sixth-generation (6G) networks, user-centric cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (UC-CFmMIMO) systems have emerged as a transformative architecture. By decoupling network service from traditional cell boundaries and dynamically associating access points (APs) with users, UC-CFmMIMO offers seamless and uniform coverage, particularly suited for high-mobility environments such as vehicular networks. Despite its potential, CFmMIMO has not yet been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), although it is under active investigation and may be included in Release 19, which is expected by the end of 2025. This highlights the importance of exploring practical, scalable solutions to support its eventual deployment.This thesis presents a progressive framework for frequency resource management in UC-CFmMIMO systems, with a specific focus on dynamic vehicular scenarios. The research evolves in three stages, beginning with heuristic methods that exploit channel characteristics, such as condition number (CN) and channel correlation (CC), to guide frequency allocation and spatial user separation. While computationally efficient, these methods have limited adaptability in complex, time-varying environments.To address issues of scalability and solution optimality, the second stage introduces metaheuristic optimization techniques, including Simulated Annealing and the Aquila Optimizer. These methods enhance global search capabilities in solving a multi-objective problem that aims to maximize spectral efficiency, promote fairness using the Gini index, and reduce interference through channel conditioning.The third and most advanced stage incorporates artificial intelligence, using reinforcement learning to autonomously manage resource allocation. A hybrid model is proposed that combines Actor-Critic Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) with the Aquila Optimizer. This integration balances exploration and exploitation, allowing the system to adapt in real time to complex network dynamics. The approach supports ongoing efforts to assess the feasibility of AI-native frameworks for next-generation wireless systems.Throughout the work, realistic channel conditions are modeled using WINNER II and QuaDRiGa, capturing Doppler effects and frequency-selective fading typical in V2X environments. The proposed framework is validated through extensive simulations, showing consistent gains in spectral efficiency, fairness, and robustness compared to traditional or standalone learning-based methods.In summary, this research presents an evolutionary path from heuristics to AI-driven techniques for frequency resource allocation, contributing scalable and adaptive solutions for UC-CFmMIMO systems in future 6G vehicular networks.Avec l'évolution des réseaux de sixième génération (6G), la demande en communications sans fil ultra-fiables, à haute capacité et à faible latence s'intensifie. Dans ce contexte, les systèmes user-centric cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (UC-CFmMIMO) émergent comme une architecture de rupture. En dissociant le service réseau des frontières cellulaires traditionnelles et en associant dynamiquement les points d'accès (APs) aux utilisateurs, l'UC-CFmMIMO permet une couverture homogène et continue, particulièrement adaptée aux environnements à forte mobilité tels que les réseaux véhiculaires. Bien que prometteur, le CFmMIMO n'est pas encore standardisé par le 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), même s'il fait l'objet d'études actives et pourrait être intégré dans la Release 19 attendue d'ici fin 2025. Cela souligne l'importance d'explorer des solutions pratiques et évolutives en vue de son déploiement futur.Cette thèse propose un cadre progressif pour la gestion des ressources fréquentielles dans les systèmes UC-CFmMIMO, avec un accent particulier sur les scénarios dynamiques liés à la mobilité véhiculaire. Le travail s'articule en trois étapes : il débute par des méthodes heuristiques exploitant certaines caractéristiques du canal, telles que le condition number (CN) et la corrélation de canal (CC), afin de guider l'allocation fréquentielle et la séparation spatiale des utilisateurs. Bien que peu coûteuses en calcul, ces méthodes présentent une adaptabilité limitée dans des environnements complexes et évolutifs.Pour répondre aux enjeux de passage à l'échelle et d'optimalité des solutions, la deuxième phase introduit des techniques d'optimisation métaheuristiques, notamment le Simulated Annealing et l'Aquila Optimizer. Ces approches renforcent les capacités de recherche globale pour résoudre un problème multi-objectifs visant à maximiser l'efficacité spectrale, promouvoir l'équité à l'aide de l'indice de Gini, et réduire les interférences par un meilleur conditionnement des canaux.La troisième et dernière étape intègre l'intelligence artificielle, avec l'usage de l'apprentissage par renforcement pour gérer de manière autonome l'allocation des ressources. Un modèle hybride est proposé, combinant l'algorithme Actor-Critic Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) à l'Aquila Optimizer. Cette intégration équilibre exploration et exploitation, permettant au système de s'adapter en temps réel à la dynamique complexe du réseau. L'approche s'inscrit dans l'évaluation des cadres AI-native pour les futurs systèmes sans fil.Les conditions de canal sont modélisées de manière réaliste à l'aide des modèles WINNER II et QuaDRiGa, afin de capturer les effets Doppler et le fading sélectif en fréquence caractéristiques des environnements V2X. Le cadre proposé est validé par des simulations approfondies, montrant des gains constants en efficacité spectrale, en équité et en robustesse par rapport aux méthodes traditionnelles ou basées uniquement sur l'apprentissage.En résumé, cette recherche propose une trajectoire évolutive allant des approches heuristiques aux techniques pilotées par l'IA pour l'allocation des ressources fréquentielles, apportant des solutions évolutives et adaptatives aux systèmes UC-CFmMIMO dans les réseaux véhiculaires de la 6G
Towards the validation of an in vitro method to predict the bioavailability of soil organic contaminants
No full textInternational audienceFor several decades, the presence of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or pesticides such as chlordecone (CLD) in ecosystems has raised significant concerns regarding environment and human health. Humans may be exposed to these substances through unintentional ingestion of soil (hand-to-mouth contact particularly common in children [1]), potentially leading to health hazards. Considering the total contaminant concentration in soil may lead to an overestimation of the risk, as only the bioaccessible fraction released into the digestive tract can be absorbed. Predicting the bioavailable fraction by estimating oral bioaccessibility is relevant for accurate risk assessment [2]. Bioaccessibility can be estimated by in vitro methods simulating human digestion, already available for trace metal elements (for ex. Unified Bioaccessibility Method). The PBET (Physiology Based Extraction Test) method simulates a stomachal digestion following by an intestinal digestion. Recently, an adaptation for hydrophobic organic contaminants has been suggested by adding Tenax (absorbent sink) in the intestinal phase, improving the extraction of organics liberated from soils (for ex. DDT pesticide [3], PCBs [4], PAHs [5]). The Ti-PBET (Tenax-improved PBET) method shows promising results, but its use may be limited by the high cost of Tenax. The general objective of our work was therefore to improve the Ti-PBET test in terms of both practicability and cost. We compared different adsorption supports for extracting PAHs and PCBs, and found XAD-2 performed comparably to Tenax while being more cost-effective; XAD-2 was therefore selected for subsequent test improvements. To simplify resin recovery after intestinal digestion, we tested two ways of incorporating XAD-2 into the in vitro assay: (1) enclosed in a tea bag; (2) freely dispersed within the flask. No significant differences were observed between the two types of control samples (p > 0.05), although certain compounds such as PCB 28 and fluorene showed higher chromatogram signals with the tea bag method. Although more convenient, this option was abandoned as it increased the risk of control contamination and compromised the accuracy of bioaccessibility estimates. We finally tested the Xi-PBET (XAD-2–improved PBET) method by spiking PCBs at 1, 5, 10, 50, and 200 ng/mL (n = 3) to assess the recovery rates of six congeners (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) and GC–MS/MS quantification accuracy across this concentration range. Recovery rates ranged from 87–132% (CV ≤ 12%) between 5 and 200 ng/mL, while the 1 ng/mL concentration showed higher overestimation and variability (120–188%; CV ≤ 69%) likely due to low spiking volumes and background noise. These results confirm that 500 mg of XAD-2 effectively captures the entire free PCB fraction between 5 and 200 ng/mL without saturation of the resin, and that GC–MS/MS is reliable for this concentration range. This work has demonstrated that XAD-2 resin is a good alternative to Tenax for reducing the cost of bioaccessibility testing without compromising its effectiveness, making such testing more accessible to the contaminated sites and soils sector. However, in vitro bioaccessibility methods still require improvement to provide reliable estimates. Therefore, our future work will compare Xi-PBET against other in vitro assays using a wide range of soils contaminated with different pollutant families, and validate results against bioavailability measurements obtained from in vivo experiments on piglets (the best model to simulate children’s physiology). The in vitro methodologies are expected to provide a valuable tool for site and soil managers in health risk assessmen
la construction problématique de l’« Italie » chez Machiavel, une modélisation déjà moderne ?
No full textInternational audienc
Les actions du CSF électronique pour l’emploi et le développement des compétences
No full textNational audiencePrésentation orale avec actes, doublée d'un support poste