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Comprehensive review of emerging analytical methods for pea protein structure analysis: Advances and implications for food science over the last five years
No full textInternational audienceThis review explores recent advancements in analytical techniques for characterizing pea protein structure. Withgrowing interest in sustainable protein sources, understanding the relationship between pea protein’s structureand its functionality has become essential. This review covers a range of methods used to assess the structuralproperties of pea protein, focusing on the impact of environmental and processing conditions, as well as interactionswith other materials, including mid-infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray methods and calorimetric methods. Byelucidating these methods, detailed insights into pea protein’s structural and conformational properties as well asits dynamics are provided, contributing to enhance their potential applications. Thus, a comprehensive overviewof commonly used analytical techniques for pea protein structure characterization in its different organizationlevels, aiming to offer readers an understanding of these techniques and highlight their relevance in selecting themost suitable method for analyzing complex matrices
Functional distance and US global banks’ foreign branch lending
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines the significance of functional distance in explaining the lending behavior of foreign branches of global banks. We operationalize functional distance, or the distance between the global bank's headquarters and the host country of the foreign branch, along a geographic, linguistic, and cultural dimension. Analyzing the lending activities of US global banks' foreign branches in 38 countries from 2001 to 2020, we find that geographic and linguistic functional distance has an adverse effect on local lending. We further find that a host country's institutional quality can moderate the effect of functional distance on local lending
Penser les qualifications des violences en Palestine et Israël depuis l’Afrique. Session sur l'apartheid avec Raphaël Botiveau, Sara Dezalay, Tal Dor et Sbeih Sbeih
No full textInternational audienceApartheid, colonisation, genocide: some of the words at the centre of the intense debates on the characterisation of the violence in Palestine and Israel have a particularly charged history in Africa. To open a dialogue between specialists of these various regions, the Institut des mondes africains has organised a series of round tables on these concepts. On 19 June 2024, sociologists and historians of Africa, international law, Israel and Palestine examined the use of the term “apartheid”, its political and legal implications, particularly its appropriation in activist arenas and international law, as well as the knowledge it produces or conceals about power dynamics and forms of mobilisation. By tracing its genealogy in South Africa, its circulation and the controversies it arouses, the researchers analyse its role in understanding relations of domination and forms of resistance in Palestine and Israel.Apartheid, colonisation, génocide : certains termes au cœur des débats intenses sur la qualification des violences en Palestine et Israël ont une histoire particulièrement chargée en Afrique. Pour ouvrir un dialogue entre spécialistes de ces différentes régions, l’Institut des mondes africains a organisé une série de tables rondes sur ces notions. Le 19 juin 2024, des sociologues et des historiens de l’Afrique, du droit international, d’Israël et de la Palestine ont interrogé l’usage du terme « apartheid », ses implications politiques et juridiques, notamment ses appropriations dans les arènes militantes et la justice internationale, ainsi que les savoirs qu’il produit ou occulte sur les dynamiques de pouvoir et les formes de mobilisation. En retraçant sa généalogie en Afrique du Sud, la circulation de cette notion et les controverses qu’elle suscite, les chercheur·es analysent son rôle dans la compréhension des rapports de domination et des formes de la résistance en Palestine et Israël
Unique characteristics of the electronic and optical properties of HgTe nanocrystals
No full textInternational audienceHgTe is a semi-metallic material with unconventional electronic properties compared to the usual III-V or II-VI semiconductors, characterized by a negative bandgap, band inversion and topological insulator properties under the action of quantum confinement. How do these unique characteristics impact the electronic and optical properties of HgTe nanocrystals, particularly when their band gap approaches zero, when their optical response ranges from the mid-infrared to the THz? We are answering this question through a theoretical study that allows us to deal with large nanocrystals, in the vicinity of the topological transition. The optical inter-band and intra-band transitions of these nanocrystals are analyzed in detail
“The Republic is watching you”: French republicanism as a state religion
No full textInternational audienceThis article explores how the French Republic is invoked in public and political discourse, arguing that it operates as an implicit state religion. The author examines how secularism and republican values are used to justify policies and measures that often target specific populations, particularly the Muslim community. The paper traces the evolution of republican rhetoric since the early twenty-first century, showing its transition from a political tool to a rigid and prescriptive language. Through examples such as the “Islamo-leftism” controversy and the assassination of teacher Samuel Paty in 2020, the author highlights the increasing ideological weight of republicanism. The study suggests that the Republic functions as a doctrinal framework shaping social and political debates, potentially excluding diversity and enforcing a uniform model of society. To support this argument, the author proposes a discourse analysis of various texts invoking the Republic
Boosting hyperspectral image classification with Gate-Shift-Fuse mechanisms in a novel CNN-Transformer approach
No full textInternational audienceHyperspectral Image (HSI) classification categorizes every pixel sample into distinct land-cover types. While CNN-based methods have demonstrated significant advances in feature representation, they often struggle with extracting deep features. On the other hand, transformer models excel in capturing high-level semantic features, offering complementary strengths. This paper introduces a novel HSI classification framework that combines convolutional blocks with Gate-Shift-Fuse (GSF) and transformer blocks to leverage CNNs for local feature extraction and transformers for long-range context modelling. The GSF block enhances the integration of spatial-spectral features, while an effective attention mechanism module refines feature extraction from HSI cubes. The proposed method was evaluated on four benchmark datasets (Indian Pines, Pavia University, WHU-Hi-LongKou, and WHU-Hi-HanChuan). It achieved state-of-the-art overall accuracies (OA) of 99.47% on the Indian Pines dataset and 99.86% on WHU-Hi-LongKou, demonstrating significant improvements over existing models. These results highlight the framework's ability to address challenges like spectral variability and unbalanced datasets. Our contributions include the integration of the GSF block for enhanced spatialspectral feature fusion and the application of transformers for robust high-level semantic understanding, setting a new benchmark in HSI classification
The Future of Work: A Research Agenda
No full textInternational audienceIn this editorial, we discuss and define the “future of work” as a phenomenon and research area, and outline avenues for further research at the conceptual and empirical level. We first offer a brief review of the different streams of research that study the future of work, both in management and organization studies and in adjacent fields. We then elaborate on what we see as the most promising avenues for research on the future of work, organized around five questions of what, when, who, how, and why. That is, research on the future of work needs to clarify its assumptions about (1) the phenomena it considers within scope; (2) the temporality associated with these phenomena; (3) which future of work actors it is about and whom it is for; (4) the methods and data types used to be able to study the future empirically; and (5) desired impact and envisioned outcomes. We discuss how moving beyond techno-determinism, depoliticization, and a present-day focus could open up new and important avenues for further research on the near and distant future of work. We conclude with some specific examples of research questions and methods
Disagreeing with Employees’ Constructive Disagreement: On Giving (Non-)Specific Explanations for Rejecting Employees’ Voiced Suggestions
No full textInternational audienceWhen employees express constructive disagreement with their manager (i.e., employee voice), employees express an opportunity for improvement, but not all ideas from employees can be implemented as managers often need to reject employees’ suggestions. Simultaneously, managers need to handle this disagreement in a way that ensures employees continue to speak up even after their previous ideas were turned down, i.e., show voice resilience. We seek to contribute to this important but neglected area of research. We propose that when managers offer specific explanations for why employee voice is not endorsed, employees will perceive higher voice safety, which encourages voice resilience. In line with our predictions, the results from two experimental studies where we manipulated managers’ specific versus non-specific explanations after non-endorsements of a voiced suggestion provides converging evidence that managers’ high explanation specificity when rejecting voice indirectly fosters employees’ voice resilience via voice safety.Our study contributes to an emerging understanding of how managers may effectively respond to employees who voice their dissent when managers must disagree with the content of this dissent. With specific explanations for their rejection, they may protect voice safety perceptions and future voice behavior
Chapitre XII : Vers la décarbonation des transports en Afrique. Utopie ou Réalité ?
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Impact des choix méthodologiques sur l’estimation de la variation du stock de carbone organique du sol
No full textEngineering schoolIn response to the rising atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, which is one of the main drivers of global warming, soils are increasingly recognized as a strategic lever in climate mitigation efforts. As the largest terrestrial carbon sink, they hold potential for storing carbon. It is within this context that the “4 per 1000” initiative was launched, aiming to increase soil organic carbon stocks in order to help reduce anthropogenic emissions. However, it is essential to quantify the impact of soil management practices on their carbon storage capacity. This allows us to identify which practices effectively promote sequestration and could contribute to achieving the initiative’s targets. In this study, we assessed the evolution of soil organic carbon stocks over a six-year period, corresponding to a full crop rotation, on an agricultural plot at the ICOS FR EM2 site in northern France. Two methodological approaches were employed. The first was based on soil sampling to measure changes in carbon stocks, and the second relied on carbon balance calculations using CO₂ fluxes measured through the Eddy Covariance technique. The study aimed to compare the results obtained, analyze the influence of methodological choices on the estimates, and discuss the potential of this cropping system to contribute to carbon sequestration. Our analysis examined changes in soil carbon stocks using both methods and their respective implementation variants. It highlighted the importance of corrections applied to Eddy Covariance measurements, with differences in carbon balance estimates reaching up to 1 t C/ha over six years depending on the treatment. It also emphasized the critical role of methodological choices in the soil sampling approach, with an estimated range of carbon loss between 2 and 6 t C/ha. Despite these discrepancies, both methods led to the same conclusion. The plot acts as a carbon source, with significant depletion of soil organic carbon. This finding is consistent with results from other studies conducted on cropland. However, the cropping system studied appears to have a lower emission potential, particularly due to the presence of alfalfa, a crop that is rarely represented in the agricultural systems examined in the literature.Face à l’augmentation de la concentration atmosphérique en gaz à effet de serre, principale cause du réchauffement climatique, les sols, premier puits de carbone terrestre, apparaissent comme un levier stratégique dans la lutte contre ce phénomène. C’est dans cette perspective qu’est née l’initiative « 4 pour 1000 », visant à accroître les stocks de carbone organique du sol afin de contribuer à la réduction des émissions anthropiques. Toutefois, il est essentiel de pouvoir quantifier l’impact des pratiques de gestion des sols sur leur capacité de stockage du carbone, afin d’identifier celles qui favorisent réellement cette séquestration et qui pourraient permettre d’atteindre les objectifs fixés par cette initiative. Dans ce contexte, nous avons évalué l’évolution des stocks de COS sur une parcelle agricole du site ICOS FR-EM2 dans le nord de la France sur une période de six ans, correspondant à une rotation culturale. Deux approches méthodologiques ont été mobilisées : la méthode de mesure de l’évolution du stock de COS basée sur les prélèvements de sol et le bilan carbone basé sur les flux de CO₂ mesurés par Eddy Covariance. L’étude vise à comparer les résultats obtenus, à analyser l’impact des choix méthodologiques sur les estimations, et à discuter du potentiel de ce système de culture à contribuer à la séquestration du carbone. Notre étude a examiné l’évolution des stocks de carbone dans le sol à partir de ces deux méthodes et de leurs variantes de mise en œuvre. Elle met en évidence l’importance des corrections appliquées aux mesures par Eddy Covariance, avec des écarts d’estimation du bilan carbone pouvant atteindre 1 t C/ha sur six ans selon les traitements. De même, elle souligne le rôle déterminant des choix méthodologiques dans l’approche par prélèvements de sol, avec un déstockage estimé entre 2 et 6 t C/ha. Malgré ces divergences, les deux méthodes convergent vers une même conclusion : la parcelle agit comme une source de carbone, avec un déstockage important de carbone organique du sol. Ce constat rejoint les résultats d’autres études menées sur des terres arables. Toutefois, le système de culture étudié semble présenter un potentiel d’émission moindre, notamment grâce à la présence de luzerne, une culture peu représentée dans les systèmes agricoles analysés dans la littérature