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Beliefs about inequality and the nature of support for redistribution
No full textInternational audienceDo beliefs about inequality depend on distributive preferences? What is the joint role of preferences and beliefs about inequality for support for redistribution? We study these questions in a staggered experiment with a broadly representative sample of the Swiss population conducted in the context of a vote on a highly redistributive policy proposal. Our sample comprises a majority of inequality averse subjects, a sizeable group of altruistic subjects, and a minority of predominantly selfish subjects. Irrespective of preference types, individuals overestimate the extent of income inequality. An information intervention successfully corrects these large misperceptions for all types, but essentially does not affect aggregate support for redistribution. These results hide, however, important heterogeneity because the effects of beliefs about inequality for demand for redistribution are preference-dependent: only inequality averse individuals, but not the selfish and altruistic ones, significantly reduce their support for redistribution. These findings cast a new light on the seemingly puzzling result that, in the aggregate, large changes in beliefs about inequality often do not translate into changes in demand for redistribution
Aphicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of "Salvia rosmarinus" Essential Oil and Its Major Compound, 1,8-Cineole
No full textInternational audienceThis work uses GC-MS to analyze the bioactive compounds of Salvia rosmarinus essential oils (SREO) and evaluates their antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal effects, as well as the major component, 1,8-cineole. Chemical analysis identified 16 compounds accounting for 99.19% of the oil's total content, with 1,8-cineole (33.17%), camphor (16.53%), alpha-pinene (14.46%), and camphene (8.14%) as the major constituents. Antimicrobial activities were assessed against pathogenic strains using minimal inhibit concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. SREO exhibited a minimum MIC of 0.128% against P. aeruginosa, while 1,8-cineole showed a minimum MIC of 2.06% against the same strain, highlighting the higher efficacy of the complete oil compared to the isolated compound. Conversely, for antifungal activity, 1,8-cineole displayed a lower MIC (2.06%) against A. niger and P. digitatum compared to SREO (4.125% against A. niger). Regarding aphicidal activity, results demonstrated the lethal effects of SREO on M. persicae, with an even more pronounced impact observed for 1,8-cineole. At one dose of 40 1.1L/L air, SREO and 1,8cineole resulted in 100% insect mortality within 24 h of exposure. After 12 h of exposure to SREO at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 1.1L/L air, the mortality rates were 20%, 36.67%, 70%, and 93.33%. 1,8-cineole showed maximum efficacy, achieving complete (100%) mortality within 12 h at 40 1.1L/L air
Antimony mining and metallurgy in the Brioude-Massiac district (Massif Central, France): historical features and perspectives
No full textInternational audienceThe Brioude-Massiac district played a key role in antimony mining in France. While in Roman times, complex polymetallic veins (Pb-Ag-Sb) were exploited, most likely for Pb and Ag only, Sb veins gained interest in the 17 th century. Numerous mines were opened, playing a significant role in the French production. Nowadays, mining and smelting activities are long gone but remnants are still clearly visible. On one hand, numerous galleries, shafts and mining wastes are witnesses of historic mining activity; on the other hand, scarcer smelting remains can be observed, as ruins of plants or as accumulation of artisanal smelting artefacts. Based on a literature review, field examination and classical petrography, the present study documents the Brioude-Massiac district in order to discuss its value as a geoheritage site and to broaden it towards an international audience, since most of the relevant works about this district are in French. As a A type-locality for a major Sb ore (berthierite FeSb 2 S 4 ), it is also known since at least the 18 th century for magnificent stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) crystallisations. Smelting activities (liquation and oxidizing roasting) have left traces such as ruins of former plants and various slags (locally used as aggregates) which yield interesting samples. Hence, it can be seen that the patrimonial value of this district allows a holistic approach of all aspects of Sb, from geology, mining and smelting. Based on a literature review, field examination and classical petrography, the present study documents the Brioude-Massiac district in order to discuss its value as a geoheritage site and to broaden it towards an international audience, since most of the relevant works about this district are in French.</div
Les expressions axiologiques dans l’espace public : un pendant critique aux normes sociétales ? : La transmission normative par les axiomorphosimes
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we wish to explore the questions posed in the framing text by starting from a phenomenological position on ‘transmission’: transmitting is an activity of putting, dynamic because it involves a ‘trajectivity’ (Berque, 2015), a movement across between at least two poles and linking them. In so doing, transmission is characterised by a double experience: that of being put into oneself, and that of being ‘taken’ (Bessy & Chateauraynaud, 1995; Heinich, 2017). These two positions create a particular kind of social relationship between the person who puts in and the person who takes: a relationship of value.Since 2017, we have been conducting ethnographic research consisting of photographing and mapping axiological expressions in public space. By ‘axiological expressions’, we mean written or posted messages, in letters and/or symbols, presenting one or more values, whether they are being fought for/defended (as in the case of feminist messages/fights against violence against women), addressed to someone explicitly or not.Dans cette communication, nous souhaitons explorer les questions posées dans le texte de cadrage en partant d’une position phénoménologique de la « transmission » : transmettre, c’est une activité de mise, dynamique car impliquant une « trajectivité » (Berque, 2015), un mouvement traversant entre au moins deux pôles et les reliant. Ce faisant, un double vécu d’expérience caractérise une transmission : celle de la mise en soi, et celle de la « prise » (Bessy & Chateauraynaud, 1995; Heinich, 2017). Ces deux postures enfin pose un rapport social entre la personne qui mise et la personne qui prise d’un type particulier : un rapport de valeur.Nous conduisons depuis 2017 une recherche ethnographique consistant à photographier et cartographier des expressions axiologiques dans l’espace public. Par « expressions axiologiques », nous entendons des messages écrits ou affichés, en lettres ou/et par des symboles, présentant une à plusieurs valeurs, qu’elles soient combattues/défendues (comme dans le cas des messages féministes/de luttes contre les violences faites aux femmes), adressées à quelqu’un explicitement ou non.Ces messages ou expressions axiologiques reconfigurent ainsi leur espace-support de réception : entre une expérience de l’art (Dewey, 2014) et une mise à « prise », ces messages sont disposés de façon à interpeller le sujet regardant. Ce faisant, ils transmettent non seulement un sens lexical – ils délivrent un message – mais aussi un sens politique – ils misent sur la prise souhaitée : interpeller la personne qui lit.C’est à partir de cette « configuration » (Barbier & Dutoit, 2023) que nous proposons d’explorer les questionnements du colloque, notamment sur une « normativité de la transmission » dans l’espace public. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que ces « axiomorphismes » - soit ces valeurs prennant une forme, se visibilisant – interpellent plus que le sujet lecteur : elles interpellent aussi la société en positionnant ce qui fait « crise » en elle en lumière critique, les deux étant reliées (Fassin, 2023; Heurtaux et al., 2023). A travers un récit rétrospectif de ces années de recherche ethnographique, nous souhaitons interroger comment ces mises en mots/symboles de valeurs qui comptent viennent conduire à s’interroger sur les siennes propres et, ce faisant, apprendre à situer la genèse de ses propres valeurs (Joas, 2023)
Entropic forces in rotaxane-based daisy chains: Toward tunable nanomechanical systems
No full textInternational audienceMechanically interlocked polymers and molecules exhibit unique topological, physical, and chemical properties, making them highly promising for applications in molecular machines, molecular switches, artificial muscles, nano-actuators, nano-sensors, and biomedical technologies. While significant progress has been made in their synthesis and practical implementation, theoretical studies remain underexplored. In this work, we examine the role of entropic forces in daisy chain structures incorporating rotaxanes, with the ultimate goal of characterizing entropic nano-springs for use in nanomechanics and nanotechnology. Potential applications include artificial cytoskeletons, synthetic cells, and nano-mechanical logic gates.</div
Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Programme overview and pipeline for compact- and diffuse-emission photometry
No full textInternational audienceThe Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline to create visually compelling images while simultaneously meeting the scientific demands within months of launch, leveraging a pragmatic, data-driven development strategy. The pipeline's key requirements are to preserve the image quality and to provide flux calibration and photometry for compact and extended sources. The pipeline's five pillars are: removal of instrumental signatures; astrometric calibration; photometric calibration; image stacking; and the production of science-ready catalogues for both the VIS and NISP instruments. We report a PSF with a full width at half maximum of 0.16" in the optical and 0.49" in the three NIR bands. Our VIS mean absolute flux calibration is accurate to about 1%, and 10% for NISP due to a limited calibration set; both instruments have considerable colour terms. The median depth is 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag with a SNR of 10 for galaxies, and 27.1 and 24.5 AB mag at an SNR of 5 for point sources for VIS and NISP, respectively. Euclid's ability to observe diffuse emission is exceptional due to its extended PSF nearly matching a pure diffraction halo, the best ever achieved by a wide-field, high-resolution imaging telescope. Euclid offers unparalleled capabilities for exploring the LSB Universe across all scales, also opening a new observational window in the NIR. Median surface-brightness levels of 29.9 and 28.3 AB mag per square arcsec are achieved for VIS and NISP, respectively, for detecting a 10 arcsec x 10 arcsec extended feature at the 1 sigma level
Regulating Prostitution in France from 1791 to 1946: An Example for the Future
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A Practical Approach for Internal Energy Tuning in LDI-MS: Porous Silicon Substrates as a Case Study
No full textInternational audienceThis study presents a methodical procedure for optimizing laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) supports using porous silicon (PSi) substrates. The approach involves the use of substituted benzyl-pyridinium salts (thermometer ions) to obtain one metric that assesses analyte fragmentation (the effective temperature of vibration). Porous silicon substrates were synthesized via electrochemical etching of p-type silicon wafers (10-20 mΩ•cm), with etching parameters adjusted to vary porosity while maintaining a layer thickness between 700 and 1200 nm. The results revealed that PSi substrates with 40-60% porosity achieved the lowest fragmentation levels. This finding was validated through the analysis of N-acetyl glucosamine, a carbohydrate, which confirmed the effective temperature trend. Further analysis involving peptides, specifically P14R and a peptide mix (Peptide Calibration Standard II, Bruker), demonstrated that the optimized PSi substrates enabled the desorption and ionization of peptides with a maximum mass at m/z 2465, corresponding to ACTH clip 1-17. These results highlight the critical role of substrate porosity in minimizing analyte fragmentation and enhancing LDI-MS performance.</div
Divided by morality? Moral foundations of affective polarisation during hard times
No full textInternational audienceIn this article, we examine the deeper causes of a key group conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic: attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccination. Extending research on affective polarisation beyond partisanship, we analyse how people perceive the external groups of vaccination supporters and opponents. Furthermore, we investigate how their own moral foundations influence these perceptions. Using six samples from six European countries, our analyses reveal an affective divide between supporters and opponents of COVID-19 vaccinations. Most interestingly and contrary to conventional expectations, we find that individualising rather than binding foundations intensify affective polarisation between pro- and anti-vaccination supporters in all countries. It seems that especially in times of pandemic threat, COVID-19 vaccination supporters and opponents alike feel that their core moral foundations, in particular, fairness are being challenged by their respective out-groups. Our findings could be used to develop depolarisation interventions involving moral framing
An elliptical SRR low-profile multiband antenna-backed AMC for wireless applications and satellite communications
No full textInternational audienceAbstract This paper presents a low-profile, triple-band elliptical coplanar waveguide-fed antenna designed using the split-ring resonator technique. An artificial magnetic conductor with three zero-phases of the reflection coefficient is incorporated as a reflector to improve the antenna gain. The results show a gain enhancement of 3.4, 5.65, and 1.5 dBi at the three frequency bands of interest centered on 2.45, 5.2, and 8 GHz, respectively. The first two operational bands are Industrial, Scientific and Medical bands (2.33–2.59 and 4.97–5.48 GHz) that can be particularly used for wireless local area network and Bluetooth applications, while the third band (7.48-8.59 GHz) is suitable for military and satellite communications. The proposed solution that is designed, fabricated, and tested exhibits a good agreement between measured and simulated results