Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
Not a member yet
338 research outputs found
Sort by
„Albowiem zapragnął on mieć tę oto księgę w domu swoim”. Kolofon w XIV-wiecznym rękopisie serbskim jako źródło do badań nad upowszechnieniem się kroniki Jerzego Mnicha zw. Hamartolosem w piśmiennictwie Słowian Południowych
No full textThe aim of this article is to present a previously unpublished source, i.e. an extended colophon, placed on the last pages of a Serbian manuscript from 1385/1386 (ГИМ, Син. 148, fol. 433–434). This manuscript is one of the oldest copies of the second translation into Church Slavic of the chronicle of George the Monk called Hamartolus (9th century), known as Лѣтовникъ. This translation was based on the version of the Byzantine historian’s work, which most likely has not survived to this day in any Greek manuscript. The translation was made in the Second Bulgarian Empire, in the first half of the 14th century, and then became popular in the Slavic monastic environment on Mount Athos, in Nemanjić’s Serbia and in the Danubian principalities. Лѣтовникъ can also be considered one of the least studied versions of the chronicle of George the Monk. The manuscript ГИМ, Син. 148 was written – as we read in the colophon – by two monks, Roman and Basil, in the Serbian monastery of Hilandar on Mount Athos, on the order of Radovan, a magnate from the circle of Constantine Dejanović Dragaš, for the needs of his private book collection. The text presented here is therefore an interesting testimony to the spread of reading culture in the Balkans in the 14th–15th centuries.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie niepublikowanego dotąd źródła, tj. rozbudowanego kolofonu, zamieszczonego na ostatnich kartach rękopisu serbskiego z 1385/1386 r. (ГИМ, Син. 148, fol. 433–434). Manuskrypt ten stanowi jeden z najstarszych odpisów drugiego tłumaczenia na język cerkiewnosłowiański kroniki Jerzego Mnicha zw. Hamartolosem (IX w.), znanego jako Лѣтовникъ. Podstawą przekładu była wersja dzieła bizantyńskiego dziejopisa, która najprawdopodobniej nie zachowała się do naszych dni w żadnym manuskrypcie greckim. Tłumaczenie powstało w II carstwie bułgarskim, w pierwszej połowie XIV w., a następnie upowszechniło się w słowiańskim środowisku monastycznym na górze Atos, w Serbii Nemanjiciów i w księstwach naddunajskich. Лѣтовникъ można też uznać za jedną z najsłabiej przebadanych wersji kroniki Jerzego Mnicha. Rękopis ГИМ, Син. 148 został spisany – jak czytamy w kolofonie – przez dwóch mnichów, Romana i Bazylego, w serbskim monasterze Hilandar na górze Atos, na zamówienie Radovana, możnowładcy z kręgu Konstantyna Dejanovicia Dragaša, na potrzeby jego prywatnego księgozbioru. Prezentowany tu tekst stanowi zatem interesujące świadectwo upowszechniania się kultury czytelniczej na Bałkanach w XIV–XV w
Asymetria demokratyzacji. Przypadek państw bałkańskich
No full textThe primary objective of this study is to address the question of whether, in the Balkan states, democratization – conceived as the political system transformation-displays characteristics of symmetry or whether it currently reveals signs of asymmetry. The political systems of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Serbia were subjected to analysis. All the countries analyzed experience, to varying degress, deviations from the established trajectory of each country, the asymmetry of democratization is evident. Serbia is most notably affected, as it consistently ranks lowest across nearly all examined dimensions (freedom, democracy evolution, democracy index, situational assessment of democracy, media freedom, and perceptions of corruption), with a clear downward trend in these indicators. Bosnia i Herzegovina, as well as North Macedonia, follow in the rankings. In contrast, Albania and, surprisingly, Kosovo, achieve relatively the best results. Particulary concerning is the perception of corruption, especially in the case of North Macedonia.Za główny cel badawczy rozważań przyjęto odpowiedź na pytanie czy w państwach bałkańskich demokratyzacja rozumiana jako rdzeń transformacji systemu politycznego posiada cechy symetrii czy też obecnie wykazuje znamiona asymetryczności. Analizie poddane zostały systemy polityczne Albanii, Bośni i Hercegowiny, Kosowa, Macedonii Północnej i Serbii. Wszystkie poddane analizie państwa doświadczają w mniejszym lub większym stopniu odchyleń od wyznaczonej trajektorii przemian demokratycznych. Tak więc zauważalna, choć w nierównym stopniu w przypadku każdego państwa, jest asymetria demokratyzacji. Najbardziej tym doświadczona jest Serbia bowiem w niemal wszystkich badanych wymiarach (wolność, ocena demokracji, indeks demokracji, ocena demokracji w kontekście sytuacyjnym, wolność mediów, postrzeganie korupcji) osiąga najniższe wyniki z obserwowalną wyraźną tendencją obniżających ocen. Na kolejnym miejscu plasuje się Bośnia i Hercegowina oraz Macedonia Północna. Natomiast relatywnie najlepsze wyniki osiąga Albania i zdumiewająco Kosowo. Niepokojący jest wskaźnik przestrzegania korupcji zwłaszcza w przypadku Macedonii Północnej
Старата българска столица Търново според Георги Акрополит
No full textThe article is dedicated to an analysis of the image, role, and significance of the late medieval Bulgarian capital, Tărnovo, as presented in the historical work of George Akropolites. For him Tărnovo emerges as the most important city of interest located within the central territories of the Bulgarian Tsardom, enclosed between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains. It was the permanent residence of the tsar’s family and the Bulgarian court. Tărnovo was also the religious center of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, the seat of its ecclesiastical head. The capital hosted royal coronations, marriages, and high-level diplomatic encounters. Often, members of the royal family met their deaths there and were buried in the city. High-ranking foreign captives were imprisoned and held within its walls. The city served as a gathering point for the Bulgarian army prior to military campaigns. Foreign envoys traveled to it, and tsar’s legates departed from and returned to it. Tărnovo also functioned as the central arena in the struggle for power within the Bulgarian Tsardom – a place of intrigue, conspiracy, and a target of external aggression. An analysis of Akropolites’ testimony demonstrates that control over the capital was a prerequisite for exercising legitimate authority in Bulgaria and over the Bulgarians.Статията е посветена на анализ на образа, ролята и значението на късносредновековната българска столица Търново в историческия труд на Георги Акрополит, най-важният автор описващ деянията на Никейската империя. Автор, който е имал лично впечатление от българското столично средище, след като го е посетил през 1260 г. като участник в едно ромейско пратеничество в българския царски двор. Въпреки че поименните споменавания на града в текста на Акрополит не са многобройни, те, ведно с информациите косвено отнасящи се за престолнината, позволяват да се направи ред изводи, свързани не само с възприемането на Търново от южните съседи на България, но и да се изяснят подробностите от неговата история през първата половина на XIII век. Общо казано, за Акрополит Търново е най-важния и в много отношения единственият интересуващ го град намиращ се в централните територии на българското царство, затворени помежду Дунав и Стара планина. Така е, защото той е българска престолнина, в която се разиграват и решават най-важните събития в историята на северната съседка на византийската империя. Изправени пред агресори владетелите желаещи да задържат властта си търсят закрила зад нейните фортификации. Тя е постоянно местоживелище на царското семейство и на представителите на българския царски двор – дори, когато по различни причини го напускат, те се завръщат в него. Тя е и средище на Българската православна църква, седалище на нейния духовен глава – архиепископа и вследствие патриарха. В столицата имат място царски коронясвания, женитби, срещи на международно равнище. Често в града смъртта застига членовете на царската фамилия, които също биват погребани в столицата. Тука биват заточавани и държани високопоставени чуждестранни пленници. Градът е сборен пункт на българската войска преди тя да излезе на поход. Към него се запътват чуждестранни пратеници, а от него тръгват и към него се завръщат легатите на българските царе. Търново се явява и централен пункт на борбата за власт в Българското царство – място на интриги, заговори и обект на външни атаки. Анализът на Акрополитовите свидетелства доказва, че владеенето на столицата е било задължително условие за упражняване на легитимна власт в България и над българите. В този контекст напускането на града или невъзможността да се влезе в него трябва да се третира, като свидетелство за невъзможността да се задържи властта и неспособността да се бори за нея в дадения момент. Разбира се, текстът на византийския историк не напълно меродавен по отношение на всички аспекти свързани с позицията и значението на българския царстващ град, по простата причина, че византиецът се интересува само от това, което по един или друг начин има отношение към византийската кауза. Анализираните пасажи обхващат периода между 1190 и 1260 г. от историята на Търновград.Статията е посветена на анализ на образа, ролята и значението на късносредновековната българска столица Търново в историческия труд на Георги Акрополит. За него Търново е най-важния град намиращ се в централните територии на българското царство, затворени помежду Дунав и Стара планина. Той е постоянно местообитание на царското семейство и на представителите на българския царски двор. Търново е и средище на Българската православна църква, седалище на нейния духовен глава. В столицата се провеждат царски коронации, женитби, срещи на международно равнище. Често в града смъртта застига членовете на царската фамилия, които също биват погребани в столицата. Тука биват заточавани и държани високопоставени чуждестранни пленници. Градът е сборен пункт на българската войска преди тя да излезе на поход. Към него се запътват чуждестранни пратеници, а от него тръгват и към него се завръщат пратениците на българските царе. Търново се явява и централен пункт на борбата за власт в Българското царство – място на интриги, заговори и обект на външни атаки. Анализът на Акрополитовите свидетелства доказва, че владеенето на столицата е било задължително условие за упражняване на легитимна власт в България и над българите
Virunum (Magdalensberg), czyli perspektywy badań nad rzymskimi miastami prowincjalnymi
No full textThe Roman Empire is one of the most important phenomena in the history of Europe. For several centuries, it expanded largely undisturbed, and its cities, built on its frontiers, not only testified to its greatness but also served as a guarantee of the enduring nature of Roman ideals. This study investigates the processes of Romanization and urban development in the settlements of Magdalensberg and Virunum, Carinthia, Austria. It is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological, epigraphic, and historical analysis to reconstruct the chronology and character of urban development. Moreover, architectural remains, inscriptions, and material culture are examined to assess the mechanisms of Roman cultural transmission and local adaptation. The findings indicate that Romanization in Noricum predated formal annexation and was initially stimulated by commercial and cultural exchange with Aquileia. Magdalensberg emerged as a center reflecting Italian architectural models, while the foundation of Virunum under Claudius represented the full institutional and spatial integration of the province. The evidence reveals a dynamic process of cultural negotiation that produces a provincial identity. And since the Roman culture lies at the foundations of modern Europe, the research into the Roman cities of the North-West has a significant impact on the broader study of European historyImperium Rzymskie jest jednym z największych fenomenów w dziejach Europy. Przez kilka stuleci rozwijało się w dużej mierze bez przeszkód, a zakładane w obrębie limesu miasta nie tylko świadczyły o jego potędze, lecz także stanowiły gwarancję trwałości ideałów rzymskich. Artykuł ten podejmuje analizę procesów romanizacji i urbanizacji w osadzie na Magdalensbergu i w Virunum, położonych w Karyntii (Austria). Badania oparte są na podejściu interdyscyplinarnym, łączącym podejście archeologiczne, epigraficzne i historyczne, w celu rekonstrukcji chronologii oraz charakteru przemian urbanistycznych. Ponadto poddane analizie pozostałości architektoniczne, inskrypcje i kultura materialna pozwalają określić mechanizmy transmisji kultury rzymskiej oraz lokalnej do nich adaptacji. Wyniki badań wskazują, że proces romanizacji w Noricum rozpoczął się jeszcze przed formalną aneksją prowincji i został początkowo zainicjowany przez kontakty handlowe i kulturowe z Akwileją. Magdalensberg wykształcił się jako ośrodek, odzwierciedlający italskie wzorce architektoniczne, natomiast założenie Virunum za panowania cesarza Klaudiusza oznaczało pełną instytucjonalną i przestrzenną integrację prowincji z imperium. Zgromadzone świadectwa ukazują dynamiczny proces negocjacji kulturowych, prowadzący do ukształtowania się tożsamości prowincjonalnej. A ponieważ kultura rzymska stanowi fundament współczesnej Europy, badania nad miastami rzymskimi północno-zachodnich prowincji, mają istotne znaczenie dla szerszych studiów nad historią europejsk
Juliette Dumas, au cœur du harem. les princesses ottomanes à l’aune du pouvoir (XVe–XVIIIe s.), Brill, Leiden–Boston 2022, ss. 427
No full textPercepcja tożsamości Czarnogórców w notatkach Henryka Batowskiego
No full textThe analysis of notes and other materials collected by the eminent Polish historian and Balkanist, Professor Henryk Batowski, provides fascinating material not only for historians but also for political scientists and cultural scholars, potentially yielding interdisciplinary research that would perfectly capture the Polish scholar\u27s holistic approach to the Balkan reality of the 1930s, which he observed firsthand. Despite belonging to a different discipline, or even field of research (social sciences, international relations), the author was not only captivated by the analysis of nearly a century-old sources depicting reality in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia but also found the process of building the Krakow professor\u27s scholarly workshop fascinating from a scholarly perspective. The direct inspiration for this text came from national issues close to her research, and their approach, both three decades ago and in the first half of the 20th century. This article explores the perception of the Montenegrin nation and its politics based on research and analysis of documents, speeches, discourses in academic journals and the press, as well as the historiography on Montenegrins undertaken in the 1930s by Henryk Batowski (1907–1999), a Polish historian and Slavist renowned in Poland and abroad. Direct inspiration comes from H. Batowski\u27s diverse texts from the early 1920s—correspondence, notes, commentaries, and quotations for academic journals and the press. These constitute a testament to the Professor\u27s research, personal reflections, and views on national issues. A significant portion of the work relates to his recollections of several years spent in the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia (in the 1930s). Documentation on Yugoslav national issues, including state statistics, is also consulted. The article highlights the researcher\u27s approach to history and identity, which currently form the basis for treating Montenegrins as a distinct national community. A political science perspective on the concepts of nation, state, and national identification is adopted. The concepts employed are grounded in the disciplines of political science and international relations (e.g., regional politics and identity, state entity, independence, sovereignty), as is information obtained from the analysis of exceptionally interesting materials.Analiza bilješki i drugih materijala koje je prikupio eminentni poljski historičar i balkanista, profesor Henryk Batowski, pruža fascinantan materijal ne samo za historičare već i za politikologe i kulturologe, potencijalno rezultirajući interdisciplinarnim istraživanjem koje bi savršeno obuhvatilo holistički pristup poljskog naučnika balkanskoj stvarnosti 1930-ih, koju je on posmatrao iz prve ruke. Uprkos pripadnosti drugoj disciplini, ili čak polju istraživanja (društvene nauke, međunarodni odnosi), autora nije samo zaokupila analiza skoro jednog vijeka starih izvora koji prikazuju stvarnost u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, već je i proces razvoja naučne radionice krakovskog profesora smatrala fascinantnim iz naučne perspektive. Direktna inspiracija za ovaj tekst došla je iz nacionalnih pitanja bliskih njenom istraživanju, i njihovog pristupa, kako prije tri decenije, tako i u prvoj polovini 20. vijeka. Članak istražuje percepciju crnogorske nacije početkom 1990-ih, na osnovu rada poznatog poljskog historičara i slaviste Henryka Batowskog (1907-1999). Direktna inspiracija dolazi iz raznolikih tekstova H. Batowskog s početka 1990-ih – prepiske, bilješki, komentara i citata za akademske časopise i štampu. Oni predstavljaju svjedočanstvo profesorovog istraživanja, ličnih promišljanja i stavova o nacionalnim pitanjima, a značajan dio se odnosi na njegova sjećanja s višegodišnjeg boravka u međuratnoj Kraljevini Jugoslaviji (1930-ih). Konsultovana je i dokumentacija o jugoslovenskim nacionalnim pitanjima, uključujući državnu statistiku.
Članak ističe istraživačev pristup historiji i identitetu, koji trenutno čine osnovu za tretiranje Crnogoraca kao zasebne nacionalne zajednice. Usvaja se perspektiva političkih nauka o konceptima nacije, države i nacionalnog identiteta. Korišteni koncepti utemeljeni su u disciplinama političkih nauka i međunarodnih odnosa (npr. regionalna politika i identitet, državna agencija, nezavisnost i suverenitet).Analiza notatek oraz innych materiałów zebranych przez wybitnego polskiego historyka i bałkanisty profesora Henryka Batowskiego stanowi fascynujący materiał nie tylko dla historyka, ale i politologa oraz kulturoznawcy, mogąc owocować interdyscyplinarnymi badaniami, które w znakomity sposób oddałyby holistyczne podejście polskiego badacza do rzeczywistości bałkańskiej lat 30. XX w., którą bezpośrednio obserwował. Autorka, mimo przynależności do innej dyscypliny, a nawet dziedziny badań (nauki społeczne, stosunki międzynarodowe) uległa nie tylko czarowi analizy około stuletnich źródeł, kreślących rzeczywistość w Królestwie Jugosławii, ale i uznała za fascynujący, z punktu widzenia naukowego, proces budowania warsztatu naukowego krakowskiego Profesora. Bezpośrednią inspiracją dla napisania tekstu były bliskie jej badaniom kwestie narodowe i ich ujęcie zarówno trzy dekady temu, jak i w pierwszej połowie XX w. W artykule podjęto zagadnienie postrzegania narodu czarnogórskiego i polityki czarnogórskiej na podstawie badań i analiz dokumentów, przemówień, dyskursów na łamach czasopism naukowych oraz prasy, a także historiografii dotyczącej Czarnogórców, które w latach 30. XX w. podjął uznany w Polsce i za granicą polski historyk i slawista Henryk Batowski (1907–1999). Bezpośrednią inspiracją są zróżnicowane gatunkowo teksty autorstwa H. Batowskiego z początku dekady XX stulecia - korespondencja, notatki, komentarze i cytaty dla czasopism naukowych oraz prasy. Stanowią one świadectwo badań, osobistych refleksji i poglądów Profesora na tematy narodowościowe. Znakomita część odnosi się do wspomnień z jego kilkuletniego pobytu w międzywojennym Królestwie Jugosławii (w latach 30. XX wieku). Sięgnięto także po dokumentację dotyczącą jugosłowiańskiej tematyki narodowościowej, m.in. statystyki państwowe. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na podejście badacza do historii i tożsamości, które obecnie stanowią podstawę do traktowania Czarnogórców jako odrębnej wspólnoty narodowej. Przyjęto politologiczny punkt widzenia na pojęcie narodu, państwa i identyfikacji narodowej. Wykorzystane pojęcia osadzone są w dyscyplinie nauk o polityce i stosunków międzynarodowych (np. polityka i tożsamość regionalna, podmiotowość państwowa, niezależność, suwerenność), podobnie jak informacje pozyskane z analizy niezwykle interesujących materiałów
Badania nad bizantyńskimi elitami wojskowymi na Uniwersytecie Łódzkim. Wokół monografii: Mirosław J. Leszka, Szymon Wierzbiński, Strategoí: early Byzantine military commanders in the times of Zeno and Anastasius I (474–518), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego – Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Łódź–Kraków 2024, ss. 302 [=„Byzantina Lodziensia”, t. L]
No full textJugosłowiańska „wojna specjalna” na tle koncepcji i doktryny powszechnej obrony narodowej SFRJ – teoria i ewolucja
No full textThis article is an attempt to analyze and systematize views on the Yugoslav concept of special warfare, known as “specijalni rat”, which is an integral part of the doctrine of universal national defense. Its aim is to present the origins, evolution, and legal and theoretical foundations of this concept against the background of doctrinal and systemic solutions implemented within the framework of the SFRY\u27s universal national defense system. This has made it possible to systematize the current state of knowledge in this area and to emphasize the importance and uniqueness of the solutions applied in the field of defense policy in the former Yugoslavia, which were developed in response to actions (including asymmetric ones, to use contemporary nomenclature) on the part of the Croatian and Serbian political opposition and countries hostile to the Yugoslav state during the Cold War. This article presents the origins of the „special war” in the context of the Cold War and Yugoslavia\u27s unique geopolitical position, taking into account the place and role of the Yugoslav People\u27s Army, the security services, and the Territorial Defense in implementing its objectives. Particular emphasis is placed on its psychological, political, intelligence, and paramilitary dimensions, as well as on the legal and social mechanisms that were supposed to ensure the state\u27s resilience to external and internal threats. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy oraz usystematyzowania poglądów dotyczących jugosłowiańskiej koncepcji wojny specjalnej, zwanej „specijalni rat”, stanowiącej integralną część doktryny powszechnej obrony narodowej. Jego celem jest przedstawienie genezy, ewolucji oraz prawnych i teoretycznych podstaw powstania wymienionej koncepcji na tle rozwiązań doktrynalnych i systemowych prowadzonych w ramach systemu powszechnej obrony narodowej SFRJ. Pozwoliło to na usystematyzowanie dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy w tym zakresie oraz podkreślenie wagi, znaczenia i unikatowości rozwiązań zastosowanych w obszarze polityki obronnej w byłej Jugosławii, które powstały w odpowiedzi na działania (w tym asymetryczne używając współczesnej nomenklatury) płynące ze strony politycznej opozycji chorwackiej i serbskiej oraz państw nastawionych wrogo wobec państwa jugosłowiańskiego w okresie zimnej wojny. W przedmiotowym artykule przedstawiono genezę „wojny specjalnej” w warunkach zimnej wojny w kontekście unikalnego położenia geopolitycznego Jugosławii, uwzględniając miejsce oraz rolę Jugosłowiańskiej Armii Ludowej, służb bezpieczeństwa oraz Obrony Terytorialnej w implementacji jej założeń. Szczególny nacisk położono na jej wymiar psychologiczny, polityczny, wywiadowczy i paramilitarny, a także na mechanizmy prawne i społeczne, które miały zapewnić odporność państwa na zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne zagrożenia.
Contribution to research on the student population at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the first Muslim students from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the University of Zagreb (1874–1914)
No full textAs there was no university in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period before the First World War, young people, including Muslims, who wished to pursue higher education, had to leave the country. Most frequently, they chose universities in Vienna, Graz and Zagreb. The latter was the nearest university within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and enabled them to study without a language barrier. For the Austro-Hungarian authorities, who were then expanding the administration in the newly acquired territory, educated officials were needed; hence, a considerable number of former Muslim students at the University of Zagreb went on to hold important positions in the judiciary and administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina after graduation. In this study, based on the matriculation registers of the University of Zagreb from 1874–1914, the population of Muslim students is presented for the first time. Most of the Muslim students at this university chose to study at the Faculty of Law, while only a few enrolled at the Faculty of Philosophy. Whereas in the last decade of the nineteenth century only a handful of Muslim students studied in Zagreb, their numbers gradually increased, reaching several dozen annually on the eve of the First World War. It is worth noting that the vast majority of Muslim students in Zagreb studied for only a few semesters – on average four – and continued their education at other universities in the Monarchy, most often in Vienna. Almost half of the Muslim students were able to cover their study expenses thanks to scholarships they received, as well as exemptions from tuition fees. The overwhelming majority declared Croatian as their mother tongue, a small number declared Serbian, while none identified Bosnian. At the end of the article, a brief overview is given of the places of employment of the most prominent Muslim students of Zagreb.As there was no university in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period before the First World War, young people, including Muslims, who wished to pursue higher education, had to leave the country. Most frequently, they chose universities in Vienna, Graz and Zagreb. The latter was the nearest university within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and enabled them to study without a language barrier. For the Austro-Hungarian authorities, who were then expanding the administration in the newly acquired territory, educated officials were needed; hence, a considerable number of former Muslim students at the University of Zagreb went on to hold important positions in the judiciary and administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina after graduation. In this study, based on the matriculation registers of the University of Zagreb from 1874–1914, the population of Muslim students is presented for the first time. Most of the Muslim students at this university chose to study at the Faculty of Law, while only a few enrolled at the Faculty of Philosophy. Whereas in the last decade of the nineteenth century only a handful of Muslim students studied in Zagreb, their numbers gradually increased, reaching several dozen annually on the eve of the First World War. It is worth noting that the vast majority of Muslim students in Zagreb studied for only a few semesters – on average four – and continued their education at other universities in the Monarchy, most often in Vienna. Almost half of the Muslim students were able to cover their study expenses thanks to scholarships they received, as well as exemptions from tuition fees. The overwhelming majority declared Croatian as their mother tongue, a small number declared Serbian, while none identified Bosnian. At the end of the article, a brief overview is given of the places of employment of the most prominent Muslim students of Zagreb
XXIV Balcanicum, Grecy i Grecja w polityce oraz kulturze Europy Południowo-Wschodniej, Poznań, 24–25 października 2025
No full textThe XXIV Balcanicum conference, entitled Greeks and Greece in the Politics and Culture of Southeast Europe, was held in Poznań on 24–25 October 2025. The event, organized by the Balkan Studies Commission in cooperation with the Faculty of History at Adam Mickiewicz University, gathered scholars from Poland and abroad who presented 23 papers on topics ranging from Byzantine heritage and early modern influences to modern Greek diplomacy and cultural identity. The conference highlighted the central role of Greece and Greek culture in shaping the political, intellectual, and social landscape of Southeast Europe.W dniach 24–25 października 2025 roku odbyła się konferencja XXIV Balcanicum, zorganizowana przez Komisję Bałkanistyki przy Polskiej Akademii Nauk we współpracy z Wydziałem Historii UAM. Tegoroczna sesja zatytułowana była Grecy i Grecja w polityce oraz kulturze Europy Południowo-Wschodniej. Wygłoszono 23 referaty, prezentujące wyniki badań z zakresu historii, kultury, językoznawstwa i stosunków międzynarodowych. Obrady ukazały znaczenie greckiego dziedzictwa dla rozwoju idei politycznych, kulturowych i religijnych w regionie od średniowiecza po czasy współczesne