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The roots of the Institut Pasteur's "Grand Cours".
No full textInternational audienceThe article presents an analysis of the history of the microbiology course delivered during the inaugural operational year of the Institut Pasteur in Paris. The year 1889 is examined through the lens of three hitherto unknown volumes that bring together the microbiology lectures delivered at the end of the 19th century.The course was entirely independent from the teaching provided by the universities or faculties of medicine and rapidly gained international recognition. Indeed, the course provided the students with the theoretical knowledge of Pasteurian theories regarding the completely new discipline of microbiology and the specific techniques used to cultivate, conserve, and observe microbes. The steady increase in the number of lectures between 1889 and 1914 reflects the expansion of microbiological knowledge during this period. The contributions of researchers such as Émile Roux (1853–1933), Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916), and Amédée Borrel (1867–1936) illuminated the collaboration and the growing diversification of expertise at the heart of the Institut Pasteur (IP).Furthermore, this study highlights the international influence of the course, as evidenced by the participation of foreign students. It examines the history of the course as a powerful tool for disseminating knowledge of new microbiological techniques and the results of research carried out in Pasteur's laboratories. It also examines how the course served as a political instrument, asserting the authority of the Institut Pasteur in the field of microbiology in France and extending its influence worldwide
Strategies to achieve efficiencies of over 19% for organic solar cells
No full textInternational audienceOrganic solar cells are a promising system for generating clean energy. Recent advancements, particularly in non-fullerene acceptors such as Y6 and its derivatives, along with the development of innovative polymer donors, have significantly enhanced the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells at the laboratory scale, with the expectation to reach 21% in the near future. The strategic engineering of these acceptors has expanded the pool of non-fullerene acceptor materials, providing excellent compatibility with a wide range of donor materials. Moreover, these advancements also foster research into solvent engineering, additive engineering, multicomponent devices, and device architectures. This review highlights the latest progress in terms of active material design, interface material development, device technology, and various proposed strategies aimed at achieving power conversion efficiencies above 19%. Finally, we propose future research directions to achieve high-efficiency organic solar cells. We also expect that this review will contribute to guiding large-scale construction and will pave the way for eventual commercialization
Risques et enjeux de la levée du secret professionnel médical dans la protection des victimes d’emprise
No full textInternational audienc
Light-touch retrofitting, earth and textile
No full textInternational audienceIn a context of climate instability and energy insecurity, adapting existing housing is essential. Large-scale retrofitting efforts have struggled to be effective, leading to the exploration of light-touch and participatory approaches. In the mining basin of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, where 70,000 former miners’ homes face energy poverty, two collaborative workshops were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in the Cité d’Orient housing estate in Harnes.The Bio-ARA workshop explored the use of raw earth render for its thermal and aesthetic properties, while the Bio-Tex workshop focused on designing bio-sourced curtains made of linen and recycled cotton to better distribute heat within homes. These workshops, combining research, education, and hands-on experimentation, involved researchers, students, residents, and artisans.The results show that this approach actively engages residents, helping them develop new skills and perceive thermal comfort differently. Testimonials highlighted improved insulation and increased appreciation for the aesthetic qualities of the implemented solutions. These low-cost experiments (€5,000 per household) offer accessible solutions to combat energy poverty and could be replicated in other post-industrial contexts
The 2024 phononic crystals roadmap
No full textInternational audienceOver the past 3 decades, phononic crystals experienced revolutionary development for understanding and utilizing mechanical waves by exploring interaction between mechanical waves and structures. With the significant advances in manufacture technologies from nanoscale to macroscale, phononic crystals attract researchers from diverse disciplines to study abundant directions such as bandgaps, dispersion engineering, novel modes, reconfigurable control, efficient design algorithms and so on. The aim of this roadmap is to present the current state of the art, an overview of properties, functions and applications of phononic crystals, opinions on the challenges and opportunities. The various perspectives cover wide topics on basic property, homogenization, machine learning assisted design, topological, non-Hermitian, nonreciprocal, nanoscale, chiral, nonlocal, active, spatiotemporal, hyperuniform properties of phononic crystals, and applications in underwater acoustics, seismic wave protection, vibration and noise control, thermal transport, sensing, acoustic tweezers, written by over 40 renown experts. It is also intended to guide researchers, funding agencies and industry in identifying new prospects for phononic crystals in the upcoming years
Biochemical Insights into Specialized Plant Metabolites: Advancing Cosmeceutical Applications for Skin Benefits
No full textInternational audienc
An Intellectual History of Science in the Renaissance. Cultural and Technological Frameworks. Vol. 2: Vol. 1
No full textInternational audienc
"La rationalité de la théologie : perspectives et articulations "
No full textRapport d'expertise pour l'édition "Parole et Silence
