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L’Intelligence Artificielle dans un Hôpital à la Croisée des Tensions Paradoxales de la Transformation Digitale
No full textInternational audienceLes recherches sur la transformation digitale (DT) signalent des opportunités de nouveaux modèles théoriques. La DT implique la transformation d'une organisation informatique en une organisation digitale basée les ressources digitales, comme l'intelligence artificielle (IA). Cette transformation révèle souvent des paradoxes, mais les recherches n'ont pas abordé les tensions liées à la DT basée sur l'IA en santé. Pour combler cette lacune, nous menons une étude multi-cas dans un hôpital français (CHX) engagé dans un programme de DT basé sur l'IA. Cette étude vise à éclairer les tensions paradoxales de la DT basée sur l’IA
Non-reconnaissance (provisoire ?) par la France de l'Etat palestinien
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Robust Safety-Critical Control of a Class of Second-Order Nonlinear Systems Using Sliding Mode Control
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we address robust stabilization and safety for a class of nonlinear systems. To achieve this, we employ sliding mode control and control barrier function approaches to ensure both objectives. Additionally, our proposed method guarantees high-order safety by integrating the control barrier function with a nonsingular fast terminal sliding variable and incorporating a robust reaching law in the safety design. To reduce the chattering problem, we used the super twisting algorithm for our nominal control algorithm. The robustness of the proposed strategy in the presence of multiple safety constraints is validated through numerical simulation examples.</div
The Art of Logistics: A Symphony of Movements
No full textInternational audienceThis article presents a fresh perspective on logistics by exploring its artistic dimensions and revealing an often-overlooked aesthetic facet. It examines supply chains as a choreography of flows, where each movement of goods contributes to a larger symphony. This artistic lens invites us to perceive logistics not merely as a collection of functional processes but as a testament to human ingenuity and technological advancement. The author underscores the significance of a visual approach to understanding flows, where every journey narrates a story of connection and exchange. Land, sea, and air routes become lines on a vast canvas, symbolizing the intricate web of human relationships across the globe. Similarly, sprawling warehouses, typically viewed as purely utilitarian spaces, are reimagined as modern cathedrals, dedicated to the logistical pursuit of efficiency. This article advocates for recognizing logistics as an art form, highlighting its profound role in shaping our daily lives. By celebrating its aesthetic dimension, it calls for a more critical and responsible engagement with consumer practices, while also addressing pressing contemporary challenges, such as the environmental and social consequences of overconsumption
L'article 49 de la Constitution française est-il un texte normal dans un régime parlementaire ?
No full textInternational audienceوتتناول هذه الدراسة الطبيعة الشاذة للمادة 49، ولا سيما الفقرة 3 التي لا مثيل لها في الديمقراطيات البرلمانية، التي تتمتع جميعها بأنظمة برلمانية. كان الهدف من النظام البرلماني العقلاني الذي روج له بوريس ميركين-غيتزيفيتش هو معالجة عدم الاستقرار الوزاري من خلال تعزيز الاستقرار الوزاري، الذي تم تقويضه فعليًا في فرنسا في ظل الجمهوريتين الثالثة والرابعة.ولكن النتيجة لم تكن إعادة التوازن بين السلطات، كما قيل في كثير من الأحيان، بل كانت النتيجة اختلالاً مقلوباً، والنتيجة هي إعطاء السلطة التنفيذية مزيداً من التفوق من خلال الاستخدام المتكرر جداً لمسؤولية الحكومة عن مشروع قانون، وهو أمر يرفضه الرأي العام بشكل متزايد، معتبراً أنه إجراء غير ديمقراطي، من حيث أنه يؤدي إلى فرض مشروع القانون الذي قدمه رئيس الوزراء.إنه بالفعل انجراف حتمي شهدناه تدريجيًا. لم يعد الأمر يتعلق بتأديب الأغلبية النسبية (التي كانت النية الأصلية)، بل بإخضاع المعارضة. في النهاية، لم تغير المراجعة الدستورية لعام 2008 أي شيء، وفي الواقع لم تكن في الواقع أكثر من عملية تجميلية.In dieser Studie geht es darum, den atypischen Charakter von Artikel 49 und insbesondere von Absatz 3 zu behandeln, der in parlamentarischen Demokratien, die alle parlamentarische Systeme einführen, nicht seinesgleichen hat. Der von Boris Mirkin-Getsewitsch propagierte rationalisierte Parlamentarismus sollte der Instabilität des Ministeriums entgegenwirken, indem er die Stabilität des Ministeriums stärkte, die in Frankreich während der Dritten und Vierten Republik tatsächlich untergraben wurde.Doch es kam nicht zu einer Wiederherstellung des Gleichgewichts der Kräfte, wie allzu oft behauptet wurde, sondern zu einem umgekehrten Ungleichgewicht, das zu einer stärkeren Vorrangstellung der Exekutive führte, da die Regierung allzu häufig für einen Gesetzesentwurf zur Verantwortung gezogen wurde, was von der Öffentlichkeit immer mehr abgelehnt wurde, da es sich dabei um ein undemokratisches Verfahren handelte, da es dazu führte, dass der vom Premierminister eingebrachte Gesetzesentwurf durchgewunken wurde.Es ist in der Tat ein unausweichliches Abdriften, dem wir nach und nach beigewohnt haben. Es geht nicht mehr darum, eine relative Mehrheit zu disziplinieren (das war die ursprüngliche Absicht), sondern darum, die Opposition in die Schranken zu weisen. Die Verfassungsänderung von 2008 änderte letztlich nichts und war in der Praxis nur Kosmetik.This study deals with the atypical nature of Article 49, and in particular paragraph 3, which has no equal in parliamentary democracies, which all have parliamentary systems. The aim of the rationalised parliamentarism promoted by Boris Mirkine-Guétzevitch was to remedy ministerial instability by strengthening ministerial stability, which was effectively undermined in France under the Third and Fourth Republics.But the result was not a rebalancing of powers, as has too often been said, but rather an inverted imbalance, with the result that the executive was given greater pre-eminence through the all-too-frequent use of the government's responsibility for a bill, something that public opinion increasingly disapproves of, considering it to be an anti-democratic procedure, in that it leads to the bill tabled by the Prime Minister being forced through.It is indeed an inevitable drift that we have gradually witnessed. It is no longer a question of disciplining a relative majority (which was the original intention) but of bringing the opposition to heel. In the end, the 2008 constitutional revision changed nothing, and in fact was nothing more than a cosmetic exercise.Este estudio trata de la atipicidad del artículo 49, y en particular del apartado 3, que no tiene parangón en las democracias parlamentarias, todas ellas con sistemas parlamentarios. El objetivo del parlamentarismo racionalizado promovido por Boris Mirkine-Guétzevitch era remediar la inestabilidad ministerial reforzando la estabilidad ministerial, efectivamente socavada en Francia bajo la Tercera y la Cuarta Repúblicas.Pero el resultado no fue un reequilibrio de poderes, como se ha dicho con demasiada frecuencia, sino más bien un desequilibrio invertido, con el resultado de una mayor preeminencia del ejecutivo a través de la utilización demasiado frecuente de la responsabilidad del gobierno sobre un proyecto de ley, algo que la opinión pública desaprueba cada vez más, por considerarlo un procedimiento antidemocrático, en la medida en que conduce a forzar la aprobación del proyecto de ley presentado por el Primer Ministro.Se trata, en efecto, de una deriva inevitable a la que hemos asistido poco a poco. Ya no se trata de disciplinar a una mayoría relativa (que era la intención inicial), sino de doblegar a la oposición. Al final, la revisión constitucional de 2008 no cambió nada, y de hecho no fue más que un ejercicio cosmético.Il s’agit, dans cette courte étude, de traiter du caractère atypique de l’article 49, et notamment de son alinéa 3, qui n’a pas d’égal dans les démocraties parlementaires, qui instituent toutes des régimes parlementaires. Le parlementarisme rationalisé, promu par Boris Mirkine-Guétzevitch avait pour but de remédier à l’instabilité ministérielle en renforçant la stabilité ministérielle, effectivement mise à mal en France sous les IIIe et IVe Républiques.Mais l’on assista non pas à un rééquilibrage des pouvoirs, comme il a été trop souvent dit, mais tout au contraire à un déséquilibre inversé, avec comme résultat une prééminence des plus accrues du pouvoir exécutif, de par l’utilisation par trop fréquente de la mise en jeu de la responsabilité sur gouvernement sur un texte, chose que réprouve de plus en plus l’opinion publique, considérant qu’il s’agit là d’une procédure anti-démocratique, en ce qu’elle aboutit au passage en force du projet de loi déposé par le Premier Ministre.C’est effectivement à une inéluctable dérive que l’on a peu à peu assisté. Il ne s’agit plus de discipliner une majorité relative (tel était l’intention originelle) mais de mettre au pas l’opposition. La révision constitutionnelle de 2008 ne changeant finalement rien, ne procédant dans les faits que d’une pure cosmétique.Questo studio si occupa dell'atipicità dell'articolo 49, in particolare del paragrafo 3, che non ha eguali nelle democrazie parlamentari, che hanno tutte un sistema parlamentare. L'obiettivo del parlamentarismo razionalizzato promosso da Boris Mirkine-Guétzevitch era quello di porre rimedio all'instabilità ministeriale rafforzando la stabilità ministeriale, che era stata effettivamente minata in Francia durante la Terza e la Quarta Repubblica.Tuttavia, il risultato non è stato un riequilibrio dei poteri, come troppo spesso si è detto, ma piuttosto uno sbilanciamento inverso, con il risultato di dare maggiore preminenza all'esecutivo attraverso il ricorso troppo frequente alla responsabilità del governo per un disegno di legge, cosa che l'opinione pubblica disapprova sempre di più, considerandola una procedura antidemocratica, in quanto porta a far passare il disegno di legge presentato dal Primo Ministro.Si tratta di una deriva inevitabile a cui abbiamo progressivamente assistito. Non si tratta più di disciplinare la maggioranza relativa (che era l'intenzione originaria), ma di mettere alle strette l'opposizione. Alla fine, la revisione costituzionale del 2008 non ha cambiato nulla ed è stata solo di facciata.Este estudo debruça-se sobre o carácter atípico do artigo 49º e, nomeadamente, do seu nº 3, que não tem igual nas democracias parlamentares, todas elas com sistemas parlamentares. O objetivo do parlamentarismo racionalizado promovido por Boris Mirkine-Guétzevitch era remediar a instabilidade ministerial reforçando a estabilidade ministerial, que foi efetivamente minada em França durante a Terceira e Quarta Repúblicas.No entanto, o resultado não foi um reequilíbrio dos poderes, como se tem dito com demasiada frequência, mas sim um desequilíbrio invertido, que teve como consequência uma maior preponderância do executivo através do recurso demasiado frequente à responsabilidade governamental por um projeto de lei, algo que a opinião pública desaprova cada vez mais, considerando-o um procedimento antidemocrático, na medida em que leva a que o projeto de lei apresentado pelo Primeiro-Ministro seja aprovado à força.Trata-se, de facto, de uma deriva inevitável a que temos vindo a assistir gradualmente. Já não se trata de disciplinar uma maioria relativa (que era a intenção inicial), mas sim de fazer calar a oposição. No fim de contas, a revisão constitucional de 2008 não alterou nada e teve um carácter meramente cosmético.Данное исследование посвящено нетипичному характеру статьи 49, и в частности параграфа 3, не имеющего аналогов в парламентских демократиях, которые все имеют парламентские системы. Целью рационализированного парламентаризма, продвигаемого Борисом Миркиным-Гетцевичем, было устранение нестабильности министерств путем укрепления стабильности министерств, которая была фактически подорвана во Франции в период Третьей и Четвертой республик.Но в результате произошло не перераспределение полномочий, как об этом часто говорят, а скорее перевернутый дисбаланс, в результате которого исполнительная власть получила большее преимущество за счет слишком частого ссылания на ответственность правительства за законопроект, что общественное мнение все чаще не одобряет, считая это антидемократической процедурой, так как в результате законопроект, внесенный премьер-министром, проходит принудительно.То, что мы постепенно наблюдаем, - это неизбежный дрейф. Речь идет уже не о том, чтобы дисциплинировать относительное большинство (что было первоначальным намерением), а о том, чтобы привести оппозицию к власти. В итоге пересмотр конституции 2008 года ничего не изменил и, по сути, был не более чем косметическим мероприятием.本研究涉及第 49 条的非典型性质，尤其是第 3 款，这在议会民主制国家中是绝无仅有的，因为这些国家都实行议会制。Boris Mirkine-Guétzevitch倡导的合理化议会制旨在通过加强部长稳定性来弥补部长的不稳定性，而在第三和第四共和国时期，法国的部长稳定性实际上受到了破坏。但其结果并不像人们常说的那样是权力的重新平衡，而是一种倒置的不平衡，其结果是，通过频繁使用政府对法案的责任，行政部门被赋予了更大的优势，而公众舆论越来越不赞成这种做法，认为这是一种反民主的程序，因为它导致总理提出的法案被强行通过。这确实是我们逐渐目睹的一种不可避免的偏移。这不再是一个约束相对多数（这是初衷）的问题，而是一个让反对派屈服的问题。最终，2008 年的修宪没有改变任何东西，事实上只不过是一次表面文章
ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMS AS A SPATIALLY FLUID CONCEPT: NEW TERRITORIAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP
No full textInternational audienceAlthough the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) is inherently spatial, the actual spatiality of these productive structures has been largely assumed rather than defined based on its formative processes. The oversimplification of the spatiality of EE seems to be a function of empirical reliance on available data, a situation that has generated broadly accepted definitions that delineate EE as fixed territories (be they cities, regions or even countries). Although important insights have been derived from such approaches, this has also hampered a fine-grained scrutiny on the fluidity of EE spatiality—especially along the course of EE evolutionary trajectories. Although most of its components are tied to regional territories, EE are not isolated spatial systems with no outside connections. Accordingly, addressing entrepreneurial ecosystems as such can cause an inadequate comprehension of how entrepreneurship-oriented relationships are organized between EE or between EE and the “hinterland.” These are the motivations that led us to come up with the Special Issue “Exogenous linkages of and between entrepreneurial ecosystems: Perspectives from Interregional and Global connectedness.” In this editorial, we present the articles included in this Special Issue and propose the idea of EE as “spatially-fluid” structures which affect the dynamics of EE configurations and, ultimately, their respective evolutionary trajectories
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Typologies for Entrepreneurial Dynamism: A Configurational Theorizing
No full textInternational audienceA nation's entrepreneurial dynamism (ED) influences economic progress, national development, and overall societal well-being through its three key dimensions: enterprise birth, growth, and death. Recent developments in the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) literature recognize the interconnected and interdependent nature of various components of the EE. The interconnectedness among elements of the EE suggests the possibility of causal complexity characterized by conjunctural causations, causal asymmetry, and the equifinality of outcomes.Given the dynamic interconnectedness of EE elements and the associated casual complexity, we employ configurational theorizing to explore the configurations of EE elements leading to high levels of ED. Using a panel dataset of 23 countries from 2010 to 2019, we form three typologies for a high enterprise birth rate and four for a high enterprise growth rate. Our findings indicate that some EE elements play a primary role, while others are supportive in driving high enterprise birth and growth rates. Results also suggest that some countries exhibit a temporal configuration change, leading to a high enterprise birth rate. The configurational transition path analysis reveals the importance of including or excluding certain EE elements facilitating countries' transition across high birth, high growth, and high death configurations. We also obtain the configurations of 'productive entrepreneurship' and 'non-productive entrepreneurship.'</div
Slightly Non-Linear Higher-Order Tree Transducers
No full textInternational audienceWe investigate the tree-to-tree functions computed by "affine λ-transducers": tree automata whose memory consists of an affine λ-term instead of a finite state. They can be seen as variations on Gallot, Lemay and Salvati’s Linear High-Order Deterministic Tree Transducers.When the memory is almost purely affine (à la Kanazawa), we show that these machines can be translated to tree-walking transducers (and with a purely affine memory, we get a reversible tree-walking transducer). This leads to a proof of an inexpressivity conjecture of Nguyễn and Pradic on "implicit automata" in an affine λ-calculus. We also prove that a more powerful variant, extended with preprocessing by an MSO relabeling and allowing a limited amount of non-linearity, is equivalent in expressive power to Engelfriet, Hoogeboom and Samwel’s invisible pebble tree transducers.The key technical tool in our proofs is the Interaction Abstract Machine (IAM), an operational avatar of Girard’s geometry of interaction, a semantics of linear logic. We work with ad-hoc specializations to λ-terms of low exponential depth of a tree-generating version of the IAM
SELEXINI - a large and diverse automatically parsed corpus of French
No full textInternational audienceThe annotation of large text corpora is essential for many tasks. We present here a large automatically annotated corpus for French. This corpus is divided into two parts: the first from BigScience, and the second from HPLT. The annotated documents from HPLT were selected in order to optimise the lexical diversity of the final corpus SELEXINI. An analysis of the impact of this selection was carried out on syntactic diversity, as well as on the quality of the new words resulting from the HPLT part of SELEXINI. We have shown that despite the introduction of interesting new words, the texts extracted from HPLT are very noisy. Furthermore, increasing lexical diversity did not increase syntactic diversity.</div
Enrichment of electrotrophic microorganisms from contrasting shallow-sea hydrothermal environments in bioelectrochemical reactors
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Hydrothermal vents are inhabited by electrotrophic microorganisms, which are capable of oxidizing extracellular compounds, such as metals, to power their metabolisms. However, their diversity is poorly known, especially in shallow-sea hydrothermal vents where it has not been extensively studied. Bioelectrochemical reactors can be used to investigate such electrotrophic diversity by providing an electrode as an electron donor.Methods: Here, a total of 60 different reactors were set up and inoculated with either a microbial community coming from the shallow, acidic (ca. pH 5.5) and hot (ca. 120°C) hydrothermal system of Panarea, Aeolian islands, Italy, or the shallow, alkaline (pH 11) and mild (40°C) hydrothermal system of Prony Bay, New Caledonia.Results: With the alkaline sample, no electrical current increase was seen in any of the 15 reactors operated for 6 days under Prony hydrothermal conditions (pH 10, 30–75°C). By contrast, a 6-fold increase on average was observed in reactors operated under the Panarea hydrothermal fluid conditions (pH 4.5–7, 75°C). A Multi-Factor Analysis revealed that the overall bioelectrochemical performances of these reactors set them apart from all the other Panarea and Prony conditions, not only due to their higher current production but also archaeal abundances (measured through qPCR). Most reactors produced organic acids (up to 2.9 mM in 6 days). Still, coulombic efficiencies indicated that this might have been due to the (electro) fermentation of traces of yeast extract in the medium rather than CO 2 fixation. Finally, microbial communities were described by 16S metabarcoding and ordination methods, and potential electrotrophic taxa were identified. In Panarea reactors, higher growth was correlated with a few bacterial genera, mainly Bacillus and Pseudoalteromonas , including, for the former, at higher temperatures (55°C and 75°C). In reactors reproducing the Prony Bay hydrothermal conditions, known facultative methylotrophs, such as Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium , were dominant and appeared to consume formate (provided as carbon source) but no electrons from the cathode.Conclusion: These results provide new insights into the distribution and diversity of electrotrophs in shallow-sea hydrothermal vents and allow the identification of potential novel biocatalysts for Microbial Electrosynthesis whereby electricity and carbon dioxide are converted into value-added products